Add wos sample results library

02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/db801968ed9390413a5afb39e3c3579c-navajas-romero-virg/info.yaml

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+abstract: 'Recent years have shown rapid and profound changes in work organization
+
+  and job content, materialized in new schemes of economic and labor
+
+  nature, such as the increasingly common outsourcing or subcontracting of
+
+  workforce. This trend has contributed to the emergence of dependent
+
+  self-employed workers, who perform their work responsibilities in a
+
+  ``gray area{''''} between paid and self-employment. The concept of
+
+  ``dependent self-employed{''''} has also been used to label several labor
+
+  practices or new forms of precarious freelance or professional
+
+  activities, and although the terminology may vary, it is a clear and
+
+  well-known reality in Europe. Despite this fact, there seems to be
+
+  little empirical evidence about its specific characteristics and
+
+  nuances.
+
+  The present work aims to study the main labor characteristics of
+
+  dependent self-employed workers-individuals with civil or commercial
+
+  contracts who perform their economic activities depending on or
+
+  integrated into the company they work for-in the current context of the
+
+  European Union; to this end, a comparative analysis is conducted to
+
+  differentiate or associate the profiles of three collectives: salaried
+
+  employees, and dependent and traditional self-employed workers.
+
+  Additionally, working conditions of the three groups considered are
+
+  examined in order to show the specific particularities between them.
+
+  The initial premise is intended to face the two groups of self-employed
+
+  workers to elucidate whether such advantages remain or disappear for
+
+  dependent self-employed subjects. After an initial bivariate analysis,
+
+  the working conditions of the three groups under investigation have been
+
+  compared in pairs: salaried employees, and dependents (false)
+
+  self-employed and and non-dependent (traditional) self-employed workers.
+
+  The statistical approach used to fulfill the objectives of this work is
+
+  based on the binary logistic regression model, a particular regression
+
+  models with dichotomous response. This statistical technique allows the
+
+  development of a logit model to study the probability of the occurrence
+
+  of an investigated event -e.g. being part of the autonomous
+
+  collective-versus the probability of occurrence of the opposite event
+
+  -e.g. being hire as a salaried employee-, according to a set of
+
+  variables that bibliographic review has identified as related to the
+
+  phenomenon under analysis: individual characteristics, organizational
+
+  factors, and attitudinal variables.
+
+  It had been used a sample of 2409 subjects has been obtained from the
+
+  fifth European Survey on Working Conditions and broken down into three
+
+  groups: dependent self-employed, independent self-employed, and salaried
+
+  workers. The results point out that there is a common core in terms of
+
+  those factors that discriminate between self-employed workers and
+
+  jobholders; however, there are some nuances that distinguish and define
+
+  each group of self-employed individuals with regard to salaried
+
+  employees. In comparison to wage employment, self-employment presents
+
+  more precarious extrinsic working conditions - kind of working day, type
+
+  of economic activity, level of income, etc.- which are compensated, to
+
+  some extent, by certain elements of intrinsic reward such as greater
+
+  flexibility or the content of work itself.
+
+  Three logistic regression models are proposed to identify the profile of
+
+  self-employed subjects both false and traditional-from salaried
+
+  employees, as well as to compare the working conditions of self-employed
+
+  workers with each other. So first, we confront the two types of
+
+  self-employed workers with salaried employees. When comparing both, it
+
+  is observed that there is a common core with regard to the factors that
+
+  differentiate between the self-employed workers and salaried employees:
+
+  among the former, part-time occupations are more frequent, which does
+
+  not prevent them from working more hours a week, even at weekend,
+
+  although they enjoy more flexibility in deciding their working schedule;
+
+  they are also less likely to work in shifts and have greater autonomy
+
+  over the content of their economic activities compared to salaried
+
+  employees. Finally, agricultural work is more common among self-employed
+
+  people, as well as receiving lower remunerations.
+
+  The weekly work hours of false self-employed subjects are higher than
+
+  those of the salaried job-holders, while they are more likely to be
+
+  forced to work on the weekend and less to do shift works. In addition,
+
+  the probability for a false self-employed subject to earn below average
+
+  income is almost triple than that of a salaried employee. This
+
+  vulnerable position is partly amended by the presence of other elements
+
+  of intrinsic compensation that dependent self-employed workers - in
+
+  contrast to wage jobholders-enjoy, such as more flexibility in deciding
+
+  their working hours or a greater autonomy over the content of their
+
+  occupational activity. These workers provide their services more
+
+  frequently in the construction and, above all, agricultural sector.
+
+  Finally, despite the precariousness of their working conditions, false
+
+  self-employed people are much more involved with their occupations than
+
+  those employed by others. All these results are significant at the 1\%
+
+  level; for this level of significance, the logistic regression model
+
+  indicates that the rest of the variables, that have independently showed
+
+  a significant relationship with the type of work, no longer bear it when
+
+  it comes to evaluating its overall impact.
+
+  Besides that, we compare non-dependent self-employed subjects with
+
+  salaried employees, incorporates two personal variables so that the
+
+  former are more likely to be older men than the latter. As regards
+
+  working conditions, non-dependent self-employed people work more
+
+  part-time, as well as many more hours a week and even at weekends, which
+
+  is associated with lower monthly incomes than those paid to salaried
+
+  employees. Model 3 establishes a comparison between the two types of
+
+  self-employed workers. The profile of a false self-employed subject
+
+  happens to be a woman who performs a ``blue-collar{''''} job for a smaller
+
+  number of hours per week than that completed by the non-dependent
+
+  self-employed ones, and with a lower income as well. What is more, the
+
+  component of time flexibility and autonomy over the occupational
+
+  activities disappears among the false self-employed people when
+
+  comparing to the rest of self-employed workers. Similarly, the
+
+  probability for a dependent self-employed subject to work in the
+
+  agriculture sector is more than double than that of a non-dependent
+
+  self-employed one. Despite the situation, the only actitudinal variable
+
+  that differentiates both groups is the lower degree of job stress shown
+
+  by false self-employed people. False self-employed workers constitute a
+
+  collective of great interest to the labor market. Many companies began
+
+  to resort to this figure in the hardest years of the crisis, justifying
+
+  it as a lesser evil. However, some of these firms have ended up
+
+  implementing this kind of external recruitement as a regular practice; a
+
+  labor strategy oriented towards saving costs. More often than desirable,
+
+  false self-employed workers perform the same activity as their peers
+
+  with contracts, but lack the rights stated in the labor law for salaried
+
+  employees. In spite of this circumstance, empirical research on
+
+  dependent self-employed people is very limited given the opacity that
+
+  characterizes the collective. On the one hand, problems of conceptual
+
+  precision make it difficult to discern in some instances who or who is
+
+  not a false self-employed subject. On the other hand, the very situation
+
+  of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes
+
+  complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased
+
+  information. Nonetheless, it is less common for non-dependent
+
+  self-employed to work shift or night shift. In spite of this
+
+  circumstance, empirical research on dependent self-employed people is
+
+  very limited given the opacity that characterizes the collective.
+
+  Problems of conceptual precision make it difficult to discern in some
+
+  instances who or who is not a false self-employed subject and the very
+
+  situation of vulnerability in which these people find themselves causes
+
+  complications for a researcher to obtain reliable and unbiased
+
+  information. Managerial changes have to be focused on the individuals
+
+  and the values that might help them progress to a new organizational
+
+  culture where the delegation of authority, open communication systems,
+
+  participation, collaboration, and continuous learning - among
+
+  others-prevail. This ideal scenario is clouded by the use of
+
+  outsourcing, sometimes even fraudulent, as an instrument to circumvent
+
+  conventional and legal employment contracts. The paradox is that other
+
+  forces could unbalance the alleged savings attributable to the use of
+
+  these new forms of work organization.
+
+  By incorporating new rules to the occupational arena, which smear the
+
+  organizational board where labor relations within the company are
+
+  settled, the virus of distrust is inoculated among workers, both those
+
+  who are subjected to the coercion of dependent self-employment and those
+
+  who remain in the company being suspicious that they can be selected and
+
+  reorganized as well at any time. This process irreversibly contaminates
+
+  the values on which workers sustain their daily behavior, affecting in
+
+  one way or another the business competitiveness.'
+affiliation: 'Navajas-Romero, V (Corresponding Author), Univ Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
+
+  Navajas-Romero, Virginia, Univ Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
+
+  Carmen Lopez-Martin, Ma; Ariza-Montes, Antonio, Univ Loyola Andalucia, Seville,
+  Spain.'
+author: Navajas-Romero, Virginia and Carmen Lopez-Martin, Ma and Ariza-Montes, Antonio
+author-email: mclopez@uloyola.es
+author_list:
+- family: Navajas-Romero
+  given: Virginia
+- family: Carmen Lopez-Martin
+  given: Ma
+- family: Ariza-Montes
+  given: Antonio
+da: '2023-09-28'
+doi: 10.7203/CIRIEC-E.89.10008
+eissn: 1989-6816
+files: []
+issn: 0213-8093
+journal: CIRIEC-ESPANA REVISTA DE ECONOMIA PUBLICA SOCIAL Y COOPERATIVA
+keywords: 'Self-employed worker; dependent self-employed worker; working
+
+  conditions; salaried workers; binary logistic regression'
+keywords-plus: JOB-SATISFACTION; ENTREPRENEURSHIP; CHALLENGES
+language: Spanish
+month: APR
+number-of-cited-references: '73'
+orcid-numbers: 'Ariza-Montes, Antonio/0000-0002-5921-0753
+
+  Navajas-Romero, Virginia/0000-0001-7381-8071'
+pages: 167-198
+papis_id: 770f66e83abbb97124852b9b8ad194b5
+ref: Navajasromero2017dependentselfemploye
+researcherid-numbers: 'Lopez-Martin, M Carmen/HKV-2043-2023
+
+  Ariza-Montes, Antonio/G-8882-2017
+
+  '
+times-cited: '3'
+title: Dependent self-employed workers in Europe
+type: Article
+unique-id: WOS:000427094400007
+usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
+usage-count-since-2013: '40'
+volume: '89'
+web-of-science-categories: Economics
+year: '2017'