Add Gini coefficient mentions

notes/vietnam/2208141955_script.md

@@ -51,12 +51,18 @@ Poverty in Vietnam is marked by a drastic reduction in absolute terms over this
 While the rate of decline slowed since the mid-2000s [@VASS2006; @VASS2011],
 it continued declining in tandem with small income inequality decreases.
 The overall income inequality decrease that Vietnam experienced from the early 2000s suggests that its growth has been accompanied by equity extending beyond poverty reduction [@Benjamin2017].
+On the other hand, Le et al. [-@Le2021] suggest a slight increase in overall income distribution from 2010-2018.
 At the same time, the ones most affected by poverty through welfare inequalities stay unaltered, as do largely the primary factors accompanying it:
 There is severe persistent poverty among ethnic minorities in Vietnam [@Baulch2012],
 concomitant with low education and skills, more prevalent dependency on subsistence agriculture, physical and social isolation, specific disadvantages which become linked to ethnic identities and a greater exposure to natural disasters and risks [@Kozel2014].
 Economic inequality and poverty in Vietnam thus underlies an intersectional focus, between ethnic minorities, regional situations, rural-urban divides and gendered lines,
 one which exogenous shocks can rapidly exacerbate as the example of the COVID-19 pandemic has recently shown [@Ebrahim2021].
 
+* estimated Gini coeff, overall income distribution: [@Le2021]
+    * fluctuating 0.42-0.44 (2010-2018)
+    * highest in Central highlands (2016)
+    * absolute income inequality may be rising, top quintile 9.2 times income lowest quintile (2010) to 9.8 times (2016) (Hung 2019)
+
 <!-- rural inequality -->
 In the 1990s, as the initial stages of the Doi Moi reform bore fruit with economic growth,
 the first amplifications of inequalities along new rural-urban boundaries became equally visible.
@@ -85,6 +91,11 @@ remain majorly correlated with income distributions and thus income inequality.
 Thus, while the study points to both more prevalent and equally distributed labor markets and wage labor opportunities,
 these effects apply to the overall population and not just within-rural inequalities which are driven in large part by ethnicity, education and environmental factors.
 
+* estimated Gini coeff, rural and urban expenditure: [@Bui2019]
+    * 0.36-0.39 (2008-2010), 0.36 (2012)
+    * Theil rural-urban between: 0.22-0.19 (2008-2012)
+    * Theil rural-rural within: 0.74-0.83 (2008-2012)
+
 <!-- ethnicity inequality -->
 Ethnic minorities in Vietnam are distinctly over-represented in poverty in addition to often being left behind in the development process, not least due to being extreme representatives of the economic situation of Vietnam's rural population.
 Ethnic minority households have a tenuous economic position - and it is deteriorating.
@@ -100,6 +111,10 @@ These findings suggest that the primary drivers of rural income inequality are a
 <!-- TODO Find levels of population rural/urban in other sources -->
 In the same vein as the urban-rural divide, Nguyen et al. [-@Nguyen2007] thus argue for structural policy failures which essentially lowered the returns on ethnicity along sectorial dividing lines of education and primary income types.
 
+* estimated Gini coeff: rural ethnicities [@Baulch2012]
+    * per capita HH expenditure between Kinh and Hoa majority 0.27 (1993, 2004)
+    * per capita HH expenditure within minority groups 0.24 (1993), 0.29 (2004) sg increase
+
 <!-- environmental inequality -->
 While the effect of agriculture on inequality outcomes is an equalizing one,
 its future growth, and that of agricultural livelihoods, is threatened by vulnerability to risks such as natural disasters and environmental degradation, exacerbated through climate change [@Kozel2014].
@@ -112,6 +127,11 @@ friends neighbors and market actors instead of agricultural departments or mass
 cultural issues such as language do come into play and act as a barrier.
 Reactionary economic mitigation efforts by households, such as reduced healthcare spending, selling of land or livestock assets, taking children out of school due to needing assistance at home can in turn lead to longer-term adverse consequences (thus, *mal-adaptation*) [@Kozel2014].
 
+* estimated Gini coeff: Ninh Binh province [@Kozel2014]
+    * 0.283 (2013)
+    * top 90th percentile 3.57 times income 10th percentile
+    * 13.63 percent in richest quintile
+
 <!-- extreme events / climate change -->
 The results are further intensification of inequality along existing social lines during extreme events such as flooding:
 The effects of inequalities mainly affecting ethnic minorities are illustrated by Son and Kingsbury [-@Son2020],
@@ -124,13 +144,13 @@ while the set of relevant variables is largely similar with age, social capital,
 women tend to show longer recovery times and psychological variables can influence recovery rates more than some adverse flood impacts.
 
 While the quantitative evidence for impacts of such shock events are relatively sparse, Jafino et al. [-@Jafino2021] lament the overuse of aggregate perspectives, instead disaggregating the local and inter-sectoral effects to find out that flood protection efforts in the Mekong Delta often predominantly support large-scale farming while small-scale farmers can be harmed through them.
-They find that measures decrease the aggregate total output and equity indicators by disaggregating profitability indicators into inundation, sedimentation, soil fertility, nutrient dynamics, behavioral land-use in an assessment which sees within-sector policy responses often having an effect on adjacent sectors.
+They find that measures decrease the aggregate total output and equity indicators by disaggregating profitability indicators into inundation, sedimentation, soil fertility, nutrient dynamics, behavioral land-use in an assessment which sees within-sector policy responses often having an effect on adjacent sectors, increasing the inter-district Gini coefficient.
 Adaptation during these catastrophic events reinforces the asset and endowment drivers of non-shock event times,
 with impacts levels often depending on access to non-farm income sources, access to further arable land, knowledge of adaptive farming practices and mitigation of possible health risks such as water contamination [@Son2020].
 Karpouzoglou et al. [-@Karpouzoglou2019] make the point that, ultimately, the pure coupling of flood resilience into infrastructural or institutional interventions needs to take care not to amplify existing inequalities through unforeseen consequences ('ripple effects') which can't be escaped by vulnerable people due to their existing immobility.
 
 <!-- conclusion -->
-Inequality in Vietnam, then, while generally decreasing across the whole population distribution,
+Inequality in Vietnam, then, is slowly rising across the whole population distribution,
 runs the danger of increasing due to schisms opening within individual sectors of vulnerable groups.
 Rural populations experience a trend towards increasing inequality within their sector,
 driven primarily by the social exclusion and geographic isolation of ethnic minorities,

notes/vietnam/2208151145_literature-climate.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ results:
 * at same time, farming livelihoods become increasingly feminized (due to urbanization and devaluation of farming)
     * the gender dimension is harder to counteract through usual technical solutions, may lead to exacerbation of both within-group/between-group inequalities
 
-### [ ] Karpouzoglou2019
+### [x] Karpouzoglou2019
 
 results:
 * historically, tying flood resilience of river deltas to institutional/infrastructural interventions, runs danger of unforeseen consequences ('ripple effects'):