Add wos sample results library

02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/23df0c6e8e8f10c3089f3f6bac51accb-ruhm-christopher-j./info.yaml

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+abstract: 'The struggle to balance work responsibilities with family obligations
+
+  may be most difficult for working parents of the youngest children,
+
+  those five and under. Any policy changes designed to ease the
+
+  difficulties for these families are likely to be controversial,
+
+  requiring a careful effort to weigh both the costs and benefits of
+
+  possible interventions while respecting diverse and at times conflicting
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+  American values. In this article, Christopher Ruhm looks at two
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+  potential interventions-parental leave and early childhood education and
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+  care (ECEC)-comparing differences in policies in the United States,
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+  Canada, and several European nations and assessing their consequences
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+  for important parent and child outcomes.
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+  By and large, Canadian and European policies are more generous than
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+  those in the United States, with most women eligible for paid maternity
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+  leave, which in a few countries can last for three years or more. Many
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+  of these countries also provide for paid leave that can be used by
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+  either the mother or the father. And in many European countries ECEC
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+  programs are nearly universal after the child reaches a certain age. In
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+  the United States, parental leave, if it is available, is usually short
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+  and unpaid, and ECEC is generally regarded as a private responsibility
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+  of parents, although some federal programs help defray costs of care and
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+  preschool education.
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+  Ruhm notes that research on the effects of differences in policies is
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+  not completely conclusive, in part because of the difficulty of
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+  isolating consequences of leave and ECEC policies from other influences
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+  on employment and children''s outcomes. But, he says, the comparative
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+  evidence does suggest desirable directions for future policy in the
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+  United States. Policies establishing rights to short parental leaves
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+  increase time at home with infants and slightly improve the job
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+  continuity of mothers, with small, but positive, long-run consequences
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+  for mothers and children. Therefore, Ruhm indicates that moderate
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+  extensions of existing U. S. leave entitlements (up to several months in
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+  duration) make sense. He also suggests that some form of paid leave
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+  would facilitate its use, particularly among less advantaged parents,
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+  and that efforts to improve the quality of ECEC, while maintaining or
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+  enhancing affordability, are desirable.'
+affiliation: 'Ruhm, CJ (Corresponding Author), Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
+  22903 USA.
+
+  Ruhm, Christopher J., Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
+
+  Ruhm, Christopher J., Natl Bur Econ Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.'
+author: Ruhm, Christopher J.
+author_list:
+- family: Ruhm
+  given: Christopher J.
+da: '2023-09-28'
+eissn: 1550-1558
+files: []
+issn: 1054-8289
+journal: FUTURE OF CHILDREN
+keywords-plus: 'MATERNITY LEAVE LEGISLATION; CAREER INTERRUPTIONS; AFFECT FERTILITY;
+
+  FAMILY POLICY; UNITED-STATES; EMPLOYMENT; MOTHERS; HEALTH; IMPACT; GAP'
+language: English
+month: FAL
+number: '2'
+number-of-cited-references: '109'
+pages: 37-68
+papis_id: 152a82a55629301500d6a8fa2005bb97
+ref: Ruhm2011policiesassist
+times-cited: '44'
+title: Policies to Assist Parents with Young Children
+type: Article
+unique-id: WOS:000296020800003
+usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
+usage-count-since-2013: '70'
+volume: '21'
+web-of-science-categories: 'Family Studies; Health Policy \& Services; Social Sciences,
+
+  Interdisciplinary'
+year: '2011'