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02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/c5675313958f0b4d14431c18844eb977-barrios-gonzalez-ma/info.yaml

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+abstract: 'The literature on economic growth has placed special focus on analysing
+
+  the convergence processes between countries and regions. Within the
+
+  growth theories, two alternative approaches have been developed to
+
+  explain the differences observed in per capita income across countries
+
+  over time. Neoclassical growth models predict a process of convergence
+
+  between economies where the relatively poor economies will grow at a
+
+  faster rate than the relatively rich ones, while endogenous growth
+
+  models describe a situation of non-convergence.
+
+  Theoretical developments and empirical studies on convergence have led
+
+  to the development of different definitions of the term and to the use
+
+  of different methodologies for its investigation (Islam, 2003). The
+
+  concepts of sigma and beta convergence have been widely used in
+
+  empirical papers. Sigma convergence refers to the reduction in the per
+
+  capita income dispersion across economies over time, while beta
+
+  convergence refers to the existence of a negative correlation between
+
+  income growth over time and its initial level.
+
+  The concept of absolute or unconditional convergence assumes that per
+
+  capita incomes in the regions will tend to converge in the long term to
+
+  a single steady state, regardless of their initial conditions. In
+
+  contrast, the conditional convergence hypothesis holds that each economy
+
+  converges to its own stationary state, so that economies will converge
+
+  with one another in the long run if they have similar structural
+
+  characteristics (Galor, 1996).
+
+  Neoclassical growth models lead to the hypothesis of conditional
+
+  convergence between economies, but also to the hypothesis of convergence
+
+  clubs, which proposes that regions with similar economic structures can
+
+  converge to different steady states if they start from different initial
+
+  conditions. Therefore, although certain regions have globally
+
+  heterogeneous growth paths, they may be gathered into subgroups that
+
+  exhibit homogeneous growth dynamics.
+
+  At the international level, the empirical evidence confirms the
+
+  existence of convergence clubs between countries (Durlauf and Johnson,
+
+  1995; Canova, 2004, Phillips and Sul, 2007, Monfort et al., 2013, Borsi
+
+  and Metiu, 2015), as well as between regions (Postiglioni et al., 2010;
+
+  Bartkowska and Riedl, 2012; Rodriguez et al., 2016; Tian et al., 2016;
+
+  von Lyncker and Thoennessen, 2016). However, there is still little
+
+  empirical evidence for the existence of convergence clubs in the Spanish
+
+  economy, even though a few papers have been written in this regard.
+
+  Indeed, some research has provided evidence of convergence clubs between
+
+  Spanish regions since the late 1970s, clubs that remain to this day
+
+  (Perez, 2000, Goerlich et al., 2002, Montanes and Olmos, 2014, Brida et
+
+  al., 2015), although none has used a methodology like the one used in
+
+  this article. Perez (2000) notes that the convergence process for per
+
+  capita income in Spain''s Autonomous Communities during the period
+
+  1955-1995 can be characterised by subgroups of regions that converge to
+
+  different stationary states. Goerlich et al. (2002), examining the
+
+  convergence of Spanish regions during the period 19552000, find, by the
+
+  end of the period, the existence of two convergence clubs both when they
+
+  use per capita income and labour productivity as a variable. Brida et
+
+  al. (2015) apply a nonparametric clustering approach to the per capita
+
+  income data of the Spanish Autonomous Communities to analyse regional
+
+  convergence during the period 1955-2009. Their results indicate the
+
+  presence, since the late seventies, of two convergence clubs, one more
+
+  homogeneous composed by the richer regions, and another more
+
+  heterogeneous formed by the remaining regions. They also note that there
+
+  has been more convergence among the regions in the first club and a gap
+
+  between clubs in the last two decades. However, as the authors point
+
+  out, these clubs have not remained stable over time, with their numbers
+
+  ranging from three to five. Finally, Montanes and Olmos (2014), using
+
+  two different indicators, per capita income and an indicator of human
+
+  development, study the possible stochastic convergence between Spanish
+
+  regions for the period 1980-2010. The results show, for the end of the
+
+  period, the existence of two distinct geographical areas (for the two
+
+  indicators used), which is interpreted by the authors as evidence of
+
+  different convergence clubs.
+
+  Bearing this in mind, this paper contributes to the existing literature
+
+  by providing some new evidence on the regional converge process in
+
+  Spain. More specifically, the aim of this work is to analyse whether
+
+  Spanish regions display a full convergence process among them or if, on
+
+  the contrary, they form convergence clubs.
+
+  The contributions of this work are twofold. On the one hand, this paper
+
+  provides new evidence on the existence of regional convergence clubs in
+
+  Spain. On the other hand, even though there are various estimation
+
+  methods that can be applied to test club convergence hypotheses, this
+
+  paper focuses on the implementation of a new methodology, which to the
+
+  best of our knowledge, has not been applied to the Spanish case. In
+
+  particular, this work uses the new panel convergence methodology
+
+  developed by Phillips and Sul (2007).
+
+  Phillips and Sul''s methodology introduces a cross-sectional study, by
+
+  means of an analysis of heterogeneous time series in the parameters of a
+
+  neoclassical growth model, in order to take into account the
+
+  heterogeneity of the transitional temporary variable analysed. This
+
+  approach has clear advantages over other alternative methods. Firstly,
+
+  it can be used to endogenously identify groups of regions converging
+
+  towards the same growth path, and not by applying a predetermined
+
+  criterion. Secondly, although a full convergence hypothesis can be
+
+  rejected, this approach makes it possible to identify convergence clubs
+
+  among regions, as well as the divergent regions. In addition, the speed
+
+  of the convergence parameter can also be estimated with this
+
+  methodology, which allows distinguishing the relative convergence
+
+  empirically.
+
+  The regional convergence process is analysed considering three
+
+  variables: income per capita and its main components, GDP per worker and
+
+  employment per capita for 17 Spanish regions in the period 1980-2008.
+
+  Data comes from the regional dataset BD. MORES.
+
+  The empirical results obtained in this research confirm the existence of
+
+  full convergence for GDP per worker. However, there is also evidence for
+
+  the existence of convergence clubs in terms of both income per capita
+
+  and employment in Spanish regions.
+
+  Regarding income per capita, our findings suggest the existence of three
+
+  convergence clubs, which converge to different income levels: high,
+
+  medium and low; whereas no divergent region was identified.
+
+  With respect to employment per capita, the results are quite similar to
+
+  those above for income per capita. We identify three clubs, but no
+
+  divergent region was detected.
+
+  The composition of clubs respect both variables, income and per capita
+
+  employment, which remained relatively stable in the period analysed.
+
+  Only four regions (Asturias, Cantabria, Castile and Leon and the Basque
+
+  Country) exhibited differences in the composition of the clubs. The
+
+  differences in the clubs'' configuration may be explained by the
+
+  different behaviour of labour productivity in these regions.
+
+  Finally, it is worth noting that this paper is the first step in our
+
+  research. A deeper analysis of the factors responsible for the formation
+
+  of convergence clubs in Spain must be undertaken in order to provide
+
+  useful insight to policy makers regarding the mechanisms needed to
+
+  achieve economic and social cohesion amongst regions.'
+affiliation: 'Gonzalez, MCB (Corresponding Author), Univ La Laguna, San Cristobal
+  De La Lagu, Spain.
+
+  Barrios Gonzalez, Ma Candelaria, Univ La Laguna, San Cristobal De La Lagu, Spain.
+
+  Martinez Navarro, Ma Angeles, Univ Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.'
+author: Barrios Gonzalez, Ma Candelaria and Martinez Navarro, Ma Angeles
+author_list:
+- family: Barrios Gonzalez
+  given: Ma Candelaria
+- family: Martinez Navarro
+  given: Ma Angeles
+da: '2023-09-28'
+files: []
+issn: 0213-7585
+journal: REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES
+keywords: Convergence clubs; Log t test; Spain; Regional analysis
+keywords-plus: PER-CAPITA; GROWTH; INCOME; INEQUALITY; SPAIN; CLUBS
+language: Spanish
+month: MAY-AUG
+number: '109'
+number-of-cited-references: '54'
+orcid-numbers: 'Flores, Esther/0000-0001-5698-6559
+
+  Martinez Navarro, Maria Angeles/0000-0002-3583-2726'
+pages: 165-190
+papis_id: 1900b027e90b3f97edb19ff03c4a75a9
+ref: Barriosgonzalez2017patternsconvergence
+researcherid-numbers: 'MARTÍNEZ, M. ÁNGELES/AAA-7893-2019
+
+  '
+times-cited: '0'
+title: 'Patterns of convergence in Spanish regions: An application of Phillips-Sul''s
+  methodology'
+type: Article
+unique-id: WOS:000424550700007
+usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
+usage-count-since-2013: '6'
+web-of-science-categories: Environmental Studies
+year: '2017'