101 KiB
101 KiB
| 1 | author | year | title | publisher | uri | pubtype | discipline | country | period | maxlength | targeting | group | data | design | method | sample | unit | representativeness | causal | theory | limitations | observation | notes | intervention | institutional | structural | agency | inequality | type | indicator | measures | findings | channels | direction | significance | |
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| 2 | 0 | Whitworth, A. | 2021 | Spatial creaming and parking?: The case of the UK work programme | Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09349-0 | article | economics | United Kingdom | 2011-2017 | 72 | implicit | unemployed | Department for Work and Pensions Work Programme statistics | observational | three-stage linear model | 1494 | individual | national | 0.0 | social creaming & parking (used spatially) | no causal inferrence attempted | [{'intervention': 'work programme', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'already deprived areas experience further deprivation', 'channels': 'providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking)', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | work programme | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | already deprived areas experience further deprivation | providers de-prioritize job-weak areas (spatial parking) | -1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 3 | 1 | Carstens, C., & Massatti, R. | 2018 | Predictors of labor force status in a random sample of consumers with serious mental illness | Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-018-9597-8 | article | health services | United States | 2014-2015 | 1 | explicit | mentally ill | survey data | observational | multinomial logistic regression model | 917 | individual | national | 0.0 | human capital theory; strength-based therapy | small sample due to low response rate; over-representation of women, older persons, racial minorities | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (health care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability', 'findings': 'LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for', 'channels': 'Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | employment motivators captured as increased responsibility and problem-solving, stress management, reduced depression and anxiety; employment barriers | subsidy (health care) | 1 | 1 | 0 | disability | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment probability | LFP significantly increased for employment incentives; significantly reduced for employment barriers and Medicaid ABD programme participation; marginally reduced for | Medicaid ABD generates benefits trap of disability determination | -1.0 | 2.0 |
| 4 | 2 | Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P. | 2021 | Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case | Structural Change and Economic Dynamics | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007 | article | economics | Italy | 2010-2014 | implicit | workers | ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data | simulation | dynamic macrosimulation model | individual | national | 1.0 | models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction | [{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | regulation (working time reduction) | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini; employment rates | working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality | significantly decreases aggregate demand | -1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| 5 | 3 | Cieplinski, A., D’Alessandro, S., Distefano, T., & Guarnieri, P. | 2021 | Coupling environmental transition and social prosperity: A scenario-analysis of the Italian case | Structural Change and Economic Dynamics | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.007 | article | economics | Italy | 2010-2014 | implicit | workers | ISTAT national accounts 2010,2014; EU-KLEMS LM data | simulation | dynamic macrosimulation model | individual | national | 1.0 | models assumption of workers accepting lower income and consumption levels for work time reduction | [{'intervention': 'regulation (working time reduction)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini; employment rates', 'findings': 'working time reduction policy significantly increases employment; significantly decreases income inequality', 'channels': 'significantly decreases aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini', 'findings': 'decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes', 'channels': 'sustains aggregate demand', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | ubi | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini | decreases income inequality; negative impact on environmental outcomes | sustains aggregate demand | -1.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 6 | 4 | Adam, C., Bevan, D., & Gollin, D. | 2018 | Rural-urban linkages, public investment and transport costs: The case of tanzania | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.013 | article | development | Tanzania | 2001 | explicit | rural workers | national Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM, 2001); national administrative survey Integrated Labor Force Survey (2001), Tanzania Agricultural Sample Census (2003) | quasi-experimental | general equilibrium model | 7 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | transport cost burden approach | can not account for population change (e.g. pop growth); causality based on model only | [{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'real consumption wage differences', 'findings': 'results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid', 'channels': 'movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs | infrastructure | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | real consumption wage differences | results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid | movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors | -1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 7 | 5 | Al-Mamun, A., Wahab, S. A., Mazumder, M. N. H., & Su, Z. | 2014 | Empirical Investigation on the Impact of Microcredit on Women Empowerment in Urban Peninsular Malaysia | Journal of Developing Areas | https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2014.0030 | article | development | Malaysia | 2011 | 2 | implicit | women | structured face-to-face interviews | quasi-experimental | cross-sectional stratified random sampling | 242 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | household economic portfolio model (Chen & Dunn, 1996) | can not establish full experimental design | [{'intervention': 'microcredit; training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)', 'findings': 'increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans', 'channels': 'individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | microcredit; training | 0 | 0 | 1 | gender; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership) | increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans | individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 8 | 6 | Alinaghi, N., Creedy, J., & Gemmell, N. | 2020 | The redistributive effects of a minimum wage increase in New Zealand: A microsimulation analysis | Australian Economic Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12381 | article | economics | New Zealand | 2012-2013 | implicit | New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES) | simulation | microsimulation model; uses Atkinson index | 3500 | individual | national | 0.0 | large sample weights may bias specific groups, e.g. sole parents | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index', 'findings': 'small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall', 'channels': 'many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 0}] | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Atkinson index | small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall | many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all | -1.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| 9 | 7 | Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., Nguyen, X., & Yu, E. S. H. | 2022 | Minimum wage, firm dynamics, and wage inequality: Theory and evidence | International Journal Of Economic Theory | https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12307 | article | economics | global | 2005-2015 | formal workers | WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT | quasi-experimental | dual economy general-equilibrium model | 43 | country | national | 1.0 | Harris & Todaro rural-urban migration model | decreasing inequality through increased rural agricultural capital, while reasonable, has to be a prior assumption; short-term firm exit has to be omitted | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare', 'channels': 'firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare | firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector | -1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 10 | 8 | Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. | 2019 | The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa | Demography | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3 | article | sociology | Kenya | 2015-2016 | 12 | explicit | mothers | national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System | experimental | RCT | 738 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | economic empowerment theory | results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment probability difference | subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers | increased ability to work through lower childcare burden | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 11 | 9 | Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. | 2019 | The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa | Demography | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3 | article | sociology | Kenya | 2015-2016 | 12 | explicit | mothers | national administrative survey Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System | experimental | RCT | 738 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | economic empowerment theory | results restricted to 1 year; relatively high attrition rate | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment probability difference', 'findings': 'subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers', 'channels': 'increased ability to work through lower childcare burden', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers', 'channels': 'allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | hours worked | subsidy decreased hours worked without decreasing income for single mothers | allows shifting to jobs with more regular hours | -1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 12 | 10 | Debowicz, D., & Golan, J | 2014 | The impact of Oportunidades on human capital and income distribution in Mexico: A top-down/bottom-up approach | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.10.014 | article | economics | Mexico | 2008 | explicit | poor | national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008 | simulation | general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model | 30000 | household | national | 1.0 | human capital theory | analytical household-level limitations; no indirect cost-effects able to be accounted for; static model | [{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality', 'channels': 'cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects | direct transfers (cash) | 0 | 1 | 0 | income; generational | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality | cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor | -1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 13 | 11 | Gates, L. B. | 2000 | Workplace Accommodation as a Social Process | Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation | https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009445929841 | article | sociology | United States | 2000 | 12 | explicit | mentally ill workers | survey, protocol | qualitative | action protocol development | 12 | individual | subnational, local | 0.0 | [{'intervention': 'counseling (workplace accommodation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened', 'channels': 'unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}] | counseling (workplace accommodation) | 0 | 1 | 1 | disability | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment (rtw) | successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened | unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process | 1.0 | ||||
| 14 | 12 | Hardoy, I., & Schøne, P. | 2015 | Enticing even higher female labor supply: The impact of cheaper day care | Review of Economics of the Household | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-013-9215-8 | article | economics | Norway | 1995-2006 | 48 | implicit | mothers | Norwegian Labor and Welfare Service (NAV); Register for Employers and Employees | quasi-experimental | triple-difference approach | 200530 | individual | national | 1.0 | simultaneous capacity extension may bias results | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (child care)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; education; migration', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': 'child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers', 'channels': 'day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (child care) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender; education; migration | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment; hours worked | child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers | day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 15 | 13 | Hojman, A., & López Bóo, F. | 2019 | Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers | Inter-American Development Bank | https://doi.org/10.18235/0001849 | working paper | development | Nicaragua | 2013-2015 | 24 | implicit | poor mothers | baseline survey and 12-month follow-up survey | experimental | RCT; instrumental variable; marginal treatment effects | 1442 | individual | subnational, urban | 1.0 | effect on employment is insignificant with IV on randomization alone; relatively small overall sample | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; generational; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children', 'channels': 'subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | subsidy (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 1 | gender; generational; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children | subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours) | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 16 | 14 | Shepherd-Banigan, M., Pogoda, T. K., McKenna, K., Sperber, N., & Van Houtven, C. H. | 2021 | Experiences of VA vocational and education training and assistance services: Facilitators and barriers reported by veterans with disabilities | In Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal | https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000437 | article | psychology | United States | 2018 | explicit | disabled | interviews | qualitative | semi-structured interviews | 26 | individual | subnational, local | 0.0 | sample restricted to veterans with caregiver; data provide little evidence for supported employment efficacy | [{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'age; disability', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts', 'channels': 'primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}] | training | 0 | 0 | 1 | age; disability | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment (rtw) | vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts | primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation | 1.0 | ||||
| 17 | 15 | Silveira Neto, R. D. M., & Azzoni, C. R. | 2011 | Non-spatial government policies and regional income inequality in brazil | Regional Studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903241485 | article | economics | Brazil | 1995-2005 | implicit | poor | national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD) | quasi-experimental | beta convergence test | 27 | region | national | 1.0 | limited underlying data only allows estimation of Bolsa impact at endline; minimum wage had to be estimated from minimum-wage equal job incomes | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage; direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%', 'channels': 'quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage; direct transfers (cash) | 1 | 0 | 1 | spatial; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6% | quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions | -1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 18 | 16 | Sotomayor, Orlando J. | 2020 | Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182 | article | economics | Brazil | 1995-2015 | 12 | implicit | workers | national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference estimator | 40000 | household | national | 1.0 | survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 0.0 | poverty | within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8% | -1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 19 | 17 | Sotomayor, Orlando J. | 2020 | Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182 | article | economics | Brazil | 1995-2015 | 12 | implicit | workers | national administrative surveys Monthly Employment survey (PME) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference estimator | 40000 | household | national | 1.0 | survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings', 'channels': 'unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings | unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty | -1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 20 | 18 | Khan, M. A., Walmsley, T., & Mukhopadhyay, K. | 2021 | Trade liberalization and income inequality: The case for Pakistan | Journal of Asian Economics | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101310 | article | economics | Pakistan | 2010-2011 | implicit | workers | GTAP database; SAM Pakistan 2010-2011 (IFPRI) | simulation | computable general equilibrium model; MyGTAP model | 30 | region | national | 1.0 | generalizability might be reduced due to production factor reallocations specific to the rural poor context of Pakistan | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; spatial', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality', 'channels': 'increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}] | trade liberalization | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; spatial | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | mixed results for free-trade agreements (some Large TA negative correlation w Gini, some regional/bilateral also); impact of trade liberalization depends on micro-economic factors; greater mobility dissipates short-term effects; long-term some increase in income equality | increases in income of poor rural agricultural farm households dependent on grain (with largest export grain rising under most FTA, livestock falling); equity increases through increased wages of farm workers, when this did not happen generally equity decrease; wage compression effects | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| 21 | 19 | Davies, J. M., Brighton, L. J., Reedy, F., & Bajwah, S. | 2022 | Maternity provision, contract status, and likelihood of returning to work: Evidence from research intensive universities in the UK | Gender Work And Organization | https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12843 | article | organization | United Kingdom | 2013-2018 | implicit | high-skill female workers | FOI data of Russell Group universities | observational | cross-sectional; pooled odds ratios | 17 | employer | 0.0 | scarce high-level academic female representation through 'leaky pipeline' | fragmented data restricting observable variables; doest not account for atypical/short-term contracts | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (rtw ratios)', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff', 'channels': 'fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | study on public university employers only | paid leave (childcare) | 0 | 1 | 1 | gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment (rtw ratios) | significantly decreased employment probability for rtw on fixed-term contracts compared to open-ended contracts; most universities provided limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff | fewer included provisions in fixed-term contracts; strict policies on payments if contract ends before end of maternity leave/minimum length of rtw; long-term continuous service requirements for extended payments | -1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 22 | 20 | Broadway, B., Kalb, G., McVicar, D., & Martin, B. | 2020 | The Impact of Paid Parental Leave on Labor Supply and Employment Outcomes in Australia | Feminist Economics | https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1718175 | article | economics | Australia | 2009-2012 | 14 | explicit | working mothers | national administrative surveys Baseline Mothers Survey (BaMS), Family and Work Cohort Study (FaWCS) | quasi-experimental | propensity score matching | 5000 | individuals | national | 1.0 | can not account for child-care costs; can not fully exclude selection bias into motherhood; potential (down-ward) bias through pre-birth labor supply effects/financial crisis | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment (rtw)', 'findings': 'short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers', 'channels': 'supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | child-care costs may have additional dampening effect on rtw | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment (rtw) | short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers | supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 23 | 21 | Mun, E., & Jung, J. | 2018 | Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined | American Sociological Review | https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857 | article | sociology | Japan | 1992-2009 | 84 | explicit | working mothers | Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers | quasi-experimental | 600 | enterprise | national | 0.0 | welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states) | limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}] | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 0 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | job quality | no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects | voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 24 | 22 | Mun, E., & Jung, J. | 2018 | Policy generosity, employer heterogeneity, and women’s employment opportunities: The welfare state paradox reexamined | American Sociological Review | https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772857 | article | sociology | Japan | 1992-2009 | 84 | explicit | working mothers | Japan Company Handbook for Job Searchers | quasi-experimental | 600 | enterprise | national | 0.0 | welfare state paradox (over-representation of women in low-authority jobs in progressive welfare states) | limited generalizability with unique Japanese LM institutional features; limited ability to explain voluntary effects as lasting or as symbolic compliance and impression management | [{'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'job quality', 'findings': 'no change for promotions for firms not previously providing leave, positive promotion impact for firms already providing leave; incentive-based policies may lead to larger effects', 'channels': 'voluntary compliance to maintain positive reputations', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'paid leave (childcare)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability', 'channels': 'decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}] | paid leave (childcare) | 1 | 0 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | no increase in hiring discrimination against women reflected as decreased employment probability | decreases may be due to supply-side mechanisms based on individual career planning and reinforced existing gender division of household labour | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| 25 | 23 | Liyanaarachchi, T. S., Naranpanawa, A., & Bandara, J. S. | 2016 | Impact of trade liberalisation on labour market and poverty in Sri Lanka. An integrated macro-micro modelling approach | Economic Modelling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.07.008 | article | economy | Sri Lanka | 2009-2010 | 12 | implicit | workers | national administrative Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) | simulation | macro-micro computable general equilibrium model | 19958 | household | national | 1.0 | static model not able to account for transition paths; no disaggregated sectoral input-output data available | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index', 'findings': 'reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors', 'channels': 'increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | trade liberalization | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Atkinson index; S-Gini index; Atkinson-Gini index; Entropy index | reduced absolute poverty for tariff elimination only, mixed results but reduction for tariff elim and fiscal policy changes together; income inequality increases in long-run in all sectors | increased wage differences (esp for manager, professionals, technicians and urban workers); low-income households more dependent on private/gov transfers which do not increase with trade liberalization | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 26 | 24 | Wang, J., & Van Vliet, O. | 2016 | Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 26 Oecd Countries, 1990-2009 | European Journal of Social Security | https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271601800401 | article | economics | global | 1990-2009 | implicit | low-income | World Bank CPI indicators; Penn World Table | observational | cross-country comparative analysis | 26 | country | national | 0.0 | data availability necessitated indicator construction for real minimum benefits and replacement rates | [{'intervention': 'direct transfer (social assistance)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'real wage; replacement rate', 'findings': 'real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased', 'channels': 'bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}] | direct transfer (social assistance) | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | real wage; replacement rate | real benefit levels increased in most countries, benefit levels increasing more than consumer prices; income replacement rates mixed outcomes with decreases in some countries where real benefit levels increased | bulk of increases comes from deliberate policy changes; benefit levels not linked to wages and policy changes not taking into account changes in wages | 1.0 | ||||
| 27 | 25 | Kuriyama, A., & Abe, N. | 2021 | Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a 'Just transition’ in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts | Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110610 | article | development | Japan | 2016 | rural workers | Historical Data of Power Supply and Demand Record Data | simulation | multi-step projection modelling; use Gini coefficient | 10 | region | national | 0.0 | has to assume amount of generated power as stable square function increase 2016-2050; employment numbers based on initial estimated model data only | [{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability', 'channels': 'attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others | infrastructure | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability | attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 28 | 26 | Stock, R. (2021). | 2021 | Bright as night: Illuminating the antinomies of `gender positive’ solar development | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105196 | article | development | India | 2018 | 1 | implicit | women | baseline survey, interviews | observational | quantitative survey and in-depth interviews; discourse analysis | 200 | household | subnational, rural | 0.0 | authoritative knowledge power framework (Laclau&Mouffe) | no causal research | [{'intervention': 'infrastructure', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes', 'channels': 'project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}] | infrastructure | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender; income; spatial | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes | project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities | 1.0 | 0.0 | |
| 29 | 27 | Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. | 2021 | Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa | African Development Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 | article | development | Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia | 2000-2015 | implicit | workers | UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators | quasi-experimental | generalized method of moments | 38 | country | national | 0.0 | contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | trade liberalization (FDI) | 0 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | increased income equality through FDI (p < .1) | primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour | -1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 30 | 28 | Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. | 2021 | Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa | African Development Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 | article | development | Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia | 2000-2015 | implicit | workers | UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators | quasi-experimental | generalized method of moments | 38 | country | national | 0.0 | contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | trade liberalization | 0 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase | higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 31 | 29 | Xu, C., Han, M., Dossou, T. A. M., & Bekun, F. V. | 2021 | Trade openness, FDI, and income inequality: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa | African Development Review | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12511 | article | development | Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo‐Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; D.R. of the Congo; Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea Bissau; Côte d'Ivoire; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Seychelles; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia | 2000-2015 | implicit | workers | UNDP income equality; UN Conference on Trade and Veleopment FDI; World Bank WDI; World Bank World Governance Indicators | quasi-experimental | generalized method of moments | 38 | country | national | 0.0 | contains a variety of institutional-structural context within region | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'increased income equality through FDI (p < .1)', 'channels': 'primarily goes to agriculture which can employ low-skilled labour', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'significantly decreased income equality through trade liberalization; equally for political stability, corruption, rule of law increase', 'channels': 'higher import than export, creating jobs in other countries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'education significantly decreases income equality in the region', 'channels': 'potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | education | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | education significantly decreases income equality in the region | potentially inequal access to education through exclusion (e.g. spatial/gender/financial); differentiated quality of education | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||
| 32 | 30 | Gilbert, A., Phimister, E., & Theodossiou, I. | 2001 | The potential impact of the minimum wage in rural areas | Regional Studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400120084759 | article | economic | United Kingdom | 1991-1998 | 84 | implicit | rural workers | national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) | observational | observational methods with counterfactual approach | 5500 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | has to assume no effects on employment | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households', 'channels': 'rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 1}] | minimum wage | 1 | 0 | 0 | spatial; income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households | rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets | -1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 33 | 31 | Adams, S., & Atsu, F. | 2015 | Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 | article | economics | global | 1970-2012 | implicit | developing countries | panel data | quasi-experimental | system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient | 72 | country | national | 0.0 | macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls | trade liberalization (FDI) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related | wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 34 | 32 | Adams, S., & Atsu, F. | 2015 | Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 | article | economics | global | 1970-2012 | implicit | developing countries | panel data | quasi-experimental | system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient | 72 | country | national | 0.0 | macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls | regulation (labour) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related | regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 35 | 33 | Adams, S., & Atsu, F. | 2015 | Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries | Journal of Policy Modeling | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.08.003 | article | economics | global | 1970-2012 | implicit | developing countries | panel data | quasi-experimental | system general method of moments, fixed effects, OLS; using Gini coefficient | 72 | country | national | 0.0 | macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (FDI)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'regulation (labour)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related', 'channels': 'regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'education (school enrolment)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution', 'channels': 'capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls | education (school enrolment) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution | capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated | -1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 36 | 34 | Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. | 2014 | A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program | Journal of the American Planning Association | https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 | article | development | United States | 1994-2001 | 84 | implicit | poor women | baseline and follow-up survey; | experimental | RCT; multinomial regression model | 3199 | household | national | 1.0 | low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | 98% of sample is female | subsidy (housing mobility) | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; gender; ethnicity | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment rate | no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself | high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| 37 | 35 | Blumenberg, E., & Pierce, G. | 2014 | A Driving Factor in Mobility? Transportation’s Role in Connecting Subsidized Housing and Employment Outcomes in the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Program | Journal of the American Planning Association | https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935267 | article | development | United States | 1994-2001 | 84 | implicit | poor women | baseline and follow-up survey; | experimental | RCT; multinomial regression model | 3199 | household | national | 1.0 | low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated | [{'intervention': 'subsidy (housing mobility)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself', 'channels': 'high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit', 'direction': 0, 'significance': 0}, {'intervention': 'infrastructure (transport)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment rate', 'findings': 'increased employment probability for car ownership', 'channels': 'better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | 98% of sample is female | infrastructure (transport) | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; gender; ethnicity | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment rate | increased employment probability for car ownership | better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 38 | 36 | Delesalle, E. | 2021 | The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345 | article | development | Tanzania | 2002-2012 | 36 | implicit | rural workers | Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach; IV approach | 433606 | individual | national | 0.0 | human capital theory | can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns | [{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum | education (universal) | 0 | 1 | 0 | spatial; education | 1.0 | 1.0 | education | improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines | villagization effect, increased education access | 1.0 | |
| 39 | 37 | Delesalle, E. | 2021 | The effect of the Universal Primary Education program on consumption and on the employment sector: Evidence from Tanzania | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105345 | article | development | Tanzania | 2002-2012 | 36 | implicit | rural workers | Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Population and Housing Census 2002; Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach; IV approach | 433606 | individual | national | 0.0 | human capital theory | can not directly identify intervention compliers, constructing returns for household heads; 'villagization' effect may have impacted unobserved variables affecting returns | [{'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'spatial; education', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'education', 'findings': 'improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines', 'channels': 'villagization effect, increased education access', 'direction': 1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'education (universal)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'spatial; education; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'consumption', 'findings': 'sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work', 'channels': 'sector choice changes, increased individual productivity', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | programme increased primary education access and introduced more technical curriculum | education (universal) | 0 | 1 | 1 | spatial; education; gender | 1.0 | 0.0 | consumption | sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work | sector choice changes, increased individual productivity | 1.0 | 2.0 |
| 40 | 38 | Emigh, R. J., Feliciano, C., O’Malley, C., & Cook-Martin, D. | 2018 | The effect of state transfers on poverty in post-socialist eastern europe | Social Indicators Research | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1660-y | article | economics | Hungary; Bulgaria; Romania | 1999-2002 | 24 | implicit | poor people | panel data | quasi-experimental | two-wave panel analysis | 7949 | individual | 0.0 | institutionalist perspective; underclass perspective; neoclassical perspective | does not have long-term panel data to fully analyse underclass/neoclassical perspectives | [{'intervention': 'direct transfers (cash)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'poverty', 'findings': 'level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria', 'channels': 'poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households | direct transfers (cash) | 0 | 1 | 1 | income; ethnicity; gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | poverty | level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria | poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households | -1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 41 | 39 | Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T. | 2019 | On Her Own Account: How Strengthening Women’s Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms | National Bureau of Economic Research | https://doi.org/10.3386/w26294 | working paper | development | India | 2013-2017 | 36 | explicit | women workers | baseline, 2 follow-up surveys; MGNREGS Program Management information system (MIS) | experimental | RCT; individual account (partial treatment), account + training (full treatment) | 5851 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | financial empowerment as normative tool | possibility of upward bias due to attenuation over time | [{'intervention': 'training (financial)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; spatial', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment; hours worked', 'findings': "short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked", 'channels': 'increased bargaining power through greater control of income', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | long-run effects for constrained women working driven by private sector | training (financial) | 0 | 0 | 1 | gender; spatial | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment; hours worked | short-term deposits into women's own accounts and training increased labour supply; long-term increased acceptance of female work and female hours worked | increased bargaining power through greater control of income | 1.0 | 2.0 |
| 42 | 40 | Militaru, E., Popescu, M. E., Cristescu, A., & Vasilescu, M. D. | 2019 | Assessing minimum wage policy implications upon income inequalities: The case of Romania | Sustainability | https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092542 | article | economics | Romania | 2013-2014 | 12 | explicit | low-income workers | EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) | simulation | microsimulation (EUROMOD); counterfactual analysis | 7500 | household | national | 0.0 | dependent on simulation order; can not account for tax evasion, behavioural changes; over-representation of employees in sample; remaining unobservables on inequality outcomes | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women', 'channels': 'concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}] | does not see minimum wage increase as most efficient income inequality reduction policy per se, but sees efficiency possibly enhanced by accompanying skills development programs | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; gender | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | small decrease in wage inequality; larger impact for women | concentration of workers at minimum wage level matters, women make up larger part; increase in number of wage earners in total number of employees | -1.0 | ||
| 43 | 41 | Pi, J., & Zhang, P. | 2016 | Hukou system reforms and skilled-unskilled wage inequality in China | China Economic Review | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.08.009 | article | economics | China | 1988-2013 | 12 | implicit | urban workers | national administrative Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2010-13 | simulation | general equilibrium approach | household | subnational, urban | 0.0 | generalizability restricted due to specific institutional contexts of Chinese hukou systems; no disaggregation to private/public sector; job search not part of model | [{'intervention': 'social security; education (access)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; migration; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'decile ratios (90th to 10th)', 'findings': 'increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector', 'channels': None, 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}] | social security; education (access) | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; migration; ethnicity | 1.0 | 1.0 | decile ratios (90th to 10th) | increased access to social security for urban migrants decreases wage inequality between skilled-unskilled urban workers if skilled sector is more capital intensive than unskilled sector | -1.0 | |||||
| 44 | 42 | Poppen, M., Lindstrom, L., Unruh, D., Khurana, A., & Bullis, M. | 2017 | Preparing youth with disabilities for employment: An analysis of vocational rehabilitation case services data | Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation | https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-160857 | article | health | United States | 2003-2013 | explicit | disabled young adults | state administrative Oregon Rehabilitation Case Automation system (ORCA) | quasi-experimental | multivariate logistic regression | 4443 | individual | subnational | 0.0 | data gathered for service delivery not research may provide lower reliability; no measurement for service quality; no nationally representative sample lowers generalizability | [{'intervention': 'training (vocational rehabilitation)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased', 'channels': None, 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | training (vocational rehabilitation) | 0 | 1 | 1 | disability; gender; age | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | significantly decreased employment probability for women, having mental illness or traumatic brain injury as primary disability, multiple disabilities, interpersonal/self-care impediment, receiving social security benefits; youth-transition programme, more VR services significantly increased | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 45 | 43 | Rendall, M. | 2013 | Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality? | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005 | article | development | Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand | 1987-2008 | implicit | women | WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS | quasi-experimental | comparative | ~200_000 | individual | capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996) | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | trade liberalization (structural changes) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | female employment shares | all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand | reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour | 1.0 | 2.0 | |||||
| 46 | 44 | Rendall, M. | 2013 | Structural change in developing countries: Has it decreased gender inequality? | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.005 | article | development | Brazil; Mexico; India; Thailand | 1987-2008 | implicit | women | WB Household Survey; IPUMS USA/International/CPS | quasi-experimental | comparative | ~200_000 | individual | capital displacing production brawn (Galor & Weil 1996) | [{'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female employment shares', 'findings': 'all countries decreased brawn requirements (smallest change in India, 0.2ppts; largest in Thailand 15ppts); decreased labour market gender inequality in Brazil; largest steady LM inequality in India; mixed results for Mexico and Thailand', 'channels': "reduced requirement for physical labour (switching 'brawn' to 'brain'); switching to e.g. service-oriented labour", 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'trade liberalization (structural changes)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'female wage shares', 'findings': 'Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results', 'channels': 'reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | trade liberalization (structural changes) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | female wage shares | Brazil closed wage gap the fastest, though widened more recently; Thailand/India mixed results | reduced returns on brain intensive occupations in Brazil; different LM skill structure in Thailand/India, context dependency of structural changes | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
| 47 | 45 | Rosen, M. I., Ablondi, K., Black, A. C., Mueller, L., Serowik, K. L., Martino, S., Mobo, B. H., & Rosenheck, R. A. | 2014 | Work outcomes after benefits counseling among veterans applying for service connection for a psychiatric condition | Psychiatric Services | https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300478 | article | health | United States | 2008-2011 | 6 | explicit | disabled | baseline, 3 follow-up surveys; timeline follow-back calendar | experimental | RCT | 84 | individual | local | 1.0 | can not locate active ingredient | [{'intervention': 'counseling (benefits counseling)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked (rtw)', 'findings': 'counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement', 'channels': 'not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | counseling (benefits counseling) | 0 | 0 | 1 | disability; age | 1.0 | 0.0 | hours worked (rtw) | counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement | not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 48 | 46 | Standing, G. | 2015 | Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value | Basic Income Studies | https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021 | article | economics | India | 2010-2013 | 18 | implicit | low-income households | baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews | experimental | rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews | 1665 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource) | [{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work) | ubi | 1 | 0 | 1 | income; ethnicity | 0.0 | 0.0 | debt | ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt | directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing | -1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 49 | 47 | Standing, G. | 2015 | Why Basic Income’s Emancipatory Value Exceeds Its Monetary Value | Basic Income Studies | https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2015-0021 | article | economics | India | 2010-2013 | 18 | implicit | low-income households | baseline & 3 follow-up surveys and censuses; structured interviews | experimental | rural RCT, randomization at village level; 18/12 months of ubi provision with follow up surveys and interviews | 1665 | household | subnational, rural | 1.0 | Lauderdale paradox (money, if scarce becomes even more valuable resource) | [{'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'debt', 'findings': 'ubi significantly decreases debts; results go beyond direct monetary value; households did not have to work for lenders/to pay off debt', 'channels': 'directly enables debt reduction; reduces debt-dependency risks; avoids taking on new debt; enables choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'ubi', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'income; ethnicity', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'saving', 'findings': 'ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households', 'channels': 'shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | ubi paid in addition to any other state transfers; included in sample for effects on work choice (forced to work for debtors, free to pursue own-work) | ubi | 1 | 0 | 1 | income; ethnicity | 0.0 | 0.0 | saving | ubi significantly increases savings; allowed increasing economic security/empowerment of households | shift to institutionalized saving strengthening shock resilience; schooling of the household head, landholding, caste and household size also affect savings | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 50 | 48 | Suh, M.-G. | 2017 | Determinants of female labor force participation in south korea: Tracing out the U-shaped curve by economic growth | Social Indicators Research | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1245-1 | article | sociology | Korea, Rep. | 1980-2014 | implicit | married women | Statistical Database in Statistical Information Service Korea 2015 | quasi-experimental | OLS regression; log-linear analysis; contingency analysis with cross-tab statistics; Gini coeff as income inequality indicator | 35 | case | national | 0.0 | [{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; generational; gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': "education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level", 'channels': 'education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | education | 0 | 1 | 0 | income; generational; gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment | education significant increase in married women's employment; female labour force participation negative correlation with income inequality; female education also positively affects daughters' education level | education being necessary not sufficient condition, also influenced by family size and structure | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| 51 | 49 | Wong, S. A. | 2019 | Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004 | article | development | Ecuador | 2011-2014 | 12 | implicit | wage workers | national employment survey (ENEMDU) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach | 1624422 | individual | national | 1.0 | some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}] | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; gender | 0.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff | decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners | income-compression effect | -1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 52 | 50 | Wong, S. A. | 2019 | Minimum wage impacts on wages and hours worked of low-income workers in Ecuador | World Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.004 | article | development | Ecuador | 2011-2014 | 12 | implicit | wage workers | national employment survey (ENEMDU) | quasi-experimental | difference-in-difference approach | 1624422 | individual | national | 1.0 | some small sort-dependency in panel data; can only account for effects in period of economic growth | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners', 'channels': 'income-compression effect', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked', 'channels': 'possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 0}] | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; gender | 0.0 | 0.0 | hours worked | significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked | possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women | 1.0 | 0.0 | ||
| 53 | 51 | Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R. | 2021 | Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities | International journal of disability development and education | https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648 | article | education | Australia | 2011-204 | 36 | explicit | disabled | experimental survey | quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30) | annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression | 489 | individual | subnational | 0.0 | non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size | [{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal | training | 0 | 1 | 1 | disability; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | hours worked | slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey | significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 54 | 52 | Thoresen, S. H., Cocks, E., & Parsons, R. | 2021 | Three year longitudinal study of graduate employment outcomes for Australian apprentices and trainees with and without disabilities | International journal of disability development and education | https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699648 | article | education | Australia | 2011-204 | 36 | explicit | disabled | experimental survey | quantitative survey (n=489); qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews (n=30) | annual postal survey, baseline and 2 follow-ups; random-effects regression | 489 | individual | subnational | 0.0 | non-representative sample, over-representation of learning disability; limited generalisability through sample LFP bias and attrition bias; small control sample size | [{'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hours worked', 'findings': 'slightly lower for disabled group initially, increase to no significant difference with non-disabled group at last survey', 'channels': 'significant but small overall increase (3.1 hours to 1 hour difference); fluctuations for non-disability group', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}, {'intervention': 'training', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'disability; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'hourly/weekly income', 'findings': 'wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups', 'channels': 'strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | Disaggregated results for female participants overall more unequal | training | 0 | 1 | 1 | disability; income | 1.0 | 0.0 | hourly/weekly income | wages of disability group substantially lower than non-disability; increases to be non-significant over time; lower for female and disability-pension recipient groups | strong initial diff means disability group potentially more often initially employed at junior rates or skewed through attrition bias | 1.0 | 2.0 | |
| 55 | 53 | Eckardt, M. S. | 2022 | Minimum wages in an automating economy | Journal of public economic theory | https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12528 | article | economics | United States | nr | explicit | low-skill workers | nr | simulation | task-based framework model | national | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income share (low-skill workers)', 'findings': 'decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers', 'channels': 'displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)', 'findings': 'inequality decreases', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}] | only framework-based not on empirical data | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | income share (low-skill workers) | decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers | displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages | -1.0 | |||||||
| 56 | 54 | Eckardt, M. S. | 2022 | Minimum wages in an automating economy | Journal of public economic theory | https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12528 | article | economics | United States | nr | explicit | low-skill workers | nr | simulation | task-based framework model | national | [{'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income share (low-skill workers)', 'findings': 'decreases if large displacement effects through machines/high-skill workers', 'channels': 'displacement effects; changed demand; non-flexibility of wages', 'direction': -1, 'significance': None}, {'intervention': 'minimum wage', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': 0, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill)', 'findings': 'inequality decreases', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}] | only framework-based not on empirical data | minimum wage | 1 | 1 | 0 | income | 0.0 | 1.0 | absolute wages (high-skill/low-skill) | inequality decreases | |||||||||
| 57 | 55 | Ahumada, P. P. | 2023 | Trade union strength, business power, and labor policy reform: The cases of Argentina and Chile in comparative perspective | International Journal of Comparative Sociology | https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152231163846 | article | sociology | global | 0.0 | [{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 0, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'political power', 'findings': 'more unequal distribution of', 'channels': None, 'direction': None, 'significance': None}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; EXTRACTION HAD TO CODE CLASS POWER INEQUALITY AS INCOME BASED INEQUALITY | collective action (unionization) | 1 | 0 | 0 | income | political power | more unequal distribution of | |||||||||||||||||
| 58 | 56 | Alexiou, C., & Trachanas, E. | 2023 | The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality: Evidence from 17 OECD economies | Journal of Economic Studies | https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2021-0612 | article | economics | global | power resources theory | can not account for individual drivers such as collective bargaining, arbitration, etc | [{'intervention': 'collective action (trade unionization)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'income; gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'Gini coeff', 'findings': 'unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality', 'channels': 'redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION | collective action (trade unionization) | 1 | 1 | 0 | income; gender | Gini coeff | unionization strongly related with decreasing income inequalityi; right-wing institutional contexts related with increased income inequality | redistribution of political power under unions; weak unionization increases post-redistribution inequality | |||||||||||||||
| 59 | 57 | Cardinaleschi, S., De Santis, S., & Schenkel, M. | 2019 | Effects of decentralised bargaining on gender inequality: Italy | Panoeconomicus | https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1903325C | article | economics | Italy | 0.0 | [{'intervention': 'collective action (collective bargaining)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender; income', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'income shares', 'findings': 'collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects', 'channels': 'occupational segregation into feminized industries', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION | collective action (collective bargaining) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender; income | 1.0 | 1.0 | income shares | collective negotiation practices address gender gap marginally significantly; need to be supplemented by policies considering human-capital aspects | occupational segregation into feminized industries | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||||||
| 60 | 58 | Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M. | 2006 | Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education | Career Development for Exceptional Individuals | https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401 | article | education | United States | 1972-1994 | 72 | implicit | young women with disabilities | National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88) | quasi-experimental | 13391 | individual | national | 0.0 | sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias | [{'intervention': 'education (special needs)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'disability; gender; income; age', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'female employment ratio, female income ratio', 'findings': 'females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent', 'channels': 'men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers', 'direction': -1, 'significance': 2}] | more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION | education (special needs) | 0 | 1 | 0 | disability; gender; income; age | 1.0 | 0.0 | female employment ratio, female income ratio | females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent | men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers | -1.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 61 | 59 | Dieckhoff, M., Gash, V., & Steiber, N. | 2015 | Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market | Research in Social Stratification and Mobility | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001 | article | sociology | global | averaged across national contexts may obscure specific insights | [{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': None, 'indicator': None, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease', 'channels': 'increased standard employment contract probability', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; MISSING EXTRACTION OF DEREGULATION OF TEMPORARY CONTRACTS; FAMILY POLICIES | collective action (unionization) | 0 | 1 | 0 | gender | employment | men and women increased standard employment contracts with increased unionization; female employment does not decrease | increased standard employment contract probability | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||||||||||||||
| 62 | 60 | Ferguson, J.-P. | 2015 | The control of managerial discretion: Evidence from unionization’s impact on employment segregation | American Journal of Sociology | https://doi.org/10.1086/683357 | article | sociology | United States | implicit | women workers | quasi-experimental | 1.0 | most of effects may be caused by unsobservables | [{'intervention': 'collective action (unionization)', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 1, 'inequality': 'gender; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 0, 'measures': 'employment', 'findings': 'stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant', 'channels': 'possible self-selection into unionization', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 1}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION; | collective action (unionization) | 0 | 1 | 1 | gender; ethnicity | 1.0 | 0.0 | employment | stronger unionization associated with more women and minorities in management, marginally significant | possible self-selection into unionization | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||
| 63 | 61 | Mukhopadhaya, P. | 2003 | Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore | International Journal of Educational Development | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7 | article | education | Singapore | higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder | [{'intervention': 'education', 'institutional': 0, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'migration; generational; income; ethnicity', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income', 'findings': 'non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting', 'channels': 'primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households', 'direction': 1, 'significance': 2}] | only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities; PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION | education | 0 | 1 | 0 | migration; generational; income; ethnicity | 1.0 | 1.0 | Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income | non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting | primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households | 1.0 | 2.0 | ||||||||||||
| 64 | 62 | Shin, J., & Moon, S. | 2006 | Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers | Economics of Education Review | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004 | article | economics | United States | 1968-1988 | implicit | female teachers | National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women | 2712 | individual | looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men | [{'intervention': 'education; regulation (relative wage-setting)', 'institutional': 1, 'structural': 1, 'agency': 0, 'inequality': 'gender', 'type': 1, 'indicator': 1, 'measures': 'employment (FLFP rate)', 'findings': 'higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection', 'channels': 'most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers', 'direction': None, 'significance': None}] | PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION | education; regulation (relative wage-setting) | 1 | 1 | 0 | gender | 1.0 | 1.0 | employment (FLFP rate) | higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection | most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers |