91 lines
5 KiB
Markdown
91 lines
5 KiB
Markdown
### [x] VanDePoel2009 - HH characteristics determining rural infant death
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* looks at determinants of infant deaths in rural regions at HH and community level
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* at multiple countries (6?) throughout SSA (including Benin)
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* results:
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* mainly derived from rural disadvantage in HH characteristics (2/3rds of gap)
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* environmental factors (safe water source, electricity, quality of housing materials) biggest contributors
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* community characteristics less than 1/3rd:
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* 2/3rds of this from unobserved heterogeneity
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* 1/3rd of existence of health facility in community
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* lack of environmental factors can derive both from lack of community-level infrastructure and inability of some HHs to exploit it when available
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* effective policy thus needs to operate at both levels to improve it
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### [ ] Golumbeanu2013 - electricity access and high connection charges
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* looks at reasons for poor access to electricity for poor rural (and urban) HHs
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* results:
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* major obstacle is high charge for customer to connect to electricity grid (some of highest connection charges in world)
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* solution requires concurrent political commitment toward identifying, examining, implementing low-cost electrification processes and financing solutions
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* low-cost technologies need to be put in center of attention
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* determinants:
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* lack of incentives to increase affordability
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* weak utilities commitment to provide broad electricity access,
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focused more on high-consumption urban markets
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* overrated technical specifications for low loads
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* greater distances between HH and distribution pole in rural areas
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* lack of affordable financing options
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### [x] Djossou2017 - growth is pro-poor in Benin
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* looks at relation between economic growth and poverty
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* data from 2006, 2011 Benin Demographic and Health Surveys
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* results:
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* growth generally pro-poor in Benin
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* disparities between rural/urban; women and elderly:
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* women, elderly general livelihood improvement but generally favored non-poor relative to poor
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* urban poor HHs benefited less than rural from growth
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* potentially due to numerous efforts to open up rural communities to harness benefits of growth
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* **rural households access to electricity 17.64% (2006) 25.03% (2011)**
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* possession of durable goods (fridges, mobile phone, internet, ..) significantly improved in rural households
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* emphasizes need of infrastructure expansion to HHs (to rural communities)
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### [x] Jaglin2019 - electricity autonomy in Africa
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* looks at ways of electrification and different approaches
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* results for rural areas:
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* individual offerings of solar panels/generators or smaller electric appliances (LED dry cell powered torches)
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* often offering collective solutions (kiosks, autonomous mini-grids)
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* half-way between individual and grid connection: mini-grid construction for more densely populated rural area, often requiring some sort of permit or license
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### [x] Barry2020 - pay-as-you-go system does not bridge last mile problem
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* looks at extension and preferred customers for PAYG contracts
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* PAYG: flexible loans allowing fees payment through mobile banking, to purchase solar kits or panels for lighting and charging services
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* 'last mile' problem: addressing an area neglected within the field of energy access (scaling challenge)
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* results:
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* most of PAYG customers live in well electrified areas
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* esp Cotonou, Porto Novo, Abomey Calavi, coastal zone
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* most customers in urban/peri-urban areas
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* PAYG used to substitute unreliable grid electricity services
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* consumers in periferic/less electrified areas (Savalou) have low probability to default on credit
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* thus PAYG primarily targets credit-worthy customers
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### [x] WorldBank2021 - electrification levels
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* electrification level:
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* 2000: 22%
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* 2005: 26%
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* 2010: 34%
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* 2015: 30%
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* 2019: 40%
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* location:
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* urban: 65% (2019)
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* rural: 17% (2019)
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* electricity growth outpaced population growth (2017-2019)
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### [x] Rateau2022 - Electrifying urban Africa
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* data from 2017-2018 for Cotonou (urban economic capital Benin)
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* Benin depends on Nigeria for power supply
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* difficult to connect grid due to connection costs and long distances
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* solar energy in Cotonou is used as alternative power source not complementary, until they can connect to main grid
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* diffusion of solar/generators not systematic or the same
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* to be connected to conventional grid requires location close to it, while it covers only planned urban areas
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* thus 2 main obstacles of rural and urban unplanned areas:
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* either electricity physically not available in local area
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* or high initial costs consumer pays for connection unaffordable
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* generators and solar panels have become material markers of inequalities in access to electricity
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* grid strengthening efforts also make Benin more independent from Nigeria as main supplier (with outages in Nigeria otherwise strongly felt in Benin)
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