167 lines
5.4 KiB
YAML
167 lines
5.4 KiB
YAML
abstract: 'A fundamental societal concern in energy system transitions is the
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distribution of benefits and costs across populations. A recent
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transition, the US shale gas boom, has dramatically altered the domestic
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energy outlook and global markets; however, the social equity
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implications have not been meaningfully assessed and accounted for in
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public and private decision making. In this study, we develop and
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demonstrate a systematic approach to quantify the multi-dimensional
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equity state of an energy system, with a focus on the shale gas boom in
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the Appalachian basin. We tailor variants of standard equity metrics as
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well as develop new empirical and analytical methods and metrics to
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assess spatial, temporal, income, and racial equity as it relates to air
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quality, climate change, and labor market impacts across the natural gas
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supply chain. We find moderate to high spatial inequities with respect
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to the distribution of production (Gini coefficient (y) = 0.93),
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consumption for electric power generation (77 = 0.68), commercial,
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industrial, and residential end use (77 = 0.72), job creation (77 =
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0.72), and air pollution-related deaths (77 = 0.77), which are largely
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driven by geographicallyfixed natural gas abundance and demand. Air
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quality impacts are also regressive, such that mortality risk induced by
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natural gas activity generally increases as income decreases; for
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example, mortality risk (m) (in units of premature mortality per 100 000
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people) for the lowest income class (<\$15 000; m = 0.22 in 2016) is
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higher (18\%-31\%) than for the highest income class (>\$150 000; m =
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0.27 in 2016). These risks are higher for white (m = 0.30 in 2016) than
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non-white (m = 0.16 in 2016) populations, which is largely a result of
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the demographics of rural communities within the vicinity of natural gas
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development. With respect to local labor market impacts within producing
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counties, we find marginal declines in income inequality (2.8\% 1.0\%)
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and poverty rates (9.9\% 1.7\%) during the boom, although household
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income increases for the wealthiest and decreases for the poorest. At a
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systems-level, there is an implied air quality-employment tradeoff of 3
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(<1 to 7) job-years created per life-year lost; this tradeoff varies
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spatially (-1100 to 4400 life-years lost minus job-years created),
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wherein the job benefit outweighs the air quality costs in most
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producing counties whereas in all other counties the reverse is true. We
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also observe temporal inequities, with air quality and employment
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impacts following the boom-and-bust cycle, while climate impacts are
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largely borne by future generations. Cross-impact elasticities (c),
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which measure the sensitivity between different types of impacts, reveal
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that employment increases are sensitive to and coupled with increases in
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air and climate impacts (c = 1.1 and c = 1.3, respectively). The metrics
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applied here facilitate the evaluation and design of countervailing
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policies and systems that explicitly account for social inequities
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mediated through energy infrastructure, supply, and demand. For example,
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in future energy system transition, such equity metrics can be used to
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facilitate decisions related to the siting oflow-carbon infrastructure
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such as transmission lines and wind turbines and the phase -out of
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fossil fuel infrastructure, as well as to demonstrate changes in
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distributional tradeoffs such as the decoupling of environmental and
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employment effects.'
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affiliation: 'Robinson, AL (Corresponding Author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh,
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PA 15213 USA.
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Mayfield, Erin N., Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
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Cohon, Jared L.; Muller, Nicholas Z.; Robinson, Allen L., Carnegie Mellon Univ,
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Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
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Azevedo, Ines M. L., Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.'
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article-number: '124072'
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author: Mayfield, Erin N. and Cohon, Jared L. and Muller, Nicholas Z. and Azevedo,
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Ines M. L. and Robinson, Allen L.
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author-email: alr@andrew.cmu.edu
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author_list:
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- family: Mayfield
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given: Erin N.
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- family: Cohon
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given: Jared L.
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- family: Muller
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given: Nicholas Z.
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- family: Azevedo
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given: Ines M. L.
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- family: Robinson
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given: Allen L.
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab59cd
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files: []
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issn: 1748-9326
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journal: ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
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keywords: 'energy systems; natural gas; equity; air quality; climate change; labor
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markets'
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keywords-plus: 'FOSSIL-FUEL; MARCELLUS; JUSTICE; IMPACTS; EMPLOYMENT; EMISSIONS; INCOME;
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RISKS'
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language: English
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month: DEC
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number: '12'
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number-of-cited-references: '39'
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orcid-numbers: 'Robinson, Allen L/0000-0002-1819-083X
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Azevedo, José Manuel Neto/0000-0003-2573-1371
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Azevedo, Ines/0000-0002-4755-8656
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Muller, Nicholas/0000-0003-1712-6526
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Mayfield, Erin/0000-0001-9843-8905'
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papis_id: 7103e8304d2d393639495496910fe3da
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ref: Mayfield2019quantifyingsocial
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researcherid-numbers: 'Azevedo, Inês/HNQ-6690-2023
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Robinson, Allen L/M-3046-2014
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Azevedo, José Manuel Neto/C-1504-2010
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'
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times-cited: '8'
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title: 'Quantifying the social equity state of an energy system: environmental and
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labor market equity of the shale gas boom in Appalachia'
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type: Article
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unique-id: WOS:000514833200047
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usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
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usage-count-since-2013: '18'
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volume: '14'
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web-of-science-categories: Environmental Sciences; Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences
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year: '2019'
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