wow-inequalities/02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/78251655eb9647eae874b55e35de131c-gorn-sb-and-sainz/info.yaml

abstract: 'This paper is aimed at exploring the relationship of some

  sociodemographic variables with the presence of depressive disorders

  among a low-income urban sample. Different variables have consistently

  been associated with such disorders, for instance, marital status, sex,

  and socio-economic status.

  As to marital Status, some studies show that married people have better

  health conditions and feel more satisfied with their lives than their

  unmarried counterparts. Similarly, it has been found that widowed or

  divorced people present a number of psychological problems.

  Low-income population is also at high risk of suffering depressive

  symptoms, in this sense, some researchers have stated that the lack of

  resources is associated with sadness, high stress levels, isolation,

  uncertainty, and low access to health care and/or other Sources of

  support.

  According to the Mexican National Survey on Mental Health conducted With

  urban population over 18, the prevalence of depressive disorders is

  higher among widowers and divorced individuals -both males and females-

  than among their married counterparts. In addition, an association was

  found between depression, low schooling and unemployment.

  A survey undertaken in Mexico City yielded similar results though gender

  differences were not explored; higher prevalences of depression were

  found for those who reported having lost their Couple or marital break

  LIP than for those who were married or single. Other groups that had

  high depression prevalence were lower income individuals, and those with

  less schooling.

  Couple relationships and other socio-demographic variables play a key

  role in the presence of depressive disorders. Thus, the present Study is

  aimed at: a) analysing how marital status affects the presence of

  depressive disorders in men and women; b) exploring the role of low

  socio-economic level in the presence of depressive symptoms; c)

  exploring which combination of sociodemographic variables better predict

  the presence of depressive disorder in males and females.

  Method: This research was carried Out in four low-income communities

  located in southern Mexico City. The selected communities include

  Topilejo, Isidro Fabela and San Pedro Martir within the Tlalpan

  district, and the fourth community was Constituted by the neighbourhoods

  of San Marcos and San Juan, in the Xochimilco district.

  The research design was multistage; blocks were selected at the first

  stage, dwelling segments, at second stage, and finally, ill the third

  stage the interviewed individual was selected. After this procedure, the

  Final sample consisted of 1156 interviewees, 49\% were males and 51\%,

  females.

  The information was gathered through a household questionnaire that

  explores the general characteristics of the people living in the same

  dwelling Listed on the questionnaire, Such as relationship to the Family

  head, age, sex, schooling and income. Some other aspects related to the

  dwelling characteristics were also explored.

  Diagnosis of depressive disorder was obtained through the diagnostic

  interview CID] version 1.1, which assesses the presence of mental

  disorders according to the criteria of the International Classification

  of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

  Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association.

  The selected interviewees participated volunatrily after the research

  objectives were explained; in addition, the terms of confidentiality

  were Particularly emphasized. Each interview lasted 90 minutes on

  average. Data analysis were performed with the statistical program SPSS

  v. 10 for Windows.

  Results: The findings showed higher prevalence of depressive disorders

  among females, among people that experienced loss or family rupture and

  among those with lower econornic resources. Similarly, prevalence of

  depression was higher for men (6.1\%) and women (18.3\%) who had lost

  their Spouse than for their married Counterpart. As to differences

  between married and single people, the prevalence of depressive

  disorders in the group of men that had ever married was lower (4.9\%)

  than the prevalence found in the group of married men (5.8\%). The

  opposite was observed among females, since single women present more

  depressive problems (13.2\%) than married women (5.3\%).

  Results also showed how economic difficulties have an effect on the

  presence of depressive disorders. However, differences between married

  and single men with the lowest income were minimal.

  Two logistic regression models show that, particularly among women, the

  presence of depressive disorder is related to the lack of a couple,

  economic disadvantages; for instance, low family income, belonging to a

  large extended family and playing the social role of family head,,which

  implies responsibility to a large extent.

  Discussion: The findings of the present study are consistent with

  previous research that report higher prevalence of depression among

  females, People without a couple and those with less economic resources.

  Different authors have confirmed that problems of economic nature are

  consistently associated with depression problems. Lack of resources

  leads to high stress levels, sadness, isolation, among other troubles.

  This situation is more severe for females. Women play a number of social

  roles that put them at higher risk of suffering mental disorders.

  Nowadays, women still bear the responsibility of being wives, mothers,

  educators and care providers for many people, and have become an

  important part of the work force at the same time.

  The deficiencies that female family heads Must face in different areas

  not only increase the risk of suffering disorders such as depression and

  poor quality Of life, but also jeopardize their children''s opportunities

  in the future.

  Dejarlais and colleagues suggest that in order to improve these women''s

  oriental health it is necessary to take actions in two ways. On the one

  hand, it is essential to deal with the factors related to the presence

  of female distress; on the other, it is crucial to provide attention to

  reduce the negative consequences.

  In this way, any prevention or intervention program Must include, among

  other elements, tools to expand women''s capabilities to have an income,

  reinforce social Support networks, and to stimulate Social and community

  participation in order to improve their cognitive and relational

  resources as well as self-esteem.

  In addition, women must have information about the pathological process

  they undergo and attention Options at their disposal, but to make these

  programs effective it is above all necessary to tailor them according to

  women''s concerns and needs. This can only be possible if women act as

  active collaborators.

  Finally, to work on intervention and prevention programs for female

  family heads encloses the possibility of breaking the cycle that

  reproduces distress among their children.'
affiliation: 'Gorn, SB (Corresponding Author), Inst Nacl Psiquiatria Ramon Fuente,
  Direcc Invest Epidemiol \& Psicosociales, Calz Mexico Xochimilco 101, Mexico City
  14370, DF, Mexico.

  Inst Nacl Psiquiatria Ramon Fuente, Direcc Invest Epidemiol \& Psicosociales, Mexico
  City 14370, DF, Mexico.'
author: Gorn, SB and Sainz, MT and Icaza, MEMM
author-email: berenz@imp.edu.mx
author_list:
- family: Gorn
  given: SB
- family: Sainz
  given: MT
- family: Icaza
  given: MEMM
da: '2023-09-28'
files: []
issn: 0185-3325
journal: SALUD MENTAL
keywords: depressive disorders; poverty; marital status; Mexico; urban population
keywords-plus: MARRIAGE; DIVORCE; ADULTS; HEALTH; WOMEN
language: Spanish
month: DEC
number: '6'
number-of-cited-references: '19'
orcid-numbers: Tiburcio, Marcela/0000-0001-7548-7800
pages: 33-40
papis_id: 68ceced8e4ed00fa28aa900dec26fc0b
ref: Gorn2005demographicvariables
researcherid-numbers: Tiburcio, Marcela/J-4494-2015
times-cited: '5'
title: 'Demographic variables related to depression: Differences between males and
  females living in low income urban-areas'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000235250100005
usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
usage-count-since-2013: '16'
volume: '28'
web-of-science-categories: Psychiatry
year: '2005'