From b77e23897a183449ad15e7c879dbd8ee10f0f8eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 16:35:22 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Rename concepts document to notes Makes its more general nature clearer, not just containing concepts (and definitions, etc) but all my notes before they go into the final output (including search strategies, protocols, definitions, terms, queries, etc) --- concepts.md => notes.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) rename concepts.md => notes.md (86%) diff --git a/concepts.md b/notes.md similarity index 86% rename from concepts.md rename to notes.md index 0b1afbe..9bbf850 100644 --- a/concepts.md +++ b/notes.md @@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ Missing: - difference between relative and absolute inequality (see @Ravallion2018, 637) -# Inequalities in the world of work +## Inequalities in the world of work -## Income Inequality +### Income Inequality - main focus point of many inequality measurements (e.g. Gini Coefficient, Palma Ratio) [UN, 2023, A call to action to save SDG10, Policy Brief] - "labour income is the main source of income for most households in the world [thus] unequal access to work and working poverty are major drivers of inequalities" [@ILO2021] @@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ Missing: - "To some extent, therefore, income inequality is like a prism, which reveals many other forms of inequality, including those generated in the world of work" [@ILO2021a, 13]. - "Throughout the world, earnings inequality is also determined by a set of other factors, including status in employment (whether a worker is a wage employee or self-employed), sector of activity and occupation, enterprise type, type of contract (for wage earners), and often formality" [@ILO2019]. -## Other forms of inequality +### Other forms of inequality Inequalities are always multi-faceted, complex and display intersectional qualities [@ILO2021a]: -### Gender inequality +#### Gender inequality These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender: @@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's gender: - "Domestic work is female-dominated, with women accounting for 76.2 per cent of domestic workers" and domestic work, in turn is overwhelmingly informal employment globally [@ILO2023a, 6]. - "Disparities in the gendered division of unpaid care work and paid work are the result of deeply rooted inequalities based on gender roles, income, age, education and place of residence" [@ILO2019]. -### Socio-demographic inequalities +#### Socio-demographic inequalities These are inequalities that, like gender inequality, are based on the innate, often visible, identification of a person. @@ -172,14 +172,14 @@ Examples are: ethnic, racial inequalities, or those based on religion and belief - "Women and young people fare significantly worse in labour markets, an indication of the large inequalities within the world of work in many countries." [@ILO2023] - "In the EU28, some 7% of workers felt they had been discriminated against in the 12 months prior to the survey on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, nationality, disability or sexual orientation" [@ILO2019]. -### Spatial inequality +#### Spatial inequality These are inequalities that arise because of an individual's location relative to others: - "between urban, rural and peripheral areas and richer and poorer regions [...] contribute to inequalities in the world of work, as well as to a growing sense of fractured societies" [@ILO2021] - due to "unequal access to economic and decent work opportunities, to finance, quality public services, quality education and relevant training, essential social services infrastructures and digital infrastructure" [@ILO2021] -### Pre-existing inequalities +#### Pre-existing inequalities These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture for an individual and, while intertwined with socio-demographic inequalities, may be useful to differentiate: @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f - "they also relate to the characteristics [...] such as the level of education, poverty or productivity and, of course, their underlying factors." [@ILO2021a] - "underlying factors are numerous and include the lack of formal recognition as an individual (the lack of a birth certificate or identity card), the lack of property rights or of clear ownership of assets, or the lack of access to formal banking, all of which are both a form of inequality and increase other forms of inequality." [@ILO2021a] -## The scale of inequalities +### The scale of inequalities - globally, between countries (vertical) - national inequalities, between all households in one country (vertical) @@ -197,17 +197,17 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f - households, between households with different access to education/essential services/infrastructures (horizontal: spatial) - individuals, between persons based on (visible/invisible) characteristics (horizontal: gender, spatial, pre-existing, ...) -### Between-country comparisons +### COVID-19 influence - "[Post COVID-19] recovery patterns vary significantly across regions, countries and sectors [and] the impact has been particularly serious for developing nations that experienced higher levels of inequality, more divergent working conditions and weaker social protection systems even before the pandemic." [@ILO2022a] - "The pandemic is deepening various forms of inequality, from exacerbating gender inequity to widening the digital divide." [@ILO2022a] -# Outcomes of inequalities +## Outcomes of inequalities - "[inequalities] slow economic growth and poverty reduction, undermine social mobility and increase the risk of social unrest and political instability [as well as] contribute to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and social exclusion" [@ILO2022b] - "forms of inequality can be also among the root causes of child labour and forced or compulsory labour in all its forms." [@ILO2021] -## Inequalities' impact on employment outcomes +### Inequalities' impact on employment outcomes - **unemployment**: forecloses income prospects - **underemployment**: @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ These are inequalities that exist *before* the labor market enters the picture f - overall labor force participation: exclusion from labour market or the ability towards full utilization of labour market opportunities [@ILO2021a; @ILO2019] - ultimately resulting in income inequalities, in turn becoming driver of subsequent inequal outcomes and barriers in the labour market (as well as outside the labour market), reducing inter-generational social mobility [@ILO2021] -# Guiding principles +# ILO Policy typology identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b: @@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ identified in @ILO2021 and @ILO2022b: - interconnectedness, integration and monitoring - country-specific approaches -# Policy areas +## Policy areas