105 lines
7 KiB
Markdown
105 lines
7 KiB
Markdown
### [x] Mottet2009
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* looks at strengths/weaknesses of flood risk management in Ninh Binh province (2002-2005), especially urban Ninh Binh (capital):
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* flood risks constant challenge to area (for centuries)
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* affects most areas within the region
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* strengths of current management lie in prevention with dykes designed to channel high waters
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* additional measures, consolidation and elevation of houses, further strengthens prevention
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* effective monitoring of weather conditions (rainfall/typhoon) that may trigger floods
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* weaknesses
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* continued construction in flood-endangered zones (little urban policy)
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* information given to inhabitants over flood risks often insufficient
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* few compensation systems for flood victims
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### [x] Kozel2014
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* overview of poverty in Vietnam and how it plays into inequality
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* generally, poverty decreased (dramatically) in Vietnam (90s-2010)
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* but factors still relatively similar:
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* low education and skills,
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* dependency on subsistence agriculture,
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* physical and social isolation
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* specific disadvantages linked to ethnic identity
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* exposure to natural disasters and risks
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* "future growth in agricultural livelihoods is also threatened by risks and vulnerabilities such as [...] natural disasters, climate change, and environmental degradation" [180]
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* poor households remain in precarious situation to economy-wide shocks (e.g. effects of climate change on rainfall and temperatures)
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* but also many households remain vulnerable to *falling* into poverty through these exogenous shock events
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* (reactionary) mitigation efforts towards these shocks: reduced healthcare spending, selling of land/livestock assets, taking children out of school often in turn lead to longer term adverse consequences
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### [x] Ylipaa2019
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results:
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* Vietnam extremely susceptible to climate change impacts, esp extreme weather events (storms, floods)
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* looking at adaptation through gendered dimensions
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* differentiated rights/responsibilities male/female leading to unequal opportunities
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* females increased immobility, thus increased vulnerability to climate impacts and reduced capacity to adapt
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* at same time, farming livelihoods become increasingly feminized (due to urbanization and devaluation of farming)
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* the gender dimension is harder to counteract through usual technical solutions, may lead to exacerbation of both within-group/between-group inequalities
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### [x] Karpouzoglou2019
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results:
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* historically, tying flood resilience of river deltas to institutional/infrastructural interventions, runs danger of unforeseen consequences ('ripple effects'):
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* biodiversity and accelerated land subsidence [collapse]
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* endangering fertile characteristics that made them interesting locations in the first place
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* resilience measures thus at risk of amploifying unequal power relations
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* potentially have differential effects on people's mobility under flood conditions
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* some groups better protected than others (water accumulation in specific areas)
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* driven by existing power structures, thus necessary to as if they exacerbate existing power inequalities
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### [x] Son2020
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results:
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* analyze adaptation by ethnic minorities (Tay, Dao, Hmong) in Northern Mountainous Region (NMR):
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* poorest area of Vietnam
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* gender, age, ethnicity, poverty, location often provided considerable barriers to adaptation
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* locally-employed coping strategies conditional on strength and foresight of institutions and policies on loca, regional, central levels (i.e. especially preventative measures)
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* local knowledge and social capital can ease pressures but policy failures more typically led to mal-adaptation and welfare dependence
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* necessary to increase quality, focus of and access to government resources to enhance community adaptation possibilities
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* risks:
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* drought - (rice) yield losses between 50% and 100% depending on proximity of fields to water sources
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* impact also depends on access to non-farm incomes sources
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* effects poverty and hunger/malnutrition (especially among children)
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* taking children out of school to help family survival (financial & food)
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* flood
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* directly/indirectly (land slides) damage to residential structures
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* even more important than property damage was livelihood disruption
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* crop destruction, landslide cause, rice field inundation, overflowing fish ponds
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* additionally social problems like health risks through water contamination and malnutrition (crop failure)
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* cold snaps
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* loss of livestock
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* impact depending on biophysical location (higher altitudes hit more intensely)
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* ethnicity and farming practices (free-range grazing hit more heavily)
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* government should shift from crisis management to risk management, focus on building more adaptive capacity
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### [x] Jafino2021
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* equity considerations increase in climate adaptation planning
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* but considerations often adopt aggregated perspective
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* only through closer disaggregation can be seen who benefits (when and where)
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* examples in Vietnam Mekong Delta of flood protection efforts mainly benefitting large-scale farming while small-scale farmers were in fact harmed
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* measured through aggregate total output and equity indicators and disaggregated district-level farming profitability indicators
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* analyzes: inundation, sedimentation, soil fertility, nutrient dynamics, behavioral land-use, farming profitability in coupled assessment model
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* adequate planning to anticipate equity consequences may require accounting for multisectoral dynamics
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* inter-district inequality responds non-linearly to climatic/socio-economic changes and choices of adaptation policies
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-> within-sector policy responses to climate change may have between-sector impacts
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### [x] Hudson2021
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* social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups
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* analyzes self-stated flood recovery responses in Central Vietnam (Thua Thien-Hue province), mainly in gender dimension:
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* set of relevant variables similar across genders: age, social capital, internal and external support after flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, perception of stress-resilience
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* women generally more heavily affected by flooding with longer recovery times
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* psychological variables can influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts (thus should be considered in post-flood support programs)
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### [x] Sen2021
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results:
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* main barriers to information access are:
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* farmers' lack of trust of formal climate-related services
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* farmers' lack of perceived risk from climate change
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* difficulties in balancing climate adaptation and economic benefits of new interventions
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* ethnicity itself not a barrier since all farmers look for climate information through informal channels (friends, neighbors, market actors) instead of formal channels (agricultural departments, television, radio)
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* but cultural issues such as language *were* barrier
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