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Rename concepts document to notes

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Makes its more general nature clearer, not just containing concepts (and
definitions, etc) but all my notes before they go into the final output
(including search strategies, protocols, definitions, terms, queries,
etc)
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@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ Missing:
- difference between relative and absolute inequality (see @Ravallion2018, 637) - difference between relative and absolute inequality (see @Ravallion2018, 637)
# Inequalities in the world of work ## Inequalities in the world of work
## Income Inequality ### Income Inequality
- main focus point of many inequality measurements (e.g. Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio) [UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief] - main focus point of many inequality measurements (e.g. Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio) [UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief]
- "labour income is the main source of income for most households in the world [thus] unequal access to work and working poverty are major drivers of inequalities" [@ILO2021] - "labour income is the main source of income for most households in the world [thus] unequal access to work and working poverty are major drivers of inequalities" [@ILO2021]
@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ Missing:
- "To some extent, therefore, income inequality is like a prism, which reveals many other forms of inequality, including those generated in the world of work" [@ILO2021a, 13]. - "To some extent, therefore, income inequality is like a prism, which reveals many other forms of inequality, including those generated in the world of work" [@ILO2021a, 13].
- "Throughout the world, earnings inequality is also determined by a set of other factors, including status in employment (whether a worker is a wage employee or self-employed), sector of activity and occupation, enterprise type, type of contract (for wage earners), and often formality" [@ILO2019]. - "Throughout the world, earnings inequality is also determined by a set of other factors, including status in employment (whether a worker is a wage employee or self-employed), sector of activity and occupation, enterprise type, type of contract (for wage earners), and often formality" [@ILO2019].
## Other forms of inequality ### Other forms of inequality
Inequalities are always multi-faceted, complex and display intersectional qualities [@ILO2021a]: Inequalities are always multi-faceted, complex and display intersectional qualities [@ILO2021a]:
### Gender inequality #### Gender inequality
These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender: These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender:
@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender:
- "Domestic work is female-dominated, with women accounting for 76.2 per cent of domestic workers" and domestic work, in turn is overwhelmingly informal employment globally [@ILO2023a, 6]. - "Domestic work is female-dominated, with women accounting for 76.2 per cent of domestic workers" and domestic work, in turn is overwhelmingly informal employment globally [@ILO2023a, 6].
- "Disparities in the gendered division of unpaid care work and paid work are the result of deeply rooted inequalities based on gender roles, income, age, education and place of residence" [@ILO2019]. - "Disparities in the gendered division of unpaid care work and paid work are the result of deeply rooted inequalities based on gender roles, income, age, education and place of residence" [@ILO2019].
### Socio-demographic inequalities #### Socio-demographic inequalities
These are inequalities that, like gender inequality, are based on the innate, often visible, identification of a person. These are inequalities that, like gender inequality, are based on the innate, often visible, identification of a person.
@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ Examples are: ethnic, racial inequalities, or those based on religion and belief
- "Women and young people fare significantly worse in labour markets, an indication of the large inequalities within the world of work in many countries." [@ILO2023] - "Women and young people fare significantly worse in labour markets, an indication of the large inequalities within the world of work in many countries." [@ILO2023]
- "In the EU28, some 7% of workers felt they had been discriminated against in the 12 months prior to the survey on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, nationality, disability or sexual orientation" [@ILO2019]. - "In the EU28, some 7% of workers felt they had been discriminated against in the 12 months prior to the survey on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, nationality, disability or sexual orientation" [@ILO2019].
### Spatial inequality #### Spatial inequality
These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's location relative to others: These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's location relative to others:
- "between urban, rural and peripheral areas and richer and poorer regions [...] contribute to inequalities in the world of work, as well as to a growing sense of fractured societies" [@ILO2021] - "between urban, rural and peripheral areas and richer and poorer regions [...] contribute to inequalities in the world of work, as well as to a growing sense of fractured societies" [@ILO2021]
- due to "unequal access to economic and decent work opportunities, to finance, quality public services, quality education and relevant training, essential social services infrastructures and digital infrastructure" [@ILO2021] - due to "unequal access to economic and decent work opportunities, to finance, quality public services, quality education and relevant training, essential social services infrastructures and digital infrastructure" [@ILO2021]
### Pre-existing inequalities #### Pre-existing inequalities
These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture for an individual and, while intertwined with socio-demographic inequalities, may be useful to differentiate: These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture for an individual and, while intertwined with socio-demographic inequalities, may be useful to differentiate:
@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f
- "they also relate to the characteristics [...] such as the level of education, poverty or productivity and, of course, their underlying factors." [@ILO2021a] - "they also relate to the characteristics [...] such as the level of education, poverty or productivity and, of course, their underlying factors." [@ILO2021a]
- "underlying factors are numerous and include the lack of formal recognition as an individual (the lack of a birth certificate or identity card), the lack of property rights or of clear ownership of assets, or the lack of access to formal banking, all of which are both a form of inequality and increase other forms of inequality." [@ILO2021a] - "underlying factors are numerous and include the lack of formal recognition as an individual (the lack of a birth certificate or identity card), the lack of property rights or of clear ownership of assets, or the lack of access to formal banking, all of which are both a form of inequality and increase other forms of inequality." [@ILO2021a]
## The scale of inequalities ### The scale of inequalities
- globally, between countries (vertical) - globally, between countries (vertical)
- national inequalities, between all households in one country (vertical) - national inequalities, between all households in one country (vertical)
@ -197,17 +197,17 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f
- households, between households with different access to education/essential services/infrastructures (horizontal: spatial) - households, between households with different access to education/essential services/infrastructures (horizontal: spatial)
- individuals, between persons based on (visible/invisible) characteristics (horizontal: gender, spatial, pre-existing, ...) - individuals, between persons based on (visible/invisible) characteristics (horizontal: gender, spatial, pre-existing, ...)
### Between-country comparisons ### COVID-19 influence
- "[Post COVID-19] recovery patterns vary significantly across regions, countries and sectors [and] the impact has been particularly serious for developing nations that experienced higher levels of inequality, more divergent working conditions and weaker social protection systems even before the pandemic." [@ILO2022a] - "[Post COVID-19] recovery patterns vary significantly across regions, countries and sectors [and] the impact has been particularly serious for developing nations that experienced higher levels of inequality, more divergent working conditions and weaker social protection systems even before the pandemic." [@ILO2022a]
- "The pandemic is deepening various forms of inequality, from exacerbating gender inequity to widening the digital divide." [@ILO2022a] - "The pandemic is deepening various forms of inequality, from exacerbating gender inequity to widening the digital divide." [@ILO2022a]
# Outcomes of inequalities ## Outcomes of inequalities
- "[inequalities] slow economic growth and poverty reduction, undermine social mobility and increase the risk of social unrest and political instability [as well as] contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion" [@ILO2022b] - "[inequalities] slow economic growth and poverty reduction, undermine social mobility and increase the risk of social unrest and political instability [as well as] contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion" [@ILO2022b]
- "forms of inequality can be also among the root causes of child labour and forced or compulsory labour in all its forms." [@ILO2021] - "forms of inequality can be also among the root causes of child labour and forced or compulsory labour in all its forms." [@ILO2021]
## Inequalities' impact on employment outcomes ### Inequalities' impact on employment outcomes
- **unemployment**: forecloses income prospects - **unemployment**: forecloses income prospects
- **underemployment**: - **underemployment**:
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f
- overall labor force participation: exclusion from labour market or the ability towards full utilization of labour market opportunities [@ILO2021a; @ILO2019] - overall labor force participation: exclusion from labour market or the ability towards full utilization of labour market opportunities [@ILO2021a; @ILO2019]
- ultimately resulting in income inequalities, in turn becoming driver of subsequent inequal outcomes and barriers in the labour market (as well as outside the labour market), reducing inter-generational social mobility [@ILO2021] - ultimately resulting in income inequalities, in turn becoming driver of subsequent inequal outcomes and barriers in the labour market (as well as outside the labour market), reducing inter-generational social mobility [@ILO2021]
# Guiding principles # ILO Policy typology
identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b: identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b:
@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b:
- interconnectedness, integration and monitoring - interconnectedness, integration and monitoring
- country-specific approaches - country-specific approaches
# Policy areas ## Policy areas
<!-- <!--
generally, [from UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief], separated into: generally, [from UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief], separated into:
@ -367,9 +367,70 @@ Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:
- reach those not adequately protected - reach those not adequately protected
- ensure access for everyone to comprehensive, adequate, sustainable social protection over life cycle - ensure access for everyone to comprehensive, adequate, sustainable social protection over life cycle
# Term clusters # Search Protocol
## World-of-work cluster ## Inclusion criteria
| Parameter | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Language | study written in English | study not written in English |
| Time frame | study published in or after 2000 | study published before 2000 |
| Study type | primary research | opinion piece, editorial, commentary, news article, literature review |
| Study approach | rigorous quantitative analysis or multi-method approach | purely qualitative or no clear description of methodology |
| Study focus | labour market outcomes or inequalities as primary measures (dependent variable) | neither inequality nor labour market outcomes as dependent variable |
| | policy measure or strategy as intervention (independent variable) | no policy measure/strategy as independent variable or relationship unclear |
| | specifically relates intervention to at least one dimension of world of work | exists outside world of work for both independent and dependent variables |
| | focus on at least one dimension of inequality in analysis | no focus on mention of inequality in analysis |
: Study inclusion and exclusion scoping criteria {#tbl-inclusion-criteria}
## Matrix extraction properties
| Publication info | Description |
| --- | --- |
| author | |
| year | |
| title | |
| publisher | |
| url/doi | |
| ?discipline? | The overall discipline the study falls under |
| Context info | Description |
| --- | --- |
| country | What is the primary/are the primary country/countries under analysis in the study? |
| country_world_region | Which ILO region does the country belong to? |
| country_income_class | Which UN Bank income category does the country belong to? |
| period_of_analysis | What is the main period of analysis for the study (in years, e.g. 2010-2012)? |
| length_of_study | What is the main length of observation for the study, if mentioned (in months, e.g. 14 months)? |
| explicit_targeting | is intervention specifically targeted at population/group? |
| target_group | who is the intervention targeted at (explicitly/implicitly)? |
| data | What dataset/database/collection does the data stem from, if mentioned? |
| Results info | Description |
| --- | --- |
| intervention | what are the independent variables for the study? |
| inequality_type | which inequalities/dimensions of inequality are objects of analysis for the study? |
| inequality_direction | Is the main inequality looked at of horizontal or vertical type? |
| outcome_measures | what are the dependent variables looked at in the study? |
| findings | what are the main findings for the dependent variables? |
| channels | What are the main channels for outcomes identified, if mentioned? |
| theory | What is the main theoretical argument/grounding for the study, if mentioned? |
| limitations | What are the main limitations of the study, if mentioned? |
| Statistical info | Description |
| --- | --- |
| study_design | Is the study mainly of experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative, mixed design? |
| study_method | What is the main method of the study? |
| sample_size | What is the main sample size/observation number of the study? |
| representativeness | At what level is the study mainly representative? (national, subnational, rural, urban..) |
| direction | What is the main direction of relation between independent/dependent variables? (positive, negative) |
| significance | What is the main level of statistical significance? (significant, marginally significant, non significant)? |
- annotation, quick 100-300wd written summary of major properties found above for each study
## Search Term clusters
### World-of-work cluster
- ILO: - ILO:
- work - work
@ -382,7 +443,7 @@ Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:
- of working age - of working age
- for pay or profit (remuneration, wages, salaries for time worked work done, profits derived from goods or services, through market transactions) - for pay or profit (remuneration, wages, salaries for time worked work done, profits derived from goods or services, through market transactions)
## forms of work cluster ### forms of work cluster
- ILO - ILO
- own-use - own-use
@ -396,7 +457,7 @@ Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:
- formality - formality
- (unpaid) care work - (unpaid) care work
## inequality cluster ### inequality cluster
- ILO: - ILO:
- inequality/-ies - inequality/-ies
@ -406,14 +467,14 @@ Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:
- disparity/-ies - disparity/-ies
- horizontal / vertical inequality - horizontal / vertical inequality
## vertical inequalities cluster ### vertical inequalities cluster
- ILO/UN [@DFI2023] - ILO/UN [@DFI2023]
- income: - income:
- Palma ratio - Palma ratio
- Gini coefficient - Gini coefficient
## horizontal inequalities cluster ### horizontal inequalities cluster
- ILO: - ILO:
- visible identity - visible identity
@ -424,7 +485,7 @@ Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:
- spatial inequalities (rural/urban/large mega-cities/small/peripheral cities) - spatial inequalities (rural/urban/large mega-cities/small/peripheral cities)
- gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, health status, disability, characteristics - gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, health status, disability, characteristics
## outcome cluster ### outcome cluster
- ILO: - ILO:
- employment outcomes - employment outcomes
@ -444,7 +505,7 @@ Policy *areas*, identified by @ILO2022b:
- labour force exit - labour force exit
- retrurning to work issues - retrurning to work issues
## policy cluster ### policy cluster
- general terms: - general terms:
- intervention - intervention
@ -510,19 +571,7 @@ from @Perez2022:
- work aids/techniques - work aids/techniques
- cooperation of employer & professionals - cooperation of employer & professionals
# Matrix extraction # Notes on previous reviews
- publication info (author, year, name, publisher, ?iscipline?)
- country
- region
- income class
- intervention
- inequality
- targeting -> group & implicit/explicit?
- outcome measures
- findings
# Notes
## Perez2022 ## Perez2022