74 KiB
74 KiB
| 1 | author | year | title | publisher | uri | pubtype | discipline | country | period | maxlength | targeting | group | data | design | method | sample | unit | representativeness | causal | theory | limitations | observation | notes | intervention | institutional | structural | agency | inequality | type | indicator | measures | findings | channels | direction | significance | external_validity | internal_validity | |
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| 2 | 4 | Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D. | 2018 | Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013 | article | development | Tanzania | 2001 | explicit | rural workers | national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003) | quasi-experimental | general equilibrium model | 7 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | transport cost burden approach | can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only | [{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs | infrastructure | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | real consumption wage differences | results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid | movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors | -1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 3 | 5 | Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z. | 2014 | Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia | Journal of Developing Areas | https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030 | article | development | Malaysia | 2011 | 2.0 | implicit | women | structured face-to-face interviews | quasi-experimental | cross-sectional stratified random sampling | 242 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996) | can not establish full experimental design | [{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | microcredit; training | 0 | 0 | 1 | gender; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership) | increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans | individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 4 | 7 | Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H. | 2022 | Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence | International Journal Of Economic Theory | https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307 | article | economics | global | 2005-2015 | formal workers | WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT | quasi-experimental | dual economy general-equilibrium model | 43 | country | national | 1.0 | Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model | decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare | firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ||||
| 5 | 8 | Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. | 2019 | The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa | Demography | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3 | article | sociology | Kenya | 2015-2016 | 12.0 | explicit | mothers | national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System | experimental | RCT | 738 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | economic empowerment theory | results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment probability difference | subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers | increased ability to work through lower childcare burden | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
| 6 | 9 | Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. | 2019 | The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa | Demography | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3 | article | sociology | Kenya | 2015-2016 | 12.0 | explicit | mothers | national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System | experimental | RCT | 738 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | economic empowerment theory | results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | hours worked | subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers | allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours | -1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
| 7 | 10 | Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F. | 2019 | Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers | Inter-American Development Bank | https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849 | working paper | development | Nicaragua | 2013-2015 | 24.0 | implicit | poor mothers | baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey | experimental | RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects | 1442 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; generational; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children', 'channels': 'subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 1 | gender; generational; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children | subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours) | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | ||
| 8 | 11 | Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R. | 2011 | Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil | Regional Studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485 | article | economics | Brazil | 1995-2005 | implicit | poor | national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD) | quasi-experimental | beta convergence test | 27 | region | national | 1.0 | limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage; direct transfers (cash) | 1 | 0 | 1 | spatial; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6% | quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ||||
| 9 | 12 | Sotomayor, Orlando J. | 2020 | Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182 | article | economics | Brazil | 1995-2015 | 12.0 | implicit | workers | national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference estimator | 40000 | household | national | 1.0 | survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 0.0 | poverty | within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8% | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | |||
| 10 | 13 | Sotomayor, Orlando J. | 2020 | Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182 | article | economics | Brazil | 1995-2015 | 12.0 | implicit | workers | national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference estimator | 40000 | household | national | 1.0 | survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings | unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 11 | 15 | Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B. | 2020 | The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia | Feminist Economics | https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175 | article | economics | Australia | 2009-2012 | 14.0 | explicit | working mothers | national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS) | quasi-experimental | propensity score matching | 5000 | individuals | national | 1.0 | can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment (rtw) | short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers | supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.5 | |
| 12 | 16 | Mun, E., & Jung, J. | 2018 | Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined | American Sociological Review | https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857 | article | sociology | Japan | 1992-2009 | 84.0 | explicit | working mothers | Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers | quasi-experimental | 600 | enterprise | national | 0.0 | welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states) | limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}] | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 0 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | job quality | no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects | voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations | 1.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | |||
| 13 | 17 | Mun, E., & Jung, J. | 2018 | Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined | American Sociological Review | https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857 | article | sociology | Japan | 1992-2009 | 84.0 | explicit | working mothers | Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers | quasi-experimental | 600 | enterprise | national | 0.0 | welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states) | limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}] | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 0 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability | decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | |||
| 14 | 21 | Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. | 2021 | Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa | African Development Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 | article | development | Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia | 2000-2015 | implicit | workers | UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators | quasi-experimental | generalized method of moments | 38 | country | national | 0.0 | contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | trade liberalization (FDI) | 0 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | increased income equality through FDI (p < .1) | primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour | -1.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | ||||
| 15 | 22 | Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. | 2021 | Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa | African Development Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 | article | development | Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia | 2000-2015 | implicit | workers | UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators | quasi-experimental | generalized method of moments | 38 | country | national | 0.0 | contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | trade liberalization | 0 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase | higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ||||
| 16 | 23 | Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. | 2021 | Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa | African Development Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 | article | development | Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia | 2000-2015 | implicit | workers | UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators | quasi-experimental | generalized method of moments | 38 | country | national | 0.0 | contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | education | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | education significantly decreases income equality in the region | potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ||||
| 17 | 25 | Delesalle, E. | 2021 | The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345 | article | development | Tanzania | 2002-2012 | 36.0 | implicit | rural workers | Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach; IV approach | 433606 | individual | national | 0.0 | human capital theory | can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns | [{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum | education (universal) | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; education | 1.0 | 1.0 | education | improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines | villagization effect, increased education access | 1.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | |
| 18 | 26 | Delesalle, E. | 2021 | The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345 | article | development | Tanzania | 2002-2012 | 36.0 | implicit | rural workers | Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach; IV approach | 433606 | individual | national | 0.0 | human capital theory | can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns | [{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum | education (universal) | 0 | 1 | 1 | spatial; education; gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | consumption | sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work | sector choice changes, increased individual productivity | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 |
| 19 | 27 | Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D. | 2018 | The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe | Social Indicators Research | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y | article | economics | Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania | 1999-2002 | 24.0 | implicit | poor people | panel data | quasi-experimental | two-wave panel analysis | 7949 | individual | 0.0 | institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective | does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives | [{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households | direct transfers (cash) | 0 | 1 | 1 | income; ethnicity; gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | poverty | level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria | poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households | -1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 20 | 28 | Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T. | 2019 | On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms | National Bureau of Economic Research | https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294 | working paper | development | India | 2013-2017 | 36.0 | explicit | women workers | baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS) | experimental | RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment) | 5851 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | financial empowerment as normative tool | possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time | [{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': "short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector | training (financial) | 0 | 0 | 1 | gender; spatial | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment; hours worked | short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked | increased bargaining power through greater control of income | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
| 21 | 31 | Rendall, M. | 2013 | Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality? | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005 | article | development | Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand | 1987-2008 | implicit | women | WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS | quasi-experimental | comparative | ~200_000 | individual | capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996) | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | trade liberalization (structural changes) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | female employment shares | all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand | reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||||
| 22 | 32 | Rendall, M. | 2013 | Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality? | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005 | article | development | Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand | 1987-2008 | implicit | women | WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS | quasi-experimental | comparative | ~200_000 | individual | capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996) | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | trade liberalization (structural changes) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | female wage shares | Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results | reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 23 | 33 | Standing, G. | 2015 | Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value | Basic Income Studies | https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021 | article | economics | India | 2010-2013 | 18.0 | implicit | low-income households | baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews | experimental | rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews | 1665 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource) | [{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work) | ubi | 1 | 0 | 1 | income; ethnicity | 0.0 | 0.0 | debt | ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt | directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing | -1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
| 24 | 34 | Standing, G. | 2015 | Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value | Basic Income Studies | https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021 | article | economics | India | 2010-2013 | 18.0 | implicit | low-income households | baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews | experimental | rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews | 1665 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource) | [{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work) | ubi | 1 | 0 | 1 | income; ethnicity | 0.0 | 0.0 | saving | ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households | shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
| 25 | 35 | Suh, M.-G. | 2017 | Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth | Social Indicators Research | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1 | article | sociology | Korea, Rep. | 1980-2014 | implicit | married women | Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015 | quasi-experimental | OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator | 35 | case | national | 0.0 | [{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': "education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | education | 0 | 1 | 0 | income; generational; gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment | education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level | education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 26 | 36 | Wong, S. A. | 2019 | Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004 | article | development | Ecuador | 2011-2014 | 12.0 | implicit | wage workers | national employment survey (ENEMDU) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach | 1624422 | individual | national | 1.0 | some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}] | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; gender | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners | income-compression effect | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 27 | 37 | Wong, S. A. | 2019 | Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004 | article | development | Ecuador | 2011-2014 | 12.0 | implicit | wage workers | national employment survey (ENEMDU) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach | 1624422 | individual | national | 1.0 | some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}] | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | hours worked | significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked | possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women | 1.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 28 | 38 | Bailey, M. J., Hershbein, B., & Miller, A. R. | 2012 | The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages | Economic journal: applied economics | https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.225 | article | economics | United States | 1968-1989 | implicit | young women | longitudinal administrative National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLS-YW) | quasi-experimental | linear regression models, Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition with recentered influence function (RIF) procedure | 5159 | individual | national | 0.0 | dataset does not capture access to contraception beyond age 20 and social multiplier effects (e.g. changed hiring/promotion patterns) | [{'intervention': 'technological change (contraception)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'hourly wage distribution (gendered)', 'findings': "early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s", 'channels': 'increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | technological change (contraception) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | hourly wage distribution (gendered) | early legal access to contraceptives ('the pill') influenced decrease in gender gap by 10% in 1980s, 30% in 1990s; estimates 1/3rd of total female wage gains induced by access 1980s-1990s | increased labor market experience (due to not exiting early); greater educational attainment, occupational upgrading; spurred personal investment in human capital and careers | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ||||
| 29 | 40 | Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. | 2012 | Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes | Economic journal: applied economics | https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190 | article | economics | Germany | 1979-1992 | 40.0 | explicit | working mothers | national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference analysis | 13000 | individual | national | 0.0 | sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (6 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth', 'channels': 'provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (36 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave', 'channels': 'long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw share)', 'findings': 'sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income | paid leave (6 months childcare) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | income | sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth | provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | |
| 30 | 41 | Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. | 2012 | Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes | Economic journal: applied economics | https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190 | article | economics | Germany | 1979-1992 | 40.0 | explicit | working mothers | national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference analysis | 13000 | individual | national | 0.0 | sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (6 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth', 'channels': 'provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (36 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave', 'channels': 'long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw share)', 'findings': 'sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income | paid leave (36 months childcare) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | income | marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave | long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | |
| 31 | 42 | Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. | 2012 | Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes | Economic journal: applied economics | https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190 | article | economics | Germany | 1979-1992 | 40.0 | explicit | working mothers | national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference analysis | 13000 | individual | national | 0.0 | sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (6 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth', 'channels': 'provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (36 months childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'income', 'findings': 'marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave', 'channels': 'long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw share)', 'findings': 'sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment (rtw share) | sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 32 | 44 | Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P. | 2015 | Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care | Review of Economics of the Household | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8 | article | economics | Norway | 1995-2006 | 48.0 | implicit | mothers | Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees | quasi-experimental | triple-difference approach | 200530 | individual | national | 1.0 | simultaneous capacity extension may bias results | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender; education; migration | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment; hours worked | child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers | day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 33 | 45 | Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A. | 2014 | Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition | Psychiatric Services | https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478 | article | health | United States | 2008-2011 | 6.0 | explicit | disabled | baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar | experimental | RCT | 84 | individual | local | 1.0 | can not locate active ingredient | [{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | counseling (benefits counseling) | 0 | 0 | 1 | disability; age | 1.0 | 0.0 | hours worked (rtw) | counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement | not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | ||
| 34 | 46 | Adams, S., & Atsu, F. | 2015 | Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 | article | economics | global | 1970-2012 | implicit | developing countries | panel data | quasi-experimental | system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient | 72 | country | regional | 0.0 | macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls | trade liberalization (FDI) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related | wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 35 | 47 | Adams, S., & Atsu, F. | 2015 | Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 | article | economics | global | 1970-2012 | implicit | developing countries | panel data | quasi-experimental | system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient | 72 | country | regional | 0.0 | macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls | regulation (labour) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related | regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 36 | 48 | Adams, S., & Atsu, F. | 2015 | Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 | article | economics | global | 1970-2012 | implicit | developing countries | panel data | quasi-experimental | system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient | 72 | country | regional | 0.0 | macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls | education (school enrolment) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution | capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated | -1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 37 | 49 | Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. | 2014 | A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program | Journal of the American Planning Association | https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 | article | development | United States | 1994-2001 | 84.0 | implicit | poor women | baseline and follow-up survey; | experimental | RCT; multinomial regression model | 3199 | household | subnational, metropolitan | 1.0 | low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | 98% of sample is female | subsidy (housing mobility) | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; gender; ethnicity | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment rate | no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself | high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
| 38 | 50 | Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. | 2014 | A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program | Journal of the American Planning Association | https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 | article | development | United States | 1994-2001 | 84.0 | implicit | poor women | baseline and follow-up survey; | experimental | RCT; multinomial regression model | 3199 | household | subnational, metropolitan | 1.0 | low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | 98% of sample is female | infrastructure (transport) | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; gender; ethnicity | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment rate | increased employment probability for car ownership | better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | |
| 39 | 54 | Li, Y., & Sunder, N. | 2022 | Land inequality and workfare policies | Journal of development studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362 | article | development | India | 2005-2006 | 12.0 | implicit | potential labour force | Indian Agricultural Census (2000, 2005); national administrative panel data MGNREGA public data portal | quasi-experimental | OLS, instrumental variable approach | 414 | district | national | 1.0 | political capture theory | sample attrition in matching NREGA districts to GINI data; assumption of no institutional/cultural unobservables | [{'intervention': 'work programme', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (LFP rate per land ownership through Gini)', 'findings': 'work programme generally increases LFP; but internal heterogeneity, difference in job provision not due to public job demand changes, caste, religion; previous capital inequality (land ownership) strongly affects programme efficacy', 'channels': 'landlords oppose implementation due to general wage increases following, lobby against workfare introduction; decreased bargaining power of labour in more inequal districts', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | work programme | 0 | 1 | 0 | income; spatial | 0.0 | 0.0 | employment (LFP rate per land ownership through Gini) | work programme generally increases LFP; but internal heterogeneity, difference in job provision not due to public job demand changes, caste, religion; previous capital inequality (land ownership) strongly affects programme efficacy | landlords oppose implementation due to general wage increases following, lobby against workfare introduction; decreased bargaining power of labour in more inequal districts | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | |
| 40 | 59 | Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M. | 2017 | Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data | Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation | https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857 | article | health | United States | 2003-2013 | explicit | disabled young adults | state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA) | quasi-experimental | multivariate logistic regression | 4443 | individual | subnational, representative | 0.0 | data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability | [{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | training (vocational rehabilitation) | 0 | 1 | 1 | disability; gender; age | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 | |||||
| 41 | 63 | Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M. | 2006 | Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education | Career Development for Exceptional Individuals | https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401 | article | education | United States | 1972-1994 | 72.0 | implicit | young women with disabilities | National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88) | quasi-experimental | 13391 | individual | national | 0.0 | sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias | [{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION | education (special needs) | 0 | 1 | 0 | disability; gender; income; age | 1.0 | 0.0 | female employment ratio, female income ratio | females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent | men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers | -1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | |||
| 42 | 68 | Ferguson, J.-P. | 2015 | The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation | American Journal of Sociology | https://doi.org/10.1086/683357 | article | sociology | United States | implicit | women workers | quasi-experimental | 0.0 | most of effects may be caused by unsobservables | [{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; | collective action (unionization) | 0 | 1 | 1 | gender; ethnicity | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, but only marginally significant | possible self-selection into unionization | 1.0 | 1.0 |