120 lines
7.6 KiB
Markdown
120 lines
7.6 KiB
Markdown
### [x] Naiga2015
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* looks at effects of major policy shift from supply-driven to demand-driven approach in rural water provision (in 1990)
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* results:
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* rural safe water coverage improved slightly
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* operation and maintenance of water sources pose great challenge, impeding long-term access to safe water
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* abrupt and top-down imposed policy created competing signals from old and new policies
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* lead to uncertainty and ambiguity about responsibilities, rules, incentives
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* challenge is not only water provision approach but provision of consistent multi-actor and -level governance structure tying to past institutions and providing long-term motivation for local water users to contribute to water provision
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* Isingiro results:
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* Uganda: access to improved water source 44% (1990), 60% (2004), 66% (2010)
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* Uganda: urban household travels 0.2km, rural 0.8km to source (avg waiting time half an hour)
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* Isingiro: average distance to source 1.5km
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* Isingiro: only 53% of water sources surveyed were functional
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* 24% partly functional (low/intermittent yield)
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* 18% non-functional
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* blocked drainage channels for some of them leading to possible contamination
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* qualitative:
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* water generally responsibility of women
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* cost of user fees prohibite for some to participate
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* technology and ability to repair were expensive and usually far away (spare parts, resulted in delayed repairs)
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### [x] Cooper2016
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* looks at vulnerability of rural farmers to climate events
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* results:
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* wealthier farmers perceive drought as highest risk, poorer farmers extreme heavy rainfall
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* generally implemented many anticipatory and livelihood coping responses (54.7%), like food storage, livestock maintenance, planting drought-resistant varieties
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* some responses (45.4%) specific to individual climatic events
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* had no response to cope with rainfall variability
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* environmental degradation additional driver of vulnerability: soil infertility, pests, diseases; economic instability
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* farmers with more land, education, access to gov extension, non-farm livelihood, larger households, older age more capacity to buffer shock (through increased assets and entitlements)
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* inequality arises due to different abilities to be resilient toward climatic shock events
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### [x] Yikii2017 - food insecurity in wetlands area
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* looks at prevalence and determining factors of food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas, (Isingiro)
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* results:
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* ~93% of HHs in wetlands area food insecure
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* primary reasons: poverty,
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* low labor productivity (/unemployment)
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* low levels of education
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* HHs with fewer adult members more food secure than with more adults
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* HHs with more educated head more food secure than less education
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* requires govt promotion of:
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* food/nutrition education
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* income generating activities
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* drought resistant crop varieties
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* water conservation
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* or wetland degradation, malnutrition and income inequality may further rise
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### [x] Mulogo2018
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* looks at access to water, sanitation, hygiene at health care facilities
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* 2010, Isingiro had 28% access to safe water
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* main supply technologies are public stand posts, protected spring technology, deep boreholes
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* rain harvesting tanks, gravity flow schemes, in some cases groundwater-based pubped piped water supply system present
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* results:
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* of 282 health care facilities, 94% had improved sources (but some no improved source, some no source on the premises)
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### [x] Naiga2018 - community-based water management
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* looks at relevant design principles in creating successful collective self-managed water management institutions, at Isingiro vs Sheema district
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* results:
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* difference in water infrastructure management effectiveness primarily down to existence/absence of organizational characteristics prescribed in design principles
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* Isingiro: absence of conditions prescribed by design principles due confronted with lack of sufficient self-governance arrangements:
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* unclear social boundaries
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* missing collective-choice arrangements
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* lack of sanctions or conflict resolution mechanisms
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* Isingiro: should be regarded as 'vicious circle of institutional failures'
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### [x] Twongyirwe2019 - Perceived Food insecurity
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* looks at perception of drought and food insecurity in Isingiro district
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* questionnaire for farmers in Isingiro district whose livelihood is predominantly dependent on crop production
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* results:
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* 68.6% of HHs perceive food insecurity as problem
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* those not seeing it as problem had higher off-farm incomes and larger farm sizes
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* 'implies productive assets (e.g. land) can be easily translated into productive activies for higher income [...] while off-farm income could provide more choices in terms of food access' [9]
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* access to credit for crops *increased* food security status awareness
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* more likely to use credit as buffer against food insecurity
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* drought widely perceived as problem contributing to food insecurity (95.6%)
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* HHs believe most at-risk of drought-induced food insecurity
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* 13% reported to be 'doing nothing' to respond to drought effects
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### [x] Nagasha2019 - effect of droughts on gender roles
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* looks at effect of climate change (more sever droughts) on gender roles around Lake Mburo National Park (Isingiro, Kiruhura districts)
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* results:
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* men and women's gender roles altered during extreme dryness
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* men played roles sequentially focusing on one single reproductive role
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* women played roles simultaneously
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* often forced to engage children in work activities to balance own workload
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* Isingiro: female children more engaged with chores than male children
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* in Kiruhura district migration in search of water & pasture livestick, further distorting roles
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* Isingiro: men became more actively engaged in firewood collection (62.8%) and fetching water (45.9%)
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* women's exclusion from land ownership brings them further in state of dependence, thus more vulnerable to climate change effects
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### [x] Sempewo2021a
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* looks at changes in water supply use (quantity) in Ugandan HHs (due to COVID-19)
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* most HHs had increase in water quantity usage
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* associated HH characteristics age, sex, education, main occupation of HH head, household size, region of residence
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* results can be used for equitable water supply during emergencies
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### [x] Sempewo2021 - willingness to pay for water during emergency
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* looks at willingness to pay for access to improved water during COVID-19 (lockdown)
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* results:
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* majority of households not willing to pay for water
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* sg explanatory variables: sex of HH head, region of residence, water source, number of times hands are washed, whether household already buys/pays for water
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* suggests increasing/even maintaining water revenue will be challenge in emergencies without addressing disparity in socio-economic attributes of HHs
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* INT: may also show possibility of one dimension of health inequality increase due to income inequality/poverty during emergency situations (e.g. extreme climate events)
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### [x] Atamanov2022 - see poverty for main part
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* water access
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* general access to improved drinking water 87% urban, 74% rural (19/20);
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with only small amounts of inequality (75/74 rural poor/nonpoor; 76/90 poor/nonpoor)
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* but very little access to improved sanitation 39% urban, 25% urban; 19% rural poor, 29% nonpoor; 22% urban poor, 43% urban nonpoor (19/20)
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