wow-inequalities/02-data/processed/extracted.csv

,author,year,title,publisher,uri,pubtype,discipline,country,period,maxlength,targeting,group,data,design,method,sample,unit,representativeness,causal,theory,limitations,observation,notes,intervention,institutional,structural,agency,inequality,type,indicator,measures,findings,channels,direction,significance,external_validity,internal_validity
4,"Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D.",2018,"Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania",World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013,article,development,Tanzania,2001,,explicit,rural workers,"national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003)",quasi-experimental,general equilibrium model,7,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,transport cost burden approach,can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only,"[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs,infrastructure,0,1,0,spatial; income,1.0,0.0,real consumption wage differences,"results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid",movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors,-1.0,2.0,3.0,
5,"Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z.",2014,Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia,Journal of Developing Areas,https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030,article,development,Malaysia,2011,2.0,implicit,women,structured face-to-face interviews,quasi-experimental,cross-sectional stratified random sampling,242,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,"household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996)",can not establish full experimental design,"[{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,microcredit; training,0,0,1,gender; income,1.0,0.0,empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership),increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans,individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training,1.0,2.0,3.0,
7,"Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H.",2022,"Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence",International Journal Of Economic Theory,https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307,article,economics,global,2005-2015,,,formal workers,"WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT",quasi-experimental,dual economy general-equilibrium model,43,country,national,1.0,Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model,"decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare",firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector,-1.0,2.0,5.0,
8,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12.0,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment probability difference,subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers,increased ability to work through lower childcare burden,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
9,"Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.",2019,The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa,Demography,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3,article,sociology,Kenya,2015-2016,12.0,explicit,mothers,national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System,experimental,RCT,738,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,economic empowerment theory,results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,hours worked,subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers,allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours,-1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
10,"Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F.",2019,Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers,Inter-American Development Bank,https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849,working paper,development,Nicaragua,2013-2015,24.0,implicit,poor mothers,baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey,experimental,RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects,1442,individual,"subnational, urban",1.0,,effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; generational; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children', 'channels': 'subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),0,1,1,gender; generational; income,1.0,0.0,employment,free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children,subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours),1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
11,"Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R.",2011,Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil,Regional Studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2005,,implicit,poor,national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD),quasi-experimental,beta convergence test,27,region,national,1.0,,limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage; direct transfers (cash),1,0,1,spatial; income,1.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%",quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions,-1.0,2.0,5.0,
12,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2020,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000,household,national,1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,0.0,poverty,within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%,,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
13,"Sotomayor, Orlando J.",2020,Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182,article,economics,Brazil,1995-2015,12.0,implicit,workers,national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference estimator,40000,household,national,1.0,,"survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving","[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,minimum wage,1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings,unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
15,"Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B.",2020,The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia,Feminist Economics,https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175,article,economics,Australia,2009-2012,14.0,explicit,working mothers,"national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS)",quasi-experimental,propensity score matching,5000,individuals,national,1.0,,can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender; income,1.0,0.0,employment (rtw),short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers,supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw,1.0,2.0,5.0,3.5
16,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84.0,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,,600,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,job quality,"no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects",voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations,1.0,1.0,5.0,
17,"Mun, E., & Jung, J.",2018,"Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined",American Sociological Review,https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857,article,sociology,Japan,1992-2009,84.0,explicit,working mothers,Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers,quasi-experimental,,600,enterprise,national,0.0,welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states),limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]",,paid leave (childcare),1,0,0,gender,1.0,0.0,employment,no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability,decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour,0.0,0.0,5.0,
21,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization (FDI),0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,increased income equality through FDI (p < .1),primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour,-1.0,1.0,5.0,
22,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,trade liberalization,0,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase","higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries",1.0,2.0,5.0,
23,"Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.",2021,"Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa",African Development Review,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511,article,development,Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia,2000-2015,,implicit,workers,UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators,quasi-experimental,generalized method of moments,38,country,national,0.0,,contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,education,1,1,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,education significantly decreases income equality in the region,potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education,1.0,2.0,5.0,
25,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36.0,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns","[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,0,spatial; education,1.0,1.0,education,"improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines","villagization effect, increased education access",1.0,,5.0,4.0
26,"Delesalle, E.",2021,The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345,article,development,Tanzania,2002-2012,36.0,implicit,rural workers,Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach; IV approach,433606,individual,national,0.0,human capital theory,"can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns","[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum,education (universal),0,1,1,spatial; education; gender,1.0,0.0,consumption,sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work,"sector choice changes, increased individual productivity",1.0,2.0,5.0,4.0
27,"Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D.",2018,The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y,article,economics,Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania,1999-2002,24.0,implicit,poor people,panel data,quasi-experimental,two-wave panel analysis,7949,individual,,0.0,institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective,does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives,"[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households",direct transfers (cash),0,1,1,income; ethnicity; gender,0.0,0.0,poverty,"level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria",poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households,-1.0,2.0,,
28,"Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T.",2019,On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms,National Bureau of Economic Research,https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294,working paper,development,India,2013-2017,36.0,explicit,women workers,"baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS)",experimental,"RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment)",5851,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,financial empowerment as normative tool,possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time,"[{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': ""short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked"", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector,training (financial),0,0,1,gender; spatial,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked,increased bargaining power through greater control of income,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
31,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,comparative,~200_000,individual,,,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': ""reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour"", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female employment shares,"all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand",reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour,1.0,2.0,,
32,"Rendall, M.",2013,Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005,article,development,Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand,1987-2008,,implicit,women,WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS,quasi-experimental,comparative,~200_000,individual,,,capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996),,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': ""reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour"", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",,trade liberalization (structural changes),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,female wage shares,"Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results","reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes",1.0,1.0,,
33,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18.0,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,debt,ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt,directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing,-1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
34,"Standing, G.",2015,Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value,Basic Income Studies,https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021,article,economics,India,2010-2013,18.0,implicit,low-income households,baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews,experimental,"rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews",1665,household,"subnational, rural",1.0,"Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)",,"[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]","ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)",ubi,1,0,1,income; ethnicity,0.0,0.0,saving,ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households,"shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings",1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
35,"Suh, M.-G.",2017,Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth,Social Indicators Research,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1,article,sociology,"Korea, Rep.",1980-2014,,implicit,married women,Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015,quasi-experimental,OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator,35,case,national,0.0,,,"[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': ""education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level"", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,education,0,1,0,income; generational; gender,1.0,1.0,employment,education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level,"education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure",1.0,2.0,5.0,2.0
36,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12.0,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422,individual,national,1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,"decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners",income-compression effect,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
37,"Wong, S. A.",2019,Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador,World Development,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004,article,development,Ecuador,2011-2014,12.0,implicit,wage workers,national employment survey (ENEMDU),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference approach,1624422,individual,national,1.0,,some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth,"[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]",,minimum wage,1,1,0,income; gender,0.0,0.0,hours worked,significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked,possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women,1.0,0.0,5.0,3.0
38,"Bailey, M. J., Hershbein, B., & Miller, A. R.",2012,The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.225,article,economics,United States,1968-1989,,implicit,young women,longitudinal administrative National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS-YW),quasi-experimental,"linear regression models, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with recentered influence function (RIF) procedure",5159,individual,national,0.0,,dataset does not capture access to contraception beyond age 20 and social multiplier effects (e.g. changed hiring/promotion patterns),"[{'intervention': 'technological change (contraception)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'hourly wage distribution (gendered)', 'findings': ""early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s"", 'channels': 'increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",,technological change (contraception),0,1,0,gender; income,1.0,1.0,hourly wage distribution (gendered),"early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s","increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers",-1.0,2.0,5.0,
40,"Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.",2012,Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190,article,economics,Germany,1979-1992,40.0,explicit,working mothers,national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference analysis,13000,individual,national,0.0,,sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (6 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth', 'channels': 'provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (36 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave', 'channels': 'long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw share)', 'findings': 'sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income,paid leave (6 months childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,income,sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth,provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits,1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
41,"Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.",2012,Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190,article,economics,Germany,1979-1992,40.0,explicit,working mothers,national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference analysis,13000,individual,national,0.0,,sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (6 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth', 'channels': 'provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (36 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave', 'channels': 'long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw share)', 'findings': 'sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income,paid leave (36 months childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,0.0,income,marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave,"long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection",-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
42,"Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U.",2012,Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes,Economic journal: applied economics,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190,article,economics,Germany,1979-1992,40.0,explicit,working mothers,national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008),quasi-experimental,difference-in-difference analysis,13000,individual,national,0.0,,sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification,"[{'intervention': 'paid leave (6 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth', 'channels': 'provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (36 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave', 'channels': 'long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw share)', 'findings': 'sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income,paid leave (childcare),1,1,0,gender,1.0,1.0,employment (rtw share),"sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period",,-1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
44,"Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.",2015,Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care,Review of Economics of the Household,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8,article,economics,Norway,1995-2006,48.0,implicit,mothers,Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees,quasi-experimental,triple-difference approach,200530,individual,national,1.0,,simultaneous capacity extension may bias results,"[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,subsidy (childcare),1,1,0,gender; education; migration,1.0,0.0,employment; hours worked,"child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers",day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households,1.0,2.0,5.0,3.0
45,"Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.",2014,Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition,Psychiatric Services,https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478,article,health,United States,2008-2011,6.0,explicit,disabled,"baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar",experimental,RCT,84,individual,local,1.0,,can not locate active ingredient,"[{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,counseling (benefits counseling),0,0,1,disability; age,1.0,0.0,hours worked (rtw),counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement,"not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly",1.0,2.0,2.0,5.0
46,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,regional,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",trade liberalization (FDI),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI,1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
47,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,regional,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",regulation (labour),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related,regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction,1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
48,"Adams, S., & Atsu, F.",2015,Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries,Journal of Policy Modeling,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003,article,economics,global,1970-2012,,implicit,developing countries,panel data,quasi-experimental,"system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient",72,country,regional,0.0,,macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only,"[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]","LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls",education (school enrolment),1,0,0,income,0.0,1.0,Gini coeff,school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution,capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated,-1.0,2.0,4.0,2.0
49,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84.0,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199,household,"subnational, metropolitan",1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",98% of sample is female,subsidy (housing mobility),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,"no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself",high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit,0.0,0.0,3.0,5.0
50,"Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.",2014,A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program,Journal of the American Planning Association,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267,article,development,United States,1994-2001,84.0,implicit,poor women,baseline and follow-up survey;,experimental,RCT; multinomial regression model,3199,household,"subnational, metropolitan",1.0,,"low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated","[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",98% of sample is female,infrastructure (transport),0,1,0,spatial; gender; ethnicity,1.0,1.0,employment rate,increased employment probability for car ownership,better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network,1.0,2.0,3.0,5.0
54,"Li, Y., & Sunder, N.",2022,Land inequality and workfare policies,Journal of development studies,https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362,article,development,India,2005-2006,12.0,implicit,potential labour force,"Indian Agricultural Census (2000, 2005); national administrative panel data MGNREGA public data portal",quasi-experimental,"OLS, instrumental variable approach",414,district,national,1.0,political capture theory,sample attrition in matching NREGA districts to GINI data; assumption of no institutional/cultural unobservables,"[{'intervention': 'work programme', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (LFP rate per land ownership through Gini)', 'findings': 'work programme generally increases LFP; but internal heterogeneity, difference in job provision not due to public job demand changes, caste, religion; previous capital inequality (land ownership) strongly affects programme efficacy', 'channels': 'landlords oppose implementation due to general wage increases following, lobby against workfare introduction; decreased bargaining power of labour in more inequal districts', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,work programme,0,1,0,income; spatial,0.0,0.0,employment (LFP rate per land ownership through Gini),"work programme generally increases LFP; but internal heterogeneity, difference in job provision not due to public job demand changes, caste, religion; previous capital inequality (land ownership) strongly affects programme efficacy","landlords oppose implementation due to general wage increases following, lobby against workfare introduction; decreased bargaining power of labour in more inequal districts",1.0,2.0,5.0,4.0
59,"Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M.",2017,Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data,Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation,https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857,article,health,United States,2003-2013,,explicit,disabled young adults,state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA),quasi-experimental,multivariate logistic regression,4443,individual,"subnational, representative",0.0,,data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability,"[{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]",,training (vocational rehabilitation),0,1,1,disability; gender; age,1.0,0.0,employment,"significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased",,1.0,2.0,3.0,
63,"Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.",2006,Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education,Career Development for Exceptional Individuals,https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401,article,education,United States,1972-1994,72.0,implicit,young women with disabilities,National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88),quasi-experimental,,13391,individual,national,0.0,,sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias,"[{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]",more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION,education (special needs),0,1,0,disability; gender; income; age,1.0,0.0,"female employment ratio, female income ratio","females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent","men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers",-1.0,2.0,5.0,
68,"Ferguson, J.-P.",2015,The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation,American Journal of Sociology,https://doi.org/10.1086/683357,article,sociology,United States,,,implicit,women workers,,quasi-experimental,,,,,0.0,,most of effects may be caused by unsobservables,"[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]",PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION;,collective action (unionization),0,1,1,gender; ethnicity,1.0,0.0,employment,"stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant",possible self-selection into unionization,1.0,1.0,,