270 lines
9.2 KiB
YAML
270 lines
9.2 KiB
YAML
abstract: 'In the last decades, the East Asian region has experienced important
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economic transformations that have led to important growth and economic
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development. A crucial part of this growth has been due to the
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contribution of the foreign sector, and more specifically the trade in
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manufactures, establishing a model of economic growth based largely on
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exports of this type of goods.
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The Spanish foreign sector has also undergone important changes in
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recent decades, although the need to expand foreign markets and the
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improvement of the technological intensity of manufactured exports are
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two pending tasks to be able to compete more efficiently in the
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international markets. The Spanish authorities have emphasised these
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needs and have been defined as objectives to be achieved in the
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different internationalisation strategies for the Spanish economy
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designed in recent years, and although improvements have been made,
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there is still ample scope to deepen the reforms needed to achieve a
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more efficient pattern of manufacturing specialisation. In most cases,
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the analysis of these deficiencies has been confined to the country,
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without paying special attention to the study of the regional aspect,
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and to the high regional geographic concentration in the Spanish
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production of manufactures with a higher technological content,
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highlighting the unavoidable need to implement economic policy tools to
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improve the supply of new products with high technological content.
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This article analyses the technological intensity of manufactures
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exported by the Spanish autonomous communities to the world and the main
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territories of East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, ASEAN, Hong Kong and
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Taiwan, for the period 2000 to 2016. As we mentioned before, this choice
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is based on the importance that these territories have achieved in the
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international markets of manufactures in general, and of manufactures
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with high technological intensity in particular, and also based on the
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low presence in the economic literature in Spain.
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This analysis fills a crucial gap in the economic literature regarding
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the technological intensity of manufactures exported by Spanish regions,
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and it is for this reason that our study aims to provide scientific
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evidence for the case of the technological intensity of manufactures
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exported by Spanish autonomous communities to the world and to the East
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Asian region. Therefore, it could serve as an important tool on the
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assessment of economic policy measures implemented to increase regional
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exports of manufactures with a higher technological content. This work
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can also be a good tool for Spanish companies that wish to
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internationalise their processes in the countries of the study,
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identifying market niches and difficulties in internationalising their
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processes in East Asian countries. Likewise, it can serve the Spanish
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authorities at national and regional level in charge of designing
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policies aimed at favouring these processes of business
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internationalisation, identifying comparative advantages, and
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reinforcing economic policy tools aimed at improving the financing,
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training and qualification of companies exporting manufactures with a
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high technological content. Thus, this article has a significant
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relevance due to the need to improve the regional export propensity of
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manufactures with a higher technological content, since achieving these
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objectives could help to attain greater economic growth, showing that
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product specialisation from the point of view of technological intensity
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is not neutral on potential of wealth creation.
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One of the aims of this paper is to determine the weight of the foreign
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manufacturing sector in the Spanish regional economies, since the
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measures and the scope of the economic policies to be implemented to
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improve the technological intensity of manufacturing will depend to a
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certain degree on the importance of this sector in each of the
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autonomous communities, and for this it will be essential to determine
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the technological breakdown of manufactures exported by the Spanish
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regions to the world and to the countries of East Asia, as well as to
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analyse the evolution of their technological pattern during the study
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period. This article also aims to determine the main manufactures with
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high technological intensity exported by the Spanish regions to the
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countries of East Asia, to analyse their level of concentration, and the
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degree of similarity of the distributions of exports of manufactures
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with high technological intensity among each of the Spanish autonomous
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communities, and that of Spain as a whole. The database used in this
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study is Datacomex of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism of
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Spain, which collects data on declared trade provided by the Department
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of Customs and Special Taxes of the State Agency of the Tax
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Administration.
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In the regional study of manufactures exported according to their
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technological content by Spain and by the Spanish regions to the world
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and the countries of East Asia, a statistical analysis is carried out
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using the technological classification established by the OECD, where
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manufactures are broken down into four groups: high technology
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manufactures, medium-high technology, medium-low technology, and low
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technology. The disaggregation of manufactures used in this article is
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at five-digit level, which provides a high level of disaggregation,
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avoiding the likely drawbacks derived from a high level of aggregation.
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In the analysis of the concentration of exported manufactures, we used
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the Theil concentration index, while in the study of the similarity
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between the distributions of exports to the world and to the East Asian
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countries regarding manufactures with high technological intensity,
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between the Spainsh regions and Spain as whole, we use the
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Finger-Kreinin index.
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From the analysis of the manufactures exports, it is observed that there
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is no clear relationship between the weight of the manufacturing sector
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in the regional economies and the volume of exports with high
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technological intensity. Although it is difficult to establish a pattern
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regarding the evolution of manufactures with high intensity exported by
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the Spanish regions, some autonomous communities, such as the Community
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of Madrid, have significantly increased the proportion of manufactures
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exported with high technological intensity as they increased their sales
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abroad in absolute terms, establishing a pattern of industrialisation
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focused on those manufactures with a higher added value. Moreover, from
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the analysis of manufactures exports to the countries of East Asia, we
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can conclude that exports values can be improved both in quantitative
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and qualitative terms, and that there is a significant concentration of
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manufactures exports in a few regions. Madrid, followed by Castilla-Leon
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and Andalucia are among the Spanish regions that showed a good
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performance during the study period, and among those that better adapted
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to the pattern of specialisation of Asian imports, on the other hand are
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regions such as Galicia, Cantabria, Extremadura or Murcia. Likewise, the
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evolution of the value of exports of manufactures with high
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technological intensity is very heterogeneous, and there is no a defined
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pattern.
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From the analysis of the concentration index, it is observed that a high
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concentration is associated with a low level of value exports, that is
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why as value of exports increases, there is a greater product
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diversification. Moreover, there is a greater concentration in
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manufactures exported to the East Asian countries than those exported to
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the rest of the world. Overall, from the results obtained by the
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Finger-Kreinin index, we can conclude that the Spanish regions have a
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distribution of exports of manufactures with a high technological
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intensity quite similar to that of the nation as a whole, that these
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distributions have been homogenised with that of the country as a whole
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over time, with a greater homogeneity in the case of those regions with
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high propensity to exports manufactures of high technological content.'
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affiliation: 'Zapata, AN (Corresponding Author), Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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Zapata, Amadeo Navarro, Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.'
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author: Zapata, Amadeo Navarro
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author_list:
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- family: Zapata
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given: Amadeo Navarro
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da: '2023-09-28'
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files: []
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issn: 0213-7585
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journal: REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES
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keywords: Exports; Manufacturing; Technology intensity; East Asia
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keywords-plus: ECONOMIC-GROWTH; US STATES; TRADE; DIVERSIFICATION; INCOME; EMPLOYMENT
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language: Spanish
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month: MAY-AUG
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number: '121'
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number-of-cited-references: '34'
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orcid-numbers: Navarro Zapata, Amadeo/0000-0002-7405-9035
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pages: 103-136
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papis_id: 4f9f8b55adcb33511dee19aa356b64bb
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ref: Zapata2021regionalanalysis
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researcherid-numbers: Navarro Zapata, Amadeo/ADJ-5595-2022
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times-cited: '0'
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title: Regional analysis of Spanish high-tech manufacturing exports to East Asian
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countries
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type: article
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unique-id: WOS:000720372700007
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usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
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usage-count-since-2013: '4'
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web-of-science-categories: Environmental Studies
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year: '2021'
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