2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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abstract: 'Background: The relative importance of income, poverty and unemployment
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status for mental health is unclear, and understanding this has
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implications for income and welfare policy design. We aimed to assess
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the association between changes in these exposures and mental health.
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Methods: We measured effects of three transition exposures between waves
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of the UK Household Longitudinal Study from 2010/11-2019/20 (n=38,697,
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obs=173,859): income decreases/increases, moving in/out of poverty, and
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job losses/gains. The outcome was General Health Questionnaire (GHQ),
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which measures likelihood of common mental disorder (CMD) as a
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continuous (GHQ-36) and binary measure (score =4 = case). We used
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fixed-effects linear and linear probability models to adjust for time
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invariant and time-varying confounders. To investigate effect
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modification, we stratified analyses by age, sex and highest education.
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Results: A 10\% income decrease/increase was associated with a 0.02\%
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increase (95\% CI 0.00, 0.04) and 0.01\% reduction (95\% CI -0.03, 0.02)
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in likelihood of CMD respectively. Effect sizes were larger for moving
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into poverty (+1.8\% {[}0.2, 3.5]), out of poverty (1.8\%, {[}-3.2,
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0.3]), job loss (+15.8\%, {[}13.6, 18.0]) and job gain (11.4\%,
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{[}-14.4, 8.4]). The effect of new poverty was greater for women (+2.3\%
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{[}0.8, 3.9] versus +1.2\% {[}-1.1, 3.5] for men) but the opposite was
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true for job loss (+17.8\% {[}14.4, 21.2] for men versus +13.5\% {[}9.8,
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17.2] for women). There were no clear differences by age, but those with
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least education experienced the largest effects from poverty
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transitions, especially moving out of poverty (2.9\%, {[}-5.7, 0.0]).
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Conclusions: Moving into unemployment was most strongly associated with
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CMD, with poverty also important but income effects generally much
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smaller. Men appear most sensitive to employment transitions, but
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poverty may have larger impacts on women and those with least education.
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As the COVID-19 pandemic recedes, minimising unemployment as well as
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poverty is crucial for population mental health.'
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affiliation: 'Katikireddi, SV (Corresponding Author), Univ Glasgow, MRC CSO Social
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\& Publ Hlth Sci Unit, Berkeley Sq,99 Berkeley St, Glasgow G3 7HR, Lanark, Scotland.
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Kromydas, Theocharis; Thomson, Rachel M.; Pulford, Andrew; Green, Michael J.; Katikireddi,
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S. Vittal, Univ Glasgow, MRC CSO Social \& Publ Hlth Sci Unit, Berkeley Sq,99 Berkeley
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St, Glasgow G3 7HR, Lanark, Scotland.
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Pulford, Andrew; Katikireddi, S. Vittal, Publ Hlth Scotland, Edinburgh, Midlothian,
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Scotland.'
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article-number: '100909'
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author: Kromydas, Theocharis and Thomson, Rachel M. and Pulford, Andrew and Green,
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Michael J. and Katikireddi, S. Vittal
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author-email: Vittal.Katikireddi@glasgow.ac.uk
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author_list:
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- family: Kromydas
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given: Theocharis
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- family: Thomson
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given: Rachel M.
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- family: Pulford
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given: Andrew
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- family: Green
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given: Michael J.
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- family: Katikireddi
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given: S. Vittal
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100909
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earlyaccessdate: SEP 2021
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files: []
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issn: 2352-8273
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journal: SSM-POPULATION HEALTH
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keywords: Mental health; Income; Poverty; Employment; Welfare; Health inequalities
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keywords-plus: 'DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS; INCOME; DISORDERS; WELL; UNEMPLOYMENT; PREVALENCE;
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HAPPINESS; POLICIES; IMPACT; CHILD'
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language: English
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month: SEP
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number-of-cited-references: '52'
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orcid-numbers: 'Thomson, Rachel/0000-0002-3060-939X
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Katikireddi, Srinivasa/0000-0001-6593-9092
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Pulford, Andrew/0000-0001-8378-3431
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Green, Michael/0000-0003-3193-2452'
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papis_id: 15ac5e0b3a8b5850b9fc5fc5d0cc00ec
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ref: Kromydas2021whichis
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researcherid-numbers: 'Green, Michael J/E-8370-2012
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'
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times-cited: '11'
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title: 'Which is most important for mental health: Money, poverty, or paid work? A
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fixed-effects analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study'
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2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
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type: article
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2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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unique-id: WOS:000697998100090
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usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
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usage-count-since-2013: '15'
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volume: '15'
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web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
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year: '2021'
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