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02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/e0e0750bb82aca950b8c683b6fdf25cb-niembro-andres/info.yaml

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+abstract: 'Socioeconomic inequalities can take different forms. Sometimes they
+
+  appear simply as disparities between individuals or households, or
+
+  between groups that differ on the basis of factors such as social class,
+
+  gender, age, ethnicity, among many others. Likewise, social and economic
+
+  inequalities can be perceived in different geographical scales of
+
+  analysis, between countries or groups of countries, as well as between
+
+  regions, provinces, cities or neighborhoods. Although this paper focuses
+
+  on territorial inequalities, there is no doubt that both levels are
+
+  deeply interrelated.
+
+  At this point, there is no longer any doubt that globalization has gone
+
+  hand in hand with increasing inequality in general and, in particular,
+
+  growing regional disparities in developing countries throughout Latin
+
+  America, Asia, Africa or Eastern Europe, as well as the continuity of
+
+  regional inequalities in developed countries such as Spain, for example.
+
+  This context poses new challenges for the academic investigation of
+
+  inequality, because to explain the phenomenon of unequal regional
+
+  development in a globalized world it is necessary to put the actors of
+
+  this process and their roots in the territory in the center of the
+
+  scene, along with issues such as their position in the economic system
+
+  and the generation and reproduction of power asymmetries.
+
+  Although for some authors globalization acts as an asymmetric process
+
+  that tends to deepen the inequalities between countries and regions, for
+
+  others the problem is not strictly the process of globalization, but the
+
+  way in which countries, regions and firms are inserted and positioned in
+
+  global economy. What is clear is that, being in some way an inevitable
+
+  scenario, globalization contains both opportunities and challenges for
+
+  regional development, while it generates winners and losers among the
+
+  actors and regions involved.
+
+  We believe that the approaches of Global Value Chains (GVC) and Global
+
+  Production Networks (GPN) can be useful tools for understanding the
+
+  relationships between globalization and unequal regional development,
+
+  and for analyzing how actors and regions participate in the global
+
+  economy, how the power and income are distributed among them and what
+
+  possibilities exist for repositioning, among other issues.
+
+  If we look at, for example, the literature on developing countries in
+
+  Latin America, the tendency in recent decades to adopt the conceptual
+
+  framework of GVC is evident, but the contributions from GPN have been
+
+  largely unnoticed so far, which has tended to limit its specific
+
+  application to the analysis of territorial inequalities. On the other
+
+  hand, several authors have highlighted the need to compatibilize, enrich
+
+  and eclectically integrate the analytical frameworks of GVC and GPN.
+
+  The article aims to cover these research niches with a comprehensive
+
+  review of the approaches of global value chains and global production
+
+  networks, hoping that it can be used as a theoretical and methodological
+
+  contribution to the analysis of regional inequalities. This review is
+
+  structured on the basis of a contrast between the respective strengths
+
+  and weaknesses of each approach, showing those points where they can
+
+  complement and enrich each other.
+
+  Throughout the literature there is an old interest in understanding the
+
+  changing forms of organization of production and trade at global level,
+
+  its evolution and its repercussions over territorial inequalities,
+
+  starting for example with dependence theories, center-periphery, world
+
+  system and commodity chains, passing through global commodity chains
+
+  (GCC) and arriving at the further development of GVC. While there are
+
+  some differences in terminology and emphases between the origins of GVC
+
+  and GPN, over the years they have tended to shrink and converge, since
+
+  these approaches are interrelated and share a common agenda of problems.
+
+  Another central aspect is that, despite theoretical discussions (and, in
+
+  particular, criticisms of GPN towards GVC), studies under one tradition
+
+  or another tend to be largely similar, since there are not great
+
+  methodological differences between them. This is directly related to the
+
+  balance of strengths and weaknesses of each approach. On the one hand,
+
+  authors that support the GPN framework value their greater
+
+  analytical-conceptual breadth (covering topics supposedly relegated by
+
+  GVC tradition), but it has the counterpart of making its implementation
+
+  more complex. In contrast, GVC analysis is best understood as a
+
+  methodological approach that can be mobilized within various theoretical
+
+  perspectives, although this greater operational versatility comes with
+
+  the cost of some degree of theoretical eclecticism.
+
+  It should be noted that, although these approaches have been developed,
+
+  such as their own names indicate, over the basis of the
+
+  internationalization and relocation of different circuits of production
+
+  and trade at a global level, their methodological contributions can also
+
+  be applied to domestic chains or networks, making a broad interpretation
+
+  of trade and exports of a particular region to analyze the interaction
+
+  between the local dimension and the extra-regional scale (national or
+
+  international factors).
+
+  As a closure, we can conclude that the GVC approach is applicable to
+
+  regional analysis (avoiding some analytical complexities of GPN) but it
+
+  needs to be strengthened with some elements of GPN tradition. In
+
+  particular, it is necessary to reinforce the territoriality of chains of
+
+  networks, to widen the spectrum of institutions taken into account and
+
+  to analyze their relations from a multidimensional (vertical,
+
+  horizontal, diagonal) and multiscalar perspective (regional, national,
+
+  international, global). At the same time, it is necessary to keep in
+
+  mind the existence of different types of networks, power relations and
+
+  possibilities of upgrading.
+
+  At this point we should also point out some possible restrictions or
+
+  weaknesses for the application of the approaches of GVC and GPN to the
+
+  analysis of uneven regional development. On the one hand, the idea of
+
+  inequality necessarily relates with economic processes that, by their
+
+  own nature, can adopt asymmetric and divergent characteristics. But
+
+  unlike the analytical (often critical) perspectives we present in this
+
+  paper, the use of the concept of global value chains has become popular
+
+  in recent years and has entered into the agendas of international
+
+  organizations and multilateral forums that tend to adopt a highly
+
+  optimistic (or uncritical) view towards globalization and its possible
+
+  impacts on the progress of underdeveloped countries and regions. By
+
+  circumventing or minimizing the potentially negative and inequitable
+
+  factors discussed in the article, this can strongly change public policy
+
+  recommendations and strategies.
+
+  On the other hand, a weakness of GVC and GPN literatures is the limited
+
+  recognition that innovation, knowledge and technology have usually
+
+  received. In any case, these approaches recognize the importance of
+
+  innovation as a basic input for upgrading processes, but little is said
+
+  about the specific nature of the complex processes of learning and
+
+  innovation, which represents an interesting line of work to be covered.'
+affiliation: 'Niembro, A (Corresponding Author), Univ Nacl Rio Negro Sede Andina,
+  San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
+
+  Niembro, Andres, Univ Nacl Rio Negro Sede Andina, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro,
+  Argentina.'
+author: Niembro, Andres
+author_list:
+- family: Niembro
+  given: Andres
+da: '2023-09-28'
+files: []
+issn: 0213-7585
+journal: REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES
+keywords: 'Territorial inequalities; Regional development; Global value chains;
+
+  Global production networks'
+keywords-plus: 'REGIONAL-DEVELOPMENT; COMMODITY CHAINS; INWARD INVESTMENT; LOCAL
+
+  CLUSTERS; LATIN-AMERICA; NORTH-EAST; GOVERNANCE; GEOGRAPHIES;
+
+  INNOVATION; PERSPECTIVE'
+language: English
+month: MAY-AUG
+number: '112'
+number-of-cited-references: '135'
+pages: 15-40
+papis_id: 4f2e7b98802bed71e0593c1deedd2c94
+ref: Niembro2018globalizationproduct
+tags:
+- review
+times-cited: '0'
+title: 'Globalization, productive re-location and territorial inequalities: A comprehensive
+  review of the approaches of global value chains and global production networks'
+type: Review
+unique-id: WOS:000450677100001
+usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
+usage-count-since-2013: '41'
+web-of-science-categories: Environmental Studies
+year: '2018'