2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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abstract: 'Objectives: In Chile, working after retirement age has grown
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substantially over the last years. This, in addition to the country''s
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current discussion about extending retirement age, motivates the need of
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generating evidence on the occupational health and safety of the working
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old, with a special focus on women, who are critically disadvantaged in
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Chile''s labour market. The objective of this paper is to describe and
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compare the ageing workforce of women and men in Chile in terms of
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labour market participation, employment and working conditions,
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work-life balance, and health.The social determinants of health and
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employment sustainability frameworks guide this study.
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Data Sources: Cross-sectional data from three publicly available
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sources: the Chilean Labour Force Survey, NENE (2010); the first Chilean
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Employment and working conditions survey, ENETS (20092010) and the
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second National Health Survey, ENS (2009).
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Methods: Participation rates and employment conditions (NENE and ENETS),
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working conditions, occupational health and work-life balance (ENETS)
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and chronic health conditions (ENS) were described by 5-year age groups
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separately for women and men. Descriptions cover all age groups in order
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to identify trends and patterns characteristic of older workers.
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Results: Rates of occupation decrease sharply after age 54 in women and
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59 in men. Ageing women and men who continue to work are more likely to
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be in own-account (self-employed) work than younger workers; in the case
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of women, in households as domestic workers, and men, in agriculture.
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Social protection and workplace rights are markedly reduced in older
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workers. Part-time work increases from the age of 50 onwards, especially
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among women, but average working hours do not decrease under 30 h a week
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for either women or men. Interestingly, between ages 60 and 64, there is
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a peak increase of day and night shift-work among women, which co-occurs
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with a peak in domestic work, possibly corresponding to women working as
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caretakers of elderly people. Several workplace risks continue to be
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high into old age: intensive work and demanding physical work,
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especially in men, and the combination of paid and unpaid care work in
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women, which continues to be high up to the age of 70 years. The health
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of older workers is better than that of non-working people of the same
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age, a gap which is markedly larger for women than men and tends to
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increase among women as they age.
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Conclusion: Results indicate that Chileans working into old age face
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precarious jobs with limited protection and several adverse working
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conditions. Noteworthy, women carry the double burden of paid and unpaid
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work into their late years. In addition, results suggest they are
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affected more profoundly by the healthy worker effect whereby the health
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condition determines the probability of finding and keeping a job-also
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known as a health selection mechanism-which increases as they age. These
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employment and working conditions indicate that working into old age is
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not yet sustainable in Chile and counts as evidence that needs to be
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taken into account in discussions about delaying the retirement age in
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the country, as well as incorporating support systems to alleviate the
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double work burden of ageing working women.'
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affiliation: 'Vives, A (Corresponding Author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela
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Med, Dept Salud Publ, Diagonal Paraguay 362,2do Piso, Santiago 8330077, Chile.
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Vives, A (Corresponding Author), Conicyt Fondap 15110020, Ctr Sustainable Urban
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Dev CEDEUS, Los Navegantes 1963, Providencia 8330077, Santiago De Chi, Chile.
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Vives, A (Corresponding Author), Conicyt Fondap 15130011, Adv Ctr Chron Dis ACCDiS,
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Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia 8380492, Santiago De Chi, Chile.
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Vives, Alejandra, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Med, Dept Salud Publ,
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Diagonal Paraguay 362,2do Piso, Santiago 8330077, Chile.
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Vives, Alejandra, Conicyt Fondap 15110020, Ctr Sustainable Urban Dev CEDEUS, Los
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Navegantes 1963, Providencia 8330077, Santiago De Chi, Chile.
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Vives, Alejandra, Conicyt Fondap 15130011, Adv Ctr Chron Dis ACCDiS, Sergio Livingstone
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1007, Independencia 8380492, Santiago De Chi, Chile.
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Gray, Nora, Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Escuela Psicol, Vina Del Mar, Chile.
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Gray, Nora, Avda El Bosque 1290, Valparaiso 2530388, Chile.
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Gonzalez, Francisca, Univ Tecn Federico Santa Maria, Dept Matemat, Av Espana 1680,
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Santiago 2390123, Chile.
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Molina, Agustin, Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Escuela Psicol, Av Vicuna Mackenna
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4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago De Chi, Chile.'
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author: Vives, Alejandra and Gray, Nora and Gonzalez, Francisca and Molina, Agustin
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author-email: alejandra.vives@uc.cl
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author_list:
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- family: Vives
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given: Alejandra
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- family: Gray
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given: Nora
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- family: Gonzalez
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given: Francisca
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- family: Molina
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given: Agustin
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxy021
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eissn: 2398-7316
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files: []
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issn: 2398-7308
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journal: ANNALS OF WORK EXPOSURES AND HEALTH
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keywords: 'ageing workforce; gender; employment conditions; occupational health;
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working conditions; work-life balance'
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language: English
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month: MAY
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number: 4, SI
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number-of-cited-references: '34'
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orcid-numbers: 'Vives, Alejandra/0000-0001-5851-0693
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Molina, Agustin/0000-0001-8862-5715
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Gray-Gariazzo, Nora/0000-0002-4825-6908'
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pages: 475-489
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papis_id: 76d1a5b53f417b8f15467d4d964cbb86
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ref: Vives2018genderageing
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researcherid-numbers: 'Vives, Alejandra/AFB-2073-2022
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Gray-Gariazzo, Nora/HKV-2261-2023'
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times-cited: '13'
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title: 'Gender and Ageing at Work in Chile: Employment, Working Conditions, Work-Life
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Balance and Health of Men and Women in an Ageing Workforce'
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2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
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type: article
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2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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unique-id: WOS:000449419200009
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usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
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usage-count-since-2013: '36'
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volume: '62'
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web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health
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year: '2018'
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