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1authoryeartitlepublisheruripubtypedisciplinecountryperiodmaxlengthtargetinggroupdatadesignmethodsampleunitrepresentativenesscausaltheorylimitationsobservationnotesinterventioninstitutionalstructuralagencyinequalitytypeindicatormeasuresfindingschannelsdirectionsignificance
20Whitworth, A.2021Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programmeApplied Spatial Analysis and Policyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0articleeconomicsUnited Kingdom2011-201772implicitunemployedDepartment for Work and Pensions Work Programme statisticsobservationalthree-stage linear model1494individualnational0.0social creaming & parking (used spatially)no causal inferrence attempted[{'intervention': 'work programme', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'already deprived areas experience further deprivation', 'channels': 'providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking)', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]work programme010spatial1.00.0employmentalready deprived areas experience further deprivationproviders de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking)-1.02.0
31Carstens, C., & Massatti, R.2018Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illnessJournal of Behavioral Health Services & Researchhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8articlehealth servicesUnited States2014-20151explicitmentally illsurvey dataobservationalmultinomial logistic regression model917individualnational0.0human capital theory; strength-based therapysmall sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities[{'intervention': 'subsidy (health care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability', 'findings': 'LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for', 'channels': 'Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barrierssubsidy (health care)110disability1.01.0employment probabilityLFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced forMedicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination-1.02.0
42Cieplinski, A., DAlessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.2021Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian caseStructural Change and Economic Dynamicshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007articleeconomicsItaly2010-2014implicitworkersISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM datasimulationdynamic macrosimulation modelindividualnational1.0models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction[{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]regulation (working time reduction)110income0.01.0Gini; employment ratesworking time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequalitysignificantly decreases aggregate demand-1.01.0
53Cieplinski, A., DAlessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P.2021Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian caseStructural Change and Economic Dynamicshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007articleeconomicsItaly2010-2014implicitworkersISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM datasimulationdynamic macrosimulation modelindividualnational1.0models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction[{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]ubi110income0.01.0Ginidecreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomessustains aggregate demand-1.02.0
64Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D.2018Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzaniaWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013articledevelopmentTanzania2001explicitrural workersnational Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003)quasi-experimentalgeneral equilibrium model7householdsubnational, rural1.0transport cost burden approachcan not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costsinfrastructure010spatial; income1.00.0real consumption wage differencesresults depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aidmovement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors-1.02.0
75Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z.2014Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular MalaysiaJournal of Developing Areashttps://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030articledevelopmentMalaysia20112implicitwomenstructured face-to-face interviewsquasi-experimentalcross-sectional stratified random sampling242individualsubnational, urban1.0household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996)can not establish full experimental design[{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]microcredit; training001gender; income1.00.0empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loansindividual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training1.02.0
86Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N.2020The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysisAustralian Economic Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381articleeconomicsNew Zealand2012-2013implicitNew Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES)simulationmicrosimulation model; uses Atkinson index3500individualnational0.0large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index', 'findings': 'small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall', 'channels': 'many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 0}]minimum wage110income0.01.0Atkinson indexsmall impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overallmany low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all-1.00.0
97Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H.2022Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidenceInternational Journal Of Economic Theoryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307articleeconomicsglobal2005-2015formal workersWB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTATquasi-experimentaldual economy general-equilibrium model43countrynational1.0Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration modeldecreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]minimum wage100income0.01.0Gini coeffshort-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfarefirm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector-1.02.0
108Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.2019The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Womens Economic Empowerment in AfricaDemographyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3articlesociologyKenya2015-201612explicitmothersnational administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance SystemexperimentalRCT738individualsubnational, urban1.0economic empowerment theoryresults restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]subsidy (childcare)010gender1.01.0employment probability differencesubsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothersincreased ability to work through lower childcare burden1.02.0
119Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S.2019The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Womens Economic Empowerment in AfricaDemographyhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3articlesociologyKenya2015-201612explicitmothersnational administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance SystemexperimentalRCT738individualsubnational, urban1.0economic empowerment theoryresults restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]subsidy (childcare)010gender1.00.0hours workedsubsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothersallows shifting to jobs with more regular hours-1.02.0
1210Debowicz, D., & Golan, J2014The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approachJournal of Policy Modelinghttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014articleeconomicsMexico2008explicitpoornational administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008simulationgeneral equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model30000householdnational1.0human capital theoryanalytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality', 'channels': 'cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]study attempts to explictly account for spillover effectsdirect transfers (cash)010income; generational0.01.0Gini coeffraises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequalitycash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor-1.02.0
1311Gates, L. B.2000Workplace Accommodation as a Social ProcessJournal of Occupational Rehabilitationhttps://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841articlesociologyUnited States200012explicitmentally ill workerssurvey, protocolqualitativeaction protocol development12individualsubnational, local0.0[{'intervention': 'counseling (workplace accommodation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened', 'channels': 'unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]counseling (workplace accommodation)011disability1.00.0employment (rtw)successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthenedunsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process1.0
1412Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P.2015Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day careReview of Economics of the Householdhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8articleeconomicsNorway1995-200648implicitmothersNorwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employeesquasi-experimentaltriple-difference approach200530individualnational1.0simultaneous capacity extension may bias results[{'intervention': 'subsidy (child care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]subsidy (child care)110gender; education; migration1.00.0employment; hours workedchild care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothersday care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households1.02.0
1513Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F.2019Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and MothersInter-American Development Bankhttps://doi.org/10.18235/0001849working paperdevelopmentNicaragua2013-201524implicitpoor mothersbaseline survey and 12-month follow-up surveyexperimentalRCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects1442individualsubnational, urban1.0effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample[{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; generational; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children', 'channels': 'subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]subsidy (childcare)011gender; generational; income1.00.0employmentfree childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of childrensubsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)1.02.0
1614Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H.2021Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilitiesIn Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journalhttps://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437articlepsychologyUnited States2018explicitdisabledinterviewsqualitativesemi-structured interviews26individualsubnational, local0.0sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'age; disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts', 'channels': 'primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]training001age; disability1.01.0employment (rtw)vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development effortsprimary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation1.0
1715Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R.2011Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazilRegional Studieshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485articleeconomicsBrazil1995-2005implicitpoornational administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD)quasi-experimentalbeta convergence test27regionnational1.0limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes[{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)101spatial; income1.01.0Gini coeffincomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions-1.02.0
1816Sotomayor, Orlando J.2020Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from BrazilWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182articleeconomicsBrazil1995-201512implicitworkersnational administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME)quasi-experimentaldifference-in-difference estimator40000householdnational1.0survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]minimum wage100income0.00.0povertywithin three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%-1.02.0
1917Sotomayor, Orlando J.2020Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from BrazilWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182articleeconomicsBrazil1995-201512implicitworkersnational administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME)quasi-experimentaldifference-in-difference estimator40000householdnational1.0survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]minimum wage100income0.01.0Gini coeffinequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earningsunemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty-1.02.0
2018Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K.2021Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for PakistanJournal of Asian Economicshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310articleeconomicsPakistan2010-2011implicitworkersGTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI)simulationcomputable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model30regionnational1.0generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality', 'channels': 'increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]trade liberalization110income; spatial0.01.0Gini coeffmixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equalityincreases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects0.00.0
2119Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S.2022Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UKGender Work And Organizationhttps://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843articleorganizationUnited Kingdom2013-2018implicithigh-skill female workersFOI data of Russell Group universitiesobservationalcross-sectional; pooled odds ratios17employer0.0scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline'fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw ratios)', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff', 'channels': 'fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]study on public university employers onlypaid leave (childcare)011gender1.01.0employment (rtw ratios)significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract stafffewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments-1.02.0
2220Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B.2020The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in AustraliaFeminist Economicshttps://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175articleeconomicsAustralia2009-201214explicitworking mothersnational administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS)quasi-experimentalpropensity score matching5000individualsnational1.0can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtwpaid leave (childcare)110gender; income1.00.0employment (rtw)short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged motherssupplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw1.02.0
2321Mun, E., & Jung, J.2018Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and womens employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexaminedAmerican Sociological Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857articlesociologyJapan1992-200984explicitworking mothersJapan Company Handbook for Job Searchersquasi-experimental600enterprisenational0.0welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states)limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]paid leave (childcare)100gender1.00.0job qualityno change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effectsvoluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations1.01.0
2422Mun, E., & Jung, J.2018Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and womens employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexaminedAmerican Sociological Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857articlesociologyJapan1992-200984explicitworking mothersJapan Company Handbook for Job Searchersquasi-experimental600enterprisenational0.0welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states)limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management[{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}]paid leave (childcare)100gender1.00.0employmentno increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probabilitydecreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour0.00.0
2523Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S.2016Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approachEconomic Modellinghttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008articleeconomySri Lanka2009-201012implicitworkersnational administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES)simulationmacro-micro computable general equilibrium model19958householdnational1.0static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index', 'findings': 'reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors', 'channels': 'increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]trade liberalization110income0.01.0Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy indexreduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectorsincreased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization1.02.0
2624Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O.2016Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009European Journal of Social Securityhttps://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401articleeconomicsglobal1990-2009implicitlow-incomeWorld Bank CPI indicators; Penn World Tableobservationalcross-country comparative analysis26countrynational0.0data availability necessitated indicator construction for real minimum benefits and replacement rates[{'intervention': 'direct transfer (social assistance)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'real wage; replacement rate', 'findings': 'real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased', 'channels': 'bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}]direct transfer (social assistance)110income0.01.0real wage; replacement ratereal benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increasedbulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages1.0
2725Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N.2021Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition in Japan: Quantifying local employment impactsRenewable & Sustainable Energy Reviewshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610articledevelopmentJapan2016rural workersHistorical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Datasimulationmulti-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient10regionnational0.0has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability', 'channels': 'attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and othersinfrastructure010spatial1.00.0employmentpower sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probabilityattachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity1.02.0
2826Stock, R. (2021).2021Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive solar developmentWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196articledevelopmentIndia20181implicitwomenbaseline survey, interviewsobservationalquantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis200householdsubnational, rural0.0authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe)no causal research[{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes', 'channels': 'project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]infrastructure010gender; income; spatial1.00.0employmentinsignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castesproject capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities1.00.0
2927Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.2021Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrican Development Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511articledevelopmentAngola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; CaboVerde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia2000-2015implicitworkersUNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicatorsquasi-experimentalgeneralized method of moments38countrynational0.0contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]trade liberalization (FDI)010income0.01.0Gini coeffincreased income equality through FDI (p < .1)primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour-1.01.0
3028Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.2021Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrican Development Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511articledevelopmentAngola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; CaboVerde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia2000-2015implicitworkersUNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicatorsquasi-experimentalgeneralized method of moments38countrynational0.0contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]trade liberalization010income0.01.0Gini coeffsignificantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increasehigher import than export, creating jobs in other countries1.02.0
3129Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V.2021Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrican Development Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511articledevelopmentAngola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; CaboVerde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia2000-2015implicitworkersUNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicatorsquasi-experimentalgeneralized method of moments38countrynational0.0contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]education110income0.01.0Gini coeffeducation significantly decreases income equality in the regionpotentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education1.02.0
3230Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I.2001The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areasRegional Studieshttps://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759articleeconomicUnited Kingdom1991-199884implicitrural workersnational administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS)observationalobservational methods with counterfactual approach5500householdsubnational, rural1.0has to assume no effects on employment[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households', 'channels': 'rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}]minimum wage100spatial; income0.01.0Gini coeffoverall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural householdsrural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets-1.01.0
3331Adams, S., & Atsu, F.2015Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countriesJournal of Policy Modelinghttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003articleeconomicsglobal1970-2012implicitdeveloping countriespanel dataquasi-experimentalsystem general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient72countrynational0.0macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controlstrade liberalization (FDI)100income0.01.0Gini coeffFDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly relatedwrong targeting incentive structure for FDI1.02.0
3432Adams, S., & Atsu, F.2015Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countriesJournal of Policy Modelinghttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003articleeconomicsglobal1970-2012implicitdeveloping countriespanel dataquasi-experimentalsystem general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient72countrynational0.0macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controlsregulation (labour)100income0.01.0Gini coefflabour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly relatedregulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction1.02.0
3533Adams, S., & Atsu, F.2015Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countriesJournal of Policy Modelinghttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003articleeconomicsglobal1970-2012implicitdeveloping countriespanel dataquasi-experimentalsystem general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient72countrynational0.0macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controlseducation (school enrolment)100income0.01.0Gini coeffschool enrolment positively related to equitable income distributioncapacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated-1.02.0
3634Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.2014A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportations Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) ProgramJournal of the American Planning Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267articledevelopmentUnited States1994-200184implicitpoor womenbaseline and follow-up survey;experimentalRCT; multinomial regression model3199householdnational1.0low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]98% of sample is femalesubsidy (housing mobility)010spatial; gender; ethnicity1.01.0employment rateno relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itselfhigh transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit0.00.0
3735Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G.2014A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportations Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) ProgramJournal of the American Planning Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267articledevelopmentUnited States1994-200184implicitpoor womenbaseline and follow-up survey;experimentalRCT; multinomial regression model3199householdnational1.0low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated[{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]98% of sample is femaleinfrastructure (transport)010spatial; gender; ethnicity1.01.0employment rateincreased employment probability for car ownershipbetter transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network1.02.0
3836Delesalle, E.2021The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from TanzaniaWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345articledevelopmentTanzania2002-201236implicitrural workersIntegrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA)quasi-experimentaldifference-in-difference approach; IV approach433606individualnational0.0human capital theorycan not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculumeducation (universal)010spatial; education1.01.0educationimproved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income linesvillagization effect, increased education access1.0
3937Delesalle, E.2021The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from TanzaniaWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345articledevelopmentTanzania2002-201236implicitrural workersIntegrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA)quasi-experimentaldifference-in-difference approach; IV approach433606individualnational0.0human capital theorycan not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns[{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculumeducation (universal)011spatial; education; gender1.00.0consumptionsg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage worksector choice changes, increased individual productivity1.02.0
4038Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., OMalley, C., & Cook-Martin, D.2018The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europeSocial Indicators Researchhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-yarticleeconomicsHungary; Bulgaria; Romania1999-200224implicitpoor peoplepanel dataquasi-experimentaltwo-wave panel analysis7949individual0.0institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspectivedoes not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives[{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma householdsdirect transfers (cash)011income; ethnicity; gender0.00.0povertylevel of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgariapoverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households-1.02.0
4139Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T.2019On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Womens Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender NormsNational Bureau of Economic Researchhttps://doi.org/10.3386/w26294working paperdevelopmentIndia2013-201736explicitwomen workersbaseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS)experimentalRCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment)5851householdsubnational, rural1.0financial empowerment as normative toolpossibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time[{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': "short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sectortraining (financial)001gender; spatial1.00.0employment; hours workedshort-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours workedincreased bargaining power through greater control of income1.02.0
4240Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D.2019Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of RomaniaSustainabilityhttps://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542articleeconomicsRomania2013-201412explicitlow-income workersEU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)simulationmicrosimulation (EUROMOD); counterfactual analysis7500householdnational0.0dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women', 'channels': 'concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programsminimum wage110income; gender0.01.0Gini coeffsmall decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for womenconcentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees-1.0
4341Pi, J., & Zhang, P.2016Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in ChinaChina Economic Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009articleeconomicsChina1988-201312impliciturban workersnational administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13simulationgeneral equilibrium approachhouseholdsubnational, urban0.0generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model[{'intervention': 'social security; education (access)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; migration; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'decile ratios (90th to 10th)', 'findings': 'increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}]social security; education (access)110income; migration; ethnicity1.01.0decile ratios (90th to 10th)increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector-1.0
4442Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M.2017Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services dataJournal of Vocational Rehabilitationhttps://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857articlehealthUnited States2003-2013explicitdisabled young adultsstate administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA)quasi-experimentalmultivariate logistic regression4443individualsubnational0.0data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability[{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]training (vocational rehabilitation)011disability; gender; age1.00.0employmentsignificantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased1.02.0
4543Rendall, M.2013Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?World Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005articledevelopmentBrazil; Mexico; India; Thailand1987-2008implicitwomenWB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPSquasi-experimentalcomparative~200_000individualcapital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996)[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]trade liberalization (structural changes)010gender; income1.01.0female employment sharesall countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailandreduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour1.02.0
4644Rendall, M.2013Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality?World Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005articledevelopmentBrazil; Mexico; India; Thailand1987-2008implicitwomenWB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPSquasi-experimentalcomparative~200_000individualcapital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996)[{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]trade liberalization (structural changes)010gender; income1.01.0female wage sharesBrazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed resultsreduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes1.01.0
4745Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A.2014Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric conditionPsychiatric Serviceshttps://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478articlehealthUnited States2008-20116explicitdisabledbaseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendarexperimentalRCT84individuallocal1.0can not locate active ingredient[{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]counseling (benefits counseling)001disability; age1.00.0hours worked (rtw)counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurementnot clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly1.02.0
4846Standing, G.2015Why Basic Incomes Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary ValueBasic Income Studieshttps://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021articleeconomicsIndia2010-201318implicitlow-income householdsbaseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviewsexperimentalrural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews1665householdsubnational, rural1.0Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)ubi101income; ethnicity0.00.0debtubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debtdirectly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing-1.02.0
4947Standing, G.2015Why Basic Incomes Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary ValueBasic Income Studieshttps://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021articleeconomicsIndia2010-201318implicitlow-income householdsbaseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviewsexperimentalrural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews1665householdsubnational, rural1.0Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource)[{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work)ubi101income; ethnicity0.00.0savingubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of householdsshift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings1.02.0
5048Suh, M.-G.2017Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growthSocial Indicators Researchhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1articlesociologyKorea, Rep.1980-2014implicitmarried womenStatistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015quasi-experimentalOLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator35casenational0.0[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': "education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]education010income; generational; gender1.01.0employmenteducation significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education leveleducation being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure1.02.0
5149Wong, S. A.2019Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in EcuadorWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004articledevelopmentEcuador2011-201412implicitwage workersnational employment survey (ENEMDU)quasi-experimentaldifference-in-difference approach1624422individualnational1.0some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]minimum wage110income; gender0.01.0Gini coeffdecreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earnersincome-compression effect-1.02.0
5250Wong, S. A.2019Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in EcuadorWorld Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004articledevelopmentEcuador2011-201412implicitwage workersnational employment survey (ENEMDU)quasi-experimentaldifference-in-difference approach1624422individualnational1.0some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}]minimum wage110income; gender0.00.0hours workedsignificant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours workedpossibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women1.00.0
5351Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.2021Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilitiesInternational journal of disability development and educationhttps://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648articleeducationAustralia2011-20436explicitdisabledexperimental surveyquantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30)annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression489individualsubnational0.0non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequaltraining011disability; income1.00.0hours workedslightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last surveysignificant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group1.02.0
5452Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R.2021Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilitiesInternational journal of disability development and educationhttps://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648articleeducationAustralia2011-20436explicitdisabledexperimental surveyquantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30)annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression489individualsubnational0.0non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size[{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequaltraining011disability; income1.00.0hourly/weekly incomewages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groupsstrong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias1.02.0
5553Eckardt, M. S.2022Minimum wages in an automating economyJournal of public economic theoryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12528articleeconomicsUnited Statesnrexplicitlow-skill workersnrsimulationtask-based framework modelnational[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income share (low-skill workers)', 'findings': 'decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers', 'channels': 'displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)', 'findings': 'inequality decreases', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]only framework-based not on empirical dataminimum wage110income0.01.0income share (low-skill workers)decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workersdisplacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages-1.0
5654Eckardt, M. S.2022Minimum wages in an automating economyJournal of public economic theoryhttps://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12528articleeconomicsUnited Statesnrexplicitlow-skill workersnrsimulationtask-based framework modelnational[{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income share (low-skill workers)', 'findings': 'decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers', 'channels': 'displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)', 'findings': 'inequality decreases', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]only framework-based not on empirical dataminimum wage110income0.01.0absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)inequality decreases
5755Ahumada, P. P.2023Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspectiveInternational Journal of Comparative Sociologyhttps://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846articlesociologyglobal0.0[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'political power', 'findings': 'more unequal distribution of', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; EXTRACTION HAD TO CODE CLASS POWER INEQUALITY AS INCOME BASED INEQUALITYcollective action (unionization)100incomepolitical powermore unequal distribution of
5856Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E.2023The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economiesJournal of Economic Studieshttps://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612articleeconomicsglobalpower resources theorycan not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc[{'intervention': 'collective action (trade unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality', 'channels': 'redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]PRELIMINARY EXTRACTIONcollective action (trade unionization)110income; genderGini coeffunionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequalityredistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality
5957Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M.2019Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: ItalyPanoeconomicushttps://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325CarticleeconomicsItaly0.0[{'intervention': 'collective action (collective bargaining)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income shares', 'findings': 'collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects', 'channels': 'occupational segregation into feminized industries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]PRELIMINARY EXTRACTIONcollective action (collective bargaining)110gender; income1.01.0income sharescollective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspectsoccupational segregation into feminized industries1.01.0
6058Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M.2006Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special EducationCareer Development for Exceptional Individualshttps://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401articleeducationUnited States1972-199472implicityoung women with disabilitiesNational Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88)quasi-experimental13391individualnational0.0sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias[{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}]more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTIONeducation (special needs)010disability; gender; income; age1.00.0female employment ratio, female income ratiofemales with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parentmen employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers-1.02.0
6159Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N.2015Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour marketResearch in Social Stratification and Mobilityhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001articlesociologyglobalaveraged across national contexts may obscure specific insights[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease', 'channels': 'increased standard employment contract probability', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIEScollective action (unionization)010genderemploymentmen and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decreaseincreased standard employment contract probability1.02.0
6260Ferguson, J.-P.2015The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionizations impact on employment segregationAmerican Journal of Sociologyhttps://doi.org/10.1086/683357articlesociologyUnited Statesimplicitwomen workersquasi-experimental1.0most of effects may be caused by unsobservables[{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}]PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION;collective action (unionization)011gender; ethnicity1.00.0employmentstronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significantpossible self-selection into unionization1.01.0
6361Mukhopadhaya, P.2003Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of SingaporeInternational Journal of Educational Developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7articleeducationSingaporehigher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder[{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'migration; generational; income; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income', 'findings': 'non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting', 'channels': 'primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}]only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTIONeducation010migration; generational; income; ethnicity1.01.0Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean incomenon-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targetingprimary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households1.02.0
6462Shin, J., & Moon, S.2006Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachersEconomics of Education Reviewhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004articleeconomicsUnited States1968-1988implicitfemale teachersNational Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women2712individuallooks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men[{'intervention': 'education; regulation (relative wage-setting)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (FLFP rate)', 'findings': 'higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection', 'channels': 'most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}]PRELIMINARY EXTRACTIONeducation; regulation (relative wage-setting)110gender1.01.0employment (FLFP rate)higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selectionmost relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers