wow-inequalities/03-documentation/findings-per-policy-area.md

Summary of study findings

Institutional

Labour laws / regulatory systems

policies:

• universal paid leave (maternal) [@Broadway2020]
• paid leave (maternal) [@Dustmann2012]
• paid leave (maternal) [@Mun2018]
• contract formality regulation [@Davies2022]

findings:

• universal paid leave can significantly increase rtw [@Broadway2020]
• positive rtw effects often show with medium-/long-term time-delay [@Broadway2020]
• long-term leave periods (36months) may decrease positive wage,rtw,children's educational outcomes [@Dustmann2012]
• paid leave does not increase female hiring pattern discrimination [@Mun2018]
• short-term/fixed contracts can significantly decrease female rtw after maternity [@Davies2022] = for equality?

channels:

• disadvantaged mothers benefit through supplanting employer-funded leave [@Broadway2020]
• maternal leave programs can reinforce existing household labor gender divisions [@Mun2018]
• fixed-term contracts can have insufficient cover for otherwise applicable laws [@Davies2022]

inequalities:

• gender Broadway2020 Dustmann2012 Mun2018 Davies2022

number:

Broadway2020 + national Dustmann2012 - national Mun2018 + Japanese Davies2022 + UK-high ED

Protective environmental policies

policies:

energy sector sustainability work [@Kuriyama2021]

findings:

• emphasis on sustainable industries can decrease spatial inequality especially for rural regions [@Kuriyama2021]
• targeting important to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities [@Stock2021]

channels:

• additional employment probability through rural energy projects [@Kuriyama2021]
• social exclusion through elite capture of policies [@Stock2021]

inequalities:

• spatial Kuriyama2021
• gender Stock2021

number:

Kuriyama2021 + Japanese-EnergySector Stock2021 - India-case-study

Minimum wage laws

policies:

• minimum wage introduction [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
• minimum wage increase [@Alinaghi2020] [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019] [@Sotomayor2021]

findings:

• short-term decreased income inequality [@Sotomayor2021]
• long-term decreased wage inequality [@Chao2022] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
• negligible impact on wage inequality [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@Sotomayor2021]
• larger impacts for single parents [@Alinaghi2020]
• larger impacts for rural/disadvantaged areas [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
• specifically targeting disadvanteged/low-earner households important for positive equality effects [@Alinaghi2020]
• can lead to income-compression at high-earner end [@Wong2019]
• may reinforce gender wage gap [@Wong2019]
• may decrease gender wage gap [@Militaru2019]

channels:

• exit from urban manufacturing, reinforcing rural agricultural sectors [@Chao2022]
• reaching many low-wage earners as secondary high-income household earners, but often low-wage households no wage earners at all -> bad targeting [@Alinaghi2020]
• many women make up lower-earners, larger effect [@Militaru2019]
• have negative effect on women's hours worked depending on household care/waged work division [@Wong2019]
• job loss offset through higher wages [@Sotomayor2021]

inequalities:

• income [@Chao2022] [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] [@Wong2019] [@Sotomayor2021] [@Militaru2019]
• spatial [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
• gender [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019]

number:

Chao2022 - global Alinaghi2020 + national Wong2019 + national(economicgrowth) Gilbert2001 + national(specific to Britain) SilveriaNeto2011 + national Militaru2019 - national Sotomayor2021 + national

Collective bargaining

policies:

• unionisation [@Alexiou2023] [@Ferguson2015]
• collective negotiation practices [@Cardinaleschi2015]

findings:

• strong unionisation strongly related to decreasing income inequality [@Alexiou2023]
• marginally positive relation to increased representation of women & minorities [@Ferguson2015]
• marginally positive relation to closing gender pay gap [@Cardinaleschi2015]

channels:

• redistribution of political power through collective mobilisation [@Alexiou2023]
• reciprocal relationship with distribution of political power [@Ahumada2023]
• fostering more vertically equal redistributive policies [@Alexiou2023]
• possible self-selection of minorities into more unionised enterprises [@Ferguson2015]
• predominantly median part of wage distribution affected by collective negotiation [@Cardinaleschi2015]

inequalities:

• income [@Alexiou2023] [@Cardinaleschi2015] [@Ahumada2023]
• gender [@Ferguson2015] [@Cardinaleschi2015]
• racial [@Ferguson2015]

number:

Alexiou2023 - national Ferguson2015 - national Cardinaleschi2015 - national Ahumada2023 - national (less generalizable)

Workfare programmes

policies:

• workfare programme [@Whitworth2021] [@Li2022]

findings:

• workfare programmes can engender vertical inequality reduction while worsening spatial inequalities [@Whitworth2021]
• higher job-provision outcomes may be achieved in contexts of lower prior material inequalities [@Li2022]

channels:

• job-deprived areas can experience further deprivations if not specifically targeted
• land-ownership inequalities can increase inequality of political power, lead to political capture

inequalities:

• spatial [@Whitworth2021]
• income [@Li2022]

number:

Whitworth2021 - subnational, rural Li2022 - national census

Social protection

policies:

• social assistance [@Wang2016]
• conditional cash transfer [@Debowicz2014]
• childcare subsidies [@Hardoy2015]
• healthcare subsidy [@Carstens2018]

findings:

• real social income benefit levels generally rising [@Wang2016]
• stagnating/decreasing income replacement rates may exacerbate existing inequalities [@Wang2016]
• conditional cash transfers can produce both short-term and long-term positive income equality effects [@Debowicz2014]
• evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities and increasing female labour force participation [@Hardoy2015]
• healthcare subsidies impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting [@Carstens2018]

channels:

• benefit levels not being linked to wages can widen schisms between income groups [@Wang2016]
• cash-influx lifts credit constraint effects in short-term [@Debowicz2014]
• conditioning transfers on school attendance can generate decreased educational inequalities in long-term [@Debowicz2014]
• childcare subsidy correct targeting can especially affect lower-income households through lifting credit constraints [@Hardoy2015]
• subsidies which depend on not being able to participate in labour market may generate benefit trap [@Carstens2018]

inequalities:

• income [@Wang2016] [@Debowicz2014]
• gender [@Hardoy2015]

number:

Wang2016 - regional (national census-constructed datasets) Debowicz2014 - national (survey) Hardoy2015 + (DID) national (census) Carstens2018

policies:

findings:

channels:

inequalities:

number:

Identified limitations/missing

• regional distribution?
• causal/correlational