228 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
228 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
# Summary of study findings
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written into data/supplementary/findings-*.csv tables
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## Institutional
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### Labour laws / regulatory systems
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policies:
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- universal paid leave (maternal) [@Broadway2020]
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- paid leave (maternal) [@Dustmann2012]
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- paid leave (maternal) [@Mun2018]
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- contract formality regulation [@Davies2022]
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findings:
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- universal paid leave can significantly increase rtw [@Broadway2020]
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- positive rtw effects often show with medium-/long-term time-delay [@Broadway2020]
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- long-term leave periods (36months) may decrease positive wage,rtw,children's educational outcomes [@Dustmann2012]
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- paid leave does not increase female hiring pattern discrimination [@Mun2018]
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- short-term/fixed contracts can significantly decrease female rtw after maternity [@Davies2022]
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= for equality?
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channels:
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- disadvantaged mothers benefit through supplanting employer-funded leave [@Broadway2020]
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- maternal leave programs can reinforce existing household labor gender divisions [@Mun2018]
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- fixed-term contracts can have insufficient cover for otherwise applicable laws [@Davies2022]
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inequalities:
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- gender Broadway2020 Dustmann2012 Mun2018 Davies2022
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number:
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Broadway2020 + national
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Dustmann2012 - national
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Mun2018 + Japanese
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Davies2022 + UK-high ED
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### Protective environmental policies
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policies:
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energy sector sustainability work [@Kuriyama2021]
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findings:
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- emphasis on sustainable industries can decrease spatial inequality especially for rural regions [@Kuriyama2021]
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- targeting important to avoid reinforcing existing inequalities [@Stock2021]
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channels:
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- additional employment probability through rural energy projects [@Kuriyama2021]
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- social exclusion through elite capture of policies [@Stock2021]
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inequalities:
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- spatial Kuriyama2021
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- gender Stock2021
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number:
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Kuriyama2021 + Japanese-EnergySector
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Stock2021 - India-case-study
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### Minimum wage laws
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policies:
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- minimum wage introduction [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
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- minimum wage increase [@Alinaghi2020] [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019] [@Sotomayor2021]
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findings:
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- short-term decreased income inequality [@Sotomayor2021]
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- long-term decreased wage inequality [@Chao2022] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
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- negligible impact on wage inequality [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@Sotomayor2021]
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- larger impacts for single parents [@Alinaghi2020]
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- larger impacts for rural/disadvantaged areas [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
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- specifically targeting disadvanteged/low-earner households important for positive equality effects [@Alinaghi2020]
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- can lead to income-compression at high-earner end [@Wong2019]
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- may reinforce gender wage gap [@Wong2019]
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- may decrease gender wage gap [@Militaru2019]
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channels:
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- exit from urban manufacturing, reinforcing rural agricultural sectors [@Chao2022]
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- reaching many low-wage earners as secondary high-income household earners, but often low-wage households no wage earners at all -> bad targeting [@Alinaghi2020]
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- many women make up lower-earners, larger effect [@Militaru2019]
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- have negative effect on women's hours worked depending on household care/waged work division [@Wong2019]
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- job loss offset through higher wages [@Sotomayor2021]
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inequalities:
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- income [@Chao2022] [@Alinaghi2020] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011] [@Wong2019] [@Sotomayor2021] [@Militaru2019]
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- spatial [@Chao2022] [@Gilber2001] [@SilveriaNeto2011]
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- gender [@Wong2019] [@Militaru2019]
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number:
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Chao2022 - global
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Alinaghi2020 + national
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Wong2019 + national(economicgrowth)
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Gilbert2001 + national(specific to Britain)
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SilveriaNeto2011 + national
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Militaru2019 - national
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Sotomayor2021 + national
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### Collective bargaining
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policies:
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- unionisation [@Alexiou2023] [@Ferguson2015]
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- collective negotiation practices [@Cardinaleschi2015]
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findings:
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- strong unionisation strongly related to decreasing income inequality [@Alexiou2023]
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- marginally positive relation to increased representation of women & minorities [@Ferguson2015]
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- marginally positive relation to closing gender pay gap [@Cardinaleschi2015]
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channels:
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- redistribution of political power through collective mobilisation [@Alexiou2023]
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- reciprocal relationship with distribution of political power [@Ahumada2023]
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- fostering more vertically equal redistributive policies [@Alexiou2023]
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- possible self-selection of minorities into more unionised enterprises [@Ferguson2015]
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- predominantly median part of wage distribution affected by collective negotiation [@Cardinaleschi2015]
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inequalities:
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- income [@Alexiou2023] [@Cardinaleschi2015] [@Ahumada2023]
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- gender [@Ferguson2015] [@Cardinaleschi2015]
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- racial [@Ferguson2015]
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number:
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Alexiou2023 - national
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Ferguson2015 - national
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Cardinaleschi2015 - national
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Ahumada2023 - national (less generalizable)
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### Workfare programmes
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policies:
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- workfare programme [@Whitworth2021] [@Li2022]
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findings:
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- workfare programmes can engender vertical inequality reduction while worsening spatial inequalities [@Whitworth2021]
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- higher job-provision outcomes may be achieved in contexts of lower prior material inequalities [@Li2022]
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channels:
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- job-deprived areas can experience further deprivations if not specifically targeted
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- land-ownership inequalities can increase inequality of political power, lead to political capture
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inequalities:
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- spatial [@Whitworth2021]
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- income [@Li2022]
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number:
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Whitworth2021 - subnational, rural
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Li2022 - national census
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### Social protection
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policies:
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- social assistance [@Wang2016]
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- conditional cash transfer [@Debowicz2014]
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- childcare subsidies [@Hardoy2015]
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- healthcare subsidy [@Carstens2018]
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findings:
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- real social income benefit levels generally rising [@Wang2016]
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- stagnating/decreasing income replacement rates may exacerbate existing inequalities [@Wang2016]
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- conditional cash transfers can produce both short-term and long-term positive income equality effects [@Debowicz2014]
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- evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities and increasing female labour force participation [@Hardoy2015]
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- healthcare subsidies impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting [@Carstens2018]
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channels:
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- benefit levels not being linked to wages can widen schisms between income groups [@Wang2016]
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- cash-influx lifts credit constraint effects in short-term [@Debowicz2014]
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- conditioning transfers on school attendance can generate decreased educational inequalities in long-term [@Debowicz2014]
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- childcare subsidy correct targeting can especially affect lower-income households through lifting credit constraints [@Hardoy2015]
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- subsidies which depend on not being able to participate in labour market may generate benefit trap [@Carstens2018]
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inequalities:
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- income [@Wang2016] [@Debowicz2014]
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- gender [@Hardoy2015]
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number:
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Wang2016 - regional (national census-constructed datasets)
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Debowicz2014 - national (survey)
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Hardoy2015 + (DID) national (census)
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Carstens2018
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policies:
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findings:
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channels:
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inequalities:
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number:
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### Identified limitations/missing
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- regional distribution?
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- causal/correlational
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