wow-inequalities/documentation/findings-per-policy-area.md

6.9 KiB

Summary of study findings

written into 02-data/supplementary/findings-*.csv tables

Institutional

Labour laws / regulatory systems

policies:

  • universal paid leave (maternal) [@Broadway2020]
  • paid leave (maternal) [@Dustmann2012]
  • paid leave (maternal) [@Mun2018]
  • contract formality regulation [@Davies2022]

findings:

  • universal paid leave can significantly increase rtw [@Broadway2020]
  • positive rtw effects often show with medium-/long-term time-delay [@Broadway2020]
  • long-term leave periods (36months) may decrease positive wage,rtw,children's educational outcomes [@Dustmann2012]
  • paid leave does not increase female hiring pattern discrimination [@Mun2018]
  • short-term/fixed contracts can significantly decrease female rtw after maternity [@Davies2022] = for equality?

channels:

  • disadvantaged mothers benefit through supplanting employer-funded leave [@Broadway2020]
  • maternal leave programs can reinforce existing household labor gender divisions [@Mun2018]
  • fixed-term contracts can have insufficient cover for otherwise applicable laws [@Davies2022]

inequalities:

  • gender Broadway2020 Dustmann2012 Mun2018 Davies2022

number:

Broadway2020 + national Dustmann2012 - national Mun2018 + Japanese Davies2022 + UK-high ED

Protective environmental policies

policies:

energy sector sustainability work [@Kuriyama2021]

findings:

  • emphasis on sustainable industries can decrease spatial inequality especially for rural regions [@Kuriyama2021]
  • targeting important to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities [@Stock2021]

channels:

  • additional employment probability through rural energy projects [@Kuriyama2021]
  • social exclusion through elite capture of policies [@Stock2021]

inequalities:

  • spatial Kuriyama2021
  • gender Stock2021

number:

Kuriyama2021 + Japanese-EnergySector Stock2021 - India-case-study

Minimum wage laws

policies:

  • minimum wage introduction [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
  • minimum wage increase [@Alinaghi2020] [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019] [@Sotomayor2021]

findings:

  • short-term decreased income inequality [@Sotomayor2021]
  • long-term decreased wage inequality [@Chao2022] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
  • negligible impact on wage inequality [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@Sotomayor2021]
  • larger impacts for single parents [@Alinaghi2020]
  • larger impacts for rural/disadvantaged areas [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
  • specifically targeting disadvanteged/low-earner households important for positive equality effects [@Alinaghi2020]
  • can lead to income-compression at high-earner end [@Wong2019]
  • may reinforce gender wage gap [@Wong2019]
  • may decrease gender wage gap [@Militaru2019]

channels:

  • exit from urban manufacturing, reinforcing rural agricultural sectors [@Chao2022]
  • reaching many low-wage earners as secondary high-income household earners, but often low-wage households no wage earners at all -> bad targeting [@Alinaghi2020]
  • many women make up lower-earners, larger effect [@Militaru2019]
  • have negative effect on women's hours worked depending on household care/waged work division [@Wong2019]
  • job loss offset through higher wages [@Sotomayor2021]

inequalities:

  • income [@Chao2022] [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] [@Wong2019] [@Sotomayor2021] [@Militaru2019]
  • spatial [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
  • gender [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019]

number:

Chao2022 - global Alinaghi2020 + national Wong2019 + national(economicgrowth) Gilbert2001 + national(specific to Britain) SilveriaNeto2011 + national Militaru2019 - national Sotomayor2021 + national

Collective bargaining

policies:

  • unionisation [@Alexiou2023] [@Ferguson2015]
  • collective negotiation practices [@Cardinaleschi2015]

findings:

  • strong unionisation strongly related to decreasing income inequality [@Alexiou2023]
  • marginally positive relation to increased representation of women & minorities [@Ferguson2015]
  • marginally positive relation to closing gender pay gap [@Cardinaleschi2015]

channels:

  • redistribution of political power through collective mobilisation [@Alexiou2023]
  • reciprocal relationship with distribution of political power [@Ahumada2023]
  • fostering more vertically equal redistributive policies [@Alexiou2023]
  • possible self-selection of minorities into more unionised enterprises [@Ferguson2015]
  • predominantly median part of wage distribution affected by collective negotiation [@Cardinaleschi2015]

inequalities:

  • income [@Alexiou2023] [@Cardinaleschi2015] [@Ahumada2023]
  • gender [@Ferguson2015] [@Cardinaleschi2015]
  • racial [@Ferguson2015]

number:

Alexiou2023 - national Ferguson2015 - national Cardinaleschi2015 - national Ahumada2023 - national (less generalizable)

Workfare programmes

policies:

  • workfare programme [@Whitworth2021] [@Li2022]

findings:

  • workfare programmes can engender vertical inequality reduction while worsening spatial inequalities [@Whitworth2021]
  • higher job-provision outcomes may be achieved in contexts of lower prior material inequalities [@Li2022]

channels:

  • job-deprived areas can experience further deprivations if not specifically targeted
  • land-ownership inequalities can increase inequality of political power, lead to political capture

inequalities:

  • spatial [@Whitworth2021]
  • income [@Li2022]

number:

Whitworth2021 - subnational, rural Li2022 - national census

Social protection

policies:

  • social assistance [@Wang2016]
  • conditional cash transfer [@Debowicz2014]
  • childcare subsidies [@Hardoy2015]
  • healthcare subsidy [@Carstens2018]

findings:

  • real social income benefit levels generally rising [@Wang2016]
  • stagnating/decreasing income replacement rates may exacerbate existing inequalities [@Wang2016]
  • conditional cash transfers can produce both short-term and long-term positive income equality effects [@Debowicz2014]
  • evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities and increasing female labour force participation [@Hardoy2015]
  • healthcare subsidies impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting [@Carstens2018]

channels:

  • benefit levels not being linked to wages can widen schisms between income groups [@Wang2016]
  • cash-influx lifts credit constraint effects in short-term [@Debowicz2014]
  • conditioning transfers on school attendance can generate decreased educational inequalities in long-term [@Debowicz2014]
  • childcare subsidy correct targeting can especially affect lower-income households through lifting credit constraints [@Hardoy2015]
  • subsidies which depend on not being able to participate in labour market may generate benefit trap [@Carstens2018]

inequalities:

  • income [@Wang2016] [@Debowicz2014]
  • gender [@Hardoy2015]

number:

Wang2016 - regional (national census-constructed datasets) Debowicz2014 - national (survey) Hardoy2015 + (DID) national (census) Carstens2018

policies:

findings:

channels:

inequalities:

number:

Identified limitations/missing

  • regional distribution?
  • causal/correlational