diff --git a/concepts.md b/notes.md similarity index 86% rename from concepts.md rename to notes.md index 0b1afbe..9bbf850 100644 --- a/concepts.md +++ b/notes.md @@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ Missing: - difference between relative and absolute inequality (see @Ravallion2018, 637) -# Inequalities in the world of work +## Inequalities in the world of work -## Income Inequality +### Income Inequality - main focus point of many inequality measurements (e.g. Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio) [UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief] - "labour income is the main source of income for most households in the world [thus] unequal access to work and working poverty are major drivers of inequalities" [@ILO2021] @@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ Missing: - "To some extent, therefore, income inequality is like a prism, which reveals many other forms of inequality, including those generated in the world of work" [@ILO2021a, 13]. - "Throughout the world, earnings inequality is also determined by a set of other factors, including status in employment (whether a worker is a wage employee or self-employed), sector of activity and occupation, enterprise type, type of contract (for wage earners), and often formality" [@ILO2019]. -## Other forms of inequality +### Other forms of inequality Inequalities are always multi-faceted, complex and display intersectional qualities [@ILO2021a]: -### Gender inequality +#### Gender inequality These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender: @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender: - "Domestic work is female-dominated, with women accounting for 76.2 per cent of domestic workers" and domestic work, in turn is overwhelmingly informal employment globally [@ILO2023a, 6]. - "Disparities in the gendered division of unpaid care work and paid work are the result of deeply rooted inequalities based on gender roles, income, age, education and place of residence" [@ILO2019]. -### Socio-demographic inequalities +#### Socio-demographic inequalities These are inequalities that, like gender inequality, are based on the innate, often visible, identification of a person. @@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ Examples are: ethnic, racial inequalities, or those based on religion and belief - "Women and young people fare significantly worse in labour markets, an indication of the large inequalities within the world of work in many countries." [@ILO2023] - "In the EU28, some 7% of workers felt they had been discriminated against in the 12 months prior to the survey on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, nationality, disability or sexual orientation" [@ILO2019]. -### Spatial inequality +#### Spatial inequality These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's location relative to others: - "between urban, rural and peripheral areas and richer and poorer regions [...] contribute to inequalities in the world of work, as well as to a growing sense of fractured societies" [@ILO2021] - due to "unequal access to economic and decent work opportunities, to finance, quality public services, quality education and relevant training, essential social services infrastructures and digital infrastructure" [@ILO2021] -### Pre-existing inequalities +#### Pre-existing inequalities These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture for an individual and, while intertwined with socio-demographic inequalities, may be useful to differentiate: @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f - "they also relate to the characteristics [...] such as the level of education, poverty or productivity and, of course, their underlying factors." [@ILO2021a] - "underlying factors are numerous and include the lack of formal recognition as an individual (the lack of a birth certificate or identity card), the lack of property rights or of clear ownership of assets, or the lack of access to formal banking, all of which are both a form of inequality and increase other forms of inequality." [@ILO2021a] -## The scale of inequalities +### The scale of inequalities - globally, between countries (vertical) - national inequalities, between all households in one country (vertical) @@ -197,17 +197,17 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f - households, between households with different access to education/essential services/infrastructures (horizontal: spatial) - individuals, between persons based on (visible/invisible) characteristics (horizontal: gender, spatial, pre-existing, ...) -### Between-country comparisons +### COVID-19 influence - "[Post COVID-19] recovery patterns vary significantly across regions, countries and sectors [and] the impact has been particularly serious for developing nations that experienced higher levels of inequality, more divergent working conditions and weaker social protection systems even before the pandemic." [@ILO2022a] - "The pandemic is deepening various forms of inequality, from exacerbating gender inequity to widening the digital divide." [@ILO2022a] -# Outcomes of inequalities +## Outcomes of inequalities - "[inequalities] slow economic growth and poverty reduction, undermine social mobility and increase the risk of social unrest and political instability [as well as] contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion" [@ILO2022b] - "forms of inequality can be also among the root causes of child labour and forced or compulsory labour in all its forms." [@ILO2021] -## Inequalities' impact on employment outcomes +### Inequalities' impact on employment outcomes - **unemployment**: forecloses income prospects - **underemployment**: @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f - overall labor force participation: exclusion from labour market or the ability towards full utilization of labour market opportunities [@ILO2021a; @ILO2019] - ultimately resulting in income inequalities, in turn becoming driver of subsequent inequal outcomes and barriers in the labour market (as well as outside the labour market), reducing inter-generational social mobility [@ILO2021] -# Guiding principles +# ILO Policy typology identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b: @@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b: - interconnectedness, integration and monitoring - country-specific approaches -# Policy areas +## Policy areas