255 lines
8.3 KiB
YAML
255 lines
8.3 KiB
YAML
abstract: 'This paper is aimed at exploring the relationship of some
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sociodemographic variables with the presence of depressive disorders
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among a low-income urban sample. Different variables have consistently
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been associated with such disorders, for instance, marital status, sex,
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and socio-economic status.
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As to marital Status, some studies show that married people have better
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health conditions and feel more satisfied with their lives than their
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unmarried counterparts. Similarly, it has been found that widowed or
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divorced people present a number of psychological problems.
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Low-income population is also at high risk of suffering depressive
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symptoms, in this sense, some researchers have stated that the lack of
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resources is associated with sadness, high stress levels, isolation,
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uncertainty, and low access to health care and/or other Sources of
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support.
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According to the Mexican National Survey on Mental Health conducted With
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urban population over 18, the prevalence of depressive disorders is
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higher among widowers and divorced individuals -both males and females-
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than among their married counterparts. In addition, an association was
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found between depression, low schooling and unemployment.
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A survey undertaken in Mexico City yielded similar results though gender
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differences were not explored; higher prevalences of depression were
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found for those who reported having lost their Couple or marital break
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LIP than for those who were married or single. Other groups that had
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high depression prevalence were lower income individuals, and those with
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less schooling.
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Couple relationships and other socio-demographic variables play a key
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role in the presence of depressive disorders. Thus, the present Study is
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aimed at: a) analysing how marital status affects the presence of
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depressive disorders in men and women; b) exploring the role of low
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socio-economic level in the presence of depressive symptoms; c)
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exploring which combination of sociodemographic variables better predict
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the presence of depressive disorder in males and females.
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Method: This research was carried Out in four low-income communities
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located in southern Mexico City. The selected communities include
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Topilejo, Isidro Fabela and San Pedro Martir within the Tlalpan
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district, and the fourth community was Constituted by the neighbourhoods
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of San Marcos and San Juan, in the Xochimilco district.
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The research design was multistage; blocks were selected at the first
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stage, dwelling segments, at second stage, and finally, ill the third
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stage the interviewed individual was selected. After this procedure, the
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Final sample consisted of 1156 interviewees, 49\% were males and 51\%,
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females.
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The information was gathered through a household questionnaire that
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explores the general characteristics of the people living in the same
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dwelling Listed on the questionnaire, Such as relationship to the Family
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head, age, sex, schooling and income. Some other aspects related to the
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dwelling characteristics were also explored.
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Diagnosis of depressive disorder was obtained through the diagnostic
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interview CID] version 1.1, which assesses the presence of mental
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disorders according to the criteria of the International Classification
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of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
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Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association.
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The selected interviewees participated volunatrily after the research
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objectives were explained; in addition, the terms of confidentiality
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were Particularly emphasized. Each interview lasted 90 minutes on
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average. Data analysis were performed with the statistical program SPSS
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v. 10 for Windows.
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Results: The findings showed higher prevalence of depressive disorders
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among females, among people that experienced loss or family rupture and
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among those with lower econornic resources. Similarly, prevalence of
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depression was higher for men (6.1\%) and women (18.3\%) who had lost
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their Spouse than for their married Counterpart. As to differences
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between married and single people, the prevalence of depressive
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disorders in the group of men that had ever married was lower (4.9\%)
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than the prevalence found in the group of married men (5.8\%). The
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opposite was observed among females, since single women present more
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depressive problems (13.2\%) than married women (5.3\%).
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Results also showed how economic difficulties have an effect on the
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presence of depressive disorders. However, differences between married
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and single men with the lowest income were minimal.
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Two logistic regression models show that, particularly among women, the
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presence of depressive disorder is related to the lack of a couple,
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economic disadvantages; for instance, low family income, belonging to a
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large extended family and playing the social role of family head,,which
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implies responsibility to a large extent.
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Discussion: The findings of the present study are consistent with
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previous research that report higher prevalence of depression among
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females, People without a couple and those with less economic resources.
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Different authors have confirmed that problems of economic nature are
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consistently associated with depression problems. Lack of resources
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leads to high stress levels, sadness, isolation, among other troubles.
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This situation is more severe for females. Women play a number of social
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roles that put them at higher risk of suffering mental disorders.
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Nowadays, women still bear the responsibility of being wives, mothers,
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educators and care providers for many people, and have become an
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important part of the work force at the same time.
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The deficiencies that female family heads Must face in different areas
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not only increase the risk of suffering disorders such as depression and
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poor quality Of life, but also jeopardize their children''s opportunities
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in the future.
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Dejarlais and colleagues suggest that in order to improve these women''s
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oriental health it is necessary to take actions in two ways. On the one
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hand, it is essential to deal with the factors related to the presence
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of female distress; on the other, it is crucial to provide attention to
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reduce the negative consequences.
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In this way, any prevention or intervention program Must include, among
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other elements, tools to expand women''s capabilities to have an income,
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reinforce social Support networks, and to stimulate Social and community
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participation in order to improve their cognitive and relational
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resources as well as self-esteem.
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In addition, women must have information about the pathological process
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they undergo and attention Options at their disposal, but to make these
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programs effective it is above all necessary to tailor them according to
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women''s concerns and needs. This can only be possible if women act as
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active collaborators.
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Finally, to work on intervention and prevention programs for female
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family heads encloses the possibility of breaking the cycle that
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reproduces distress among their children.'
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affiliation: 'Gorn, SB (Corresponding Author), Inst Nacl Psiquiatria Ramon Fuente,
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Direcc Invest Epidemiol \& Psicosociales, Calz Mexico Xochimilco 101, Mexico City
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14370, DF, Mexico.
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Inst Nacl Psiquiatria Ramon Fuente, Direcc Invest Epidemiol \& Psicosociales, Mexico
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City 14370, DF, Mexico.'
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author: Gorn, SB and Sainz, MT and Icaza, MEMM
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author-email: berenz@imp.edu.mx
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author_list:
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- family: Gorn
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given: SB
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- family: Sainz
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given: MT
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- family: Icaza
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given: MEMM
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da: '2023-09-28'
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files: []
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issn: 0185-3325
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journal: SALUD MENTAL
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keywords: depressive disorders; poverty; marital status; Mexico; urban population
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keywords-plus: MARRIAGE; DIVORCE; ADULTS; HEALTH; WOMEN
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language: Spanish
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month: DEC
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number: '6'
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number-of-cited-references: '19'
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orcid-numbers: Tiburcio, Marcela/0000-0001-7548-7800
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pages: 33-40
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papis_id: 68ceced8e4ed00fa28aa900dec26fc0b
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ref: Gorn2005demographicvariables
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researcherid-numbers: Tiburcio, Marcela/J-4494-2015
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times-cited: '5'
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title: 'Demographic variables related to depression: Differences between males and
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females living in low income urban-areas'
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type: article
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unique-id: WOS:000235250100005
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usage-count-last-180-days: '1'
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usage-count-since-2013: '16'
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volume: '28'
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web-of-science-categories: Psychiatry
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year: '2005'
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