Add wos sample results library

02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/a129ccef37d667b565da2bb95b3ebfcc-mehl-p/info.yaml

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+abstract: 'In this paper practical and political problems concerning the
+
+  transformation of the social security system in agriculture of the `old''
+
+  Federal Republic of Germany to the New Federal States are discussed. The
+
+  intention is to analyse the impacts of transferring this system to East
+
+  Germany, especially concerning social security matters and their
+
+  financial and distributive effects. Furthermore some conclusions from
+
+  the East German experiences for the transformation of the social policy
+
+  systems for the agricultural sectors in Central and Eastern European
+
+  countries (CEECs) are drawn. Since insight into the interdependencies of
+
+  polity politics and policies are important for a successful guidance the
+
+  political determinants of policy-making in this sector in unified
+
+  Germany are examined too.
+
+  In comparison with the CEECs the transformation process in East Germany
+
+  has to Se dealt with as a special case. The very rapid transition from a
+
+  planned economy to a market economy lead to a drastic reduction of jobs
+
+  particularly in the agricultural sector of East Germany. But unlike
+
+  other CEECs in transition, a whole string of government programmes has
+
+  been adopted and contributed a lot to make this process socially
+
+  acceptable. The transfers from the federal budget to the New Lander
+
+  amounted to 615 billion DM from 1991 to 1995; approximately 40 per cent
+
+  (215 billion DM) has been spent on social policy measures, mainly for
+
+  the labour market policy measures. In this respect, the New Federal
+
+  States found themselves in a unique situation which gave them a rather
+
+  privileged position, facilitating and mitigating the required changes. A
+
+  further consequence of this general framework of transition was that the
+
+  transformation in the New Federal States meant in almost every economic
+
+  sector the transfer of the West German institutions.
+
+  The structure of agricultural enterprises in East Germany differed,
+
+  however, considerably from the West German family farms. Therefore, a
+
+  sob adoption of West German institutions of social security policy for
+
+  the agricultural sector in the New Federal States was problematic: On
+
+  the one hand it seemed questionable whether this scheme was applicable
+
+  to the special situation and particular social security demands of the
+
+  farm population in the New Federal States. On the other band the
+
+  agricultural social security system in the Federal Republic of Germany
+
+  had become an important instrument of agricultural income policy at the
+
+  national level. Since it is highly subsidised the question arised how
+
+  this would influence the competitiveness between different legal forms
+
+  of farm enterprises. Hence political decision makers were in a dilemma:
+
+  introducing the special agricultural insurance system without any
+
+  significant changes in the financing system would exclude many
+
+  registered cooperatives from subsidies of considerable amount. So an
+
+  alternative policy-option was to reform the system by decoupling the
+
+  social security policy for agriculture from income: policy objectives
+
+  and reforming it using the social insurance systems for employees as a
+
+  point of reference.
+
+  Politicians have chosen different options in transferring the social
+
+  security system in agriculture of the Old Federal States to the New
+
+  Federal States. In health and accident insurance the policy-option of an
+
+  unchanged transfer of the West German institutions was preferred. In the
+
+  old age pension scheme the policy-option of a transfer was linked with a
+
+  partial reform of the system, reducing the distributive advantages of
+
+  the sectoral system. With the exception of the agricultural accident
+
+  insurance covering an types of farm enterprises the working population
+
+  in agriculture is treated in accordance to their status as self employed
+
+  or employees. Whereas agricultural entrepreneurs are included into the
+
+  sectoral systems, agricultural employees remain in the general statutory
+
+  systems. This was a reasonable solution in terms of the different social
+
+  needs of both groups. Comparing the distributive effects of the two
+
+  systems however shows, that there are still considerable advantages for
+
+  the farmers'' system, despite a remarkable reform of the farmer''s old age
+
+  pension scheme. Explaining these policy outcomes in social security
+
+  policy in agriculture has to focus on changing policy networks before
+
+  and after German unification. The path-dependency and in some way
+
+  contingency of the policy process and its results make it almost
+
+  impossible to draw general conclusions, in order to provide guidance as
+
+  to how to manage reform processes in agricultural policy.
+
+  Due to the fact that all CEECs are undertaking or initiating reforms of
+
+  their social security systems, however, these countries do have a
+
+  particular interest to find the best possible solutions for the social
+
+  problems they are involved, bearing in mind, however, that a social
+
+  security system cannot simply be copied from another country. A look at
+
+  social security systems in West European countries demonstrates the wide
+
+  range of possibilities available for organizing social security. In
+
+  Central and East European countries too there was not one single
+
+  socialist system of social security policy. Hence, CEECs have to reform
+
+  their own schemes due to the overall conditions and the historical
+
+  backgrounds in each country. This does not, however, imply that
+
+  experiences from social security in western democratic countries or the
+
+  transformation process in East Germany may not be of interest to the
+
+  other states undergoing transformation.
+
+  In all 15 member countries of the EU employees in agriculture and
+
+  self-employed farmers as well are covered by comprehensive compulsory
+
+  insurance schemes. But especially the insurance schemes for farmers,
+
+  obligatorily insured in old age pension schemes in all states, are very
+
+  heterogenously organized. Partly, farmers are insured in special
+
+  agricultural systems or in social security systems for self-employed
+
+  persons, partly, farmers are members of the general social security
+
+  systems. Despite great varieties in entitlement rules, insured persons,
+
+  level of benefits etc. all sectoral systems for farmers have the
+
+  following in common: more old age pensioners than contributors; a high
+
+  dependency on state subsidies; a low level of pensions and problems of
+
+  compatibility with other old age pension schemes, if a farmer decides to
+
+  change occupation.
+
+  Up to now among the CEECs only Poland has a special system of old age
+
+  pensions for farmers. In the other CEECs, farmers as well as the entire
+
+  working population in agriculture were insured within the general
+
+  system. Experiences in Poland with KRUS, the agricultural social
+
+  security fund, are similiar to those in Western European countries with
+
+  special security systems for farmers. Looking at the experiences in the
+
+  FRG, in the other West-European countries with special systems for
+
+  farmers and in Poland, it seems not to be a recommendable solution for
+
+  other CEECs to follow these examples.'
+affiliation: Mehl, P (Corresponding Author), BUNDESFORSCH ANSTALT LANDWIRTSCHAFT BRAUNSCHWEIG,INST
+  STRUKTURFORSCH,BRAUNSCHWEIG,GERMANY.
+author: Mehl, P
+author_list:
+- family: Mehl
+  given: P
+da: '2023-09-28'
+files: []
+issn: 0458-6859
+journal: LANDBAUFORSCHUNG VOLKENRODE
+language: English
+number: '2'
+number-of-cited-references: '59'
+pages: 75-88
+papis_id: c54e138da5d195dfebea43144044cf31
+ref: Mehl1997transformingsocial
+times-cited: '0'
+title: 'Transforming social security in agriculture in transition countries: The case
+  of East Germany'
+type: Article
+unique-id: WOS:A1997YA11300004
+usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
+usage-count-since-2013: '13'
+volume: '47'
+web-of-science-categories: Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
+year: '1997'