feat(script): Add structural findings table

Added main findings for structural policies. Moved environmentally-focused
infrastructure projects into structural (infrastructure) policies since
they are not in fact institutional policies.

02-data/supplementary/findings-institutional.csv

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ collective bargaining,evidence for decreased income inequality with strong union
 ,marginal evidence for increased income/representation of women/minorities in workforce/management,internal heterogeneity due to predominantly affecting median part of wage distribution,Ferguson2015;Ahumada2023
 ,,self-selection of people joining more unionised enterprises/organisations/sectors
 ,,"depending on targeting of concurrent policies can bestow more benefits on men, increasing horizontal inequalities"
-protective environmental policies,evidence for decrease in spatial inequality,increased employment probability through large-scale rural energy projects,Kuriyama2021
-,mixed evidence for increase of existing inequalities,elite policy capture can exacerbate existing social exclusion & disadvantages,Kuriyama2021;Stock2021
 workfare programmes,evidence for decrease of vertical inequality,,Whitworth2021;Li2022
 ,evidence for possibility of increased spatial inequalities,bad targeting increases deprivations for already job-deprived areas,Whitworth2021
 ,evidence for effective outcomes dependent on on prior material equalities,prior inequalities such as land ownership can lead to political capture and less effective policies,Li2022

02-data/supplementary/findings-structural.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+area of policy,findings,channels,studies
+trade liberalisation,evidence for slightly negative effects on income equality,highly dependent on targeting/micro-economic factors,Xu2021;Khan2021;Liyanaarachchi2016;Rendall2013
+,,increase in sectorial wage differences
+,,growing income gap if transfers to low-income households do not rise with liberalisation 
+,evidence for reduction of absolute poverty,,Rendall2013;Liyanaarachchi2016
+,mixed evidence for effect of FDI on long-term income equality,requires incentive structure to directly connect local business with outside economies,Adams2015;Xu2021
+,,correctly targeted FDI can generate low-skill agricultural employment
+fiscal policies,evidence for wage/firm subsidies increasing income equality,effective targeting crucial to reach disadvantaged sectors,Wang2020;Go2010;Rendall2013
+,,wage subsidy increases formal employment but can lead to wage compression,Go2010;Cieplinski2021
+,evidence for wage/firm subsidies to reduce absolute poverty,lifting of credit constraints through income gains,Go2010
+technological change,evidence for legal contraceptive access increasing gender income equality,"educational attainment, occupational upgrading and later labour market exit",Bailey2012
+infrastructure,evidence for increase in spatial equality,increased employment probability through large-scale rural energy projects,Kuriyama2021
+,mixed evidence for increase of existing inequalities,elite policy capture can exacerbate existing social exclusion & disadvantages,Kuriyama2021;Stock2021
+,mixed evidence for transport infrastructure effects on income inequality,deficit-/tariff-financing can exacerbate spatia inequality,Blumenberg2014;Adam2018
+,,transit-rich area creation alone not enough for employment gains
+access to education,evidence for increasing income equality,human capital building,Adams2015;Bailey2012;Pi2016;Suh2017
+,,occupational upgrading and increased probability for formal employment
+,evidence for increasing gender and spatial income equality ,gendered occupational upgrading can decrease gender pay gap,Xu2021;Mukhopadhaya2003;Pi2016;Bailey2012;Suh2017
+,,education alone necessary but not sufficient condition for increased FLFP
+,,higher overall access but more inequal access can generate new inequalities
+,evidence for increased employment equality for people with disabilities,increased employment probability and hours worked,Shepherd-Banigan2021;Gates2000;Poppen2017;Thoresen2021;Rosen2014
+,,strong remaining intersectional gender inequalities require effective targeting

scoping_review.qmd

@@ -693,23 +693,6 @@ there are strict policies on payments if a contract ends before the maternity le
 Additionally, most policies require long-term continuous service before qualifying for enhanced payments in the maternity policies.
 There is high internal heterogeneity between the universities, primarily due to the diverging maternity policy documents, only a small number of the overall dataset providing favourable conditions for fixed-term work within.
 
-### Protective environmental policies
-
-@Kuriyama2021 look at the effects of Japan's move to decarbonise its energy sector on employment, especially rural employment.
-It finds that, while employment in general is positively affected, especially rural sectors benefit from additional employment probability.
-This is due to the renewable energy sector, while able to utilise urban areas for smaller scale power generation, being largely attached to rural areas for larger scale projects such as geothermal, wind power or large-scale solar generation.
-The study also suggests some possible inequality being created in between the different regions of Japan due to the Hokkaido region having limited transmission line capacity and locational imbalance between demand and potential supplies.
-Limitations include its design as a projection model with multiple having to make strong assumptions about initial employment numbers and their extrapolation into the future,
-as well as having to assume the amount of generated power to increase as a stable square function.
-
-In an observational study looking at the inclusive or exclusionary effects of infrastructure development, @Stock2021 analyses the 'gender inclusive' development of a solar park in India which specifically aims to work towards micro-scale equality through regional uplifting.
-The project included a training and temporary employment to local unskilled/semi-skilled labour.
-It finds that the development instead impacted equality negatively, creating socio-economic exclusion and disproportionately negatively affected women of lower castes.
-While acquiring basic additional skills, none of the women participating in training remained connected to the operators of the solar park and none were hired.
-An insignificant amount of women from local villages were working at the solar park, of which most belonged to the dominant caste, and the redistributive potential was stymied through capture by village female elites.
-The author suggests this is an example of institutional design neglecting individual agency and structural power relations, especially intersectional inequalities between gender and caste.
-The study is limited in explanatory power through its observational design, not being able to make causal inferences.
-
 ### Minimum wage laws
 
 @Chao2022, in a study looking at the effects of minimum wage increases on a country's income inequality, analyse the impacts in a sample of 43 countries, both LMIC and HIC.
@@ -872,6 +855,27 @@ One limitation of the study is the modelling assumption that workers will have t
 
 ## Structural
 
+{{< portrait >}}
+
+::: {#tbl-findings-structural}
+
+```{python}
+from src.model import strength_of_findings as findings
+
+findings_structural = pd.read_csv("02-data/supplementary/findings-structural.csv")
+fd_df = findings.add_validities(findings_structural, by_intervention)
+
+md(tabulate(fd_df[["area of policy",  "internal_validity", "external_validity", "findings", "channels"]].fillna(""), showindex=False, headers="keys", tablefmt="grid"))
+```
+
+Note: Each main finding is presented with an internal strength of evidence and an external strength of evidence which describe the combined validities of the evidence base for the respective finding. Validities are binned to a weak (-) evidence base up to a validity rank of 2.9, evidential (+) between 3.0 and 5.9 and strong evidence base (++) above 6.0.
+
+Summary of main findings for structural policies
+
+:::
+
+{{< landscape >}}
+
 ### Fiscal growth and trade liberalisation
 
 Complementing their research on institutional labour regulation,
@@ -952,7 +956,22 @@ Additionally, the study can not control for social multiplier effects such as em
 
 <!-- ### Informal Economy -->
 
-### Transport infrastructure
+### Infrastructure
+
+@Kuriyama2021 look at the effects of Japan's move to decarbonise its energy sector on employment, especially rural employment.
+It finds that, while employment in general is positively affected, especially rural sectors benefit from additional employment probability.
+This is due to the renewable energy sector, while able to utilise urban areas for smaller scale power generation, being largely attached to rural areas for larger scale projects such as geothermal, wind power or large-scale solar generation.
+The study also suggests some possible inequality being created in between the different regions of Japan due to the Hokkaido region having limited transmission line capacity and locational imbalance between demand and potential supplies.
+Limitations include its design as a projection model with multiple having to make strong assumptions about initial employment numbers and their extrapolation into the future,
+as well as having to assume the amount of generated power to increase as a stable square function.
+
+In an observational study looking at the inclusive or exclusionary effects of infrastructure development, @Stock2021 analyses the 'gender inclusive' development of a solar park in India which specifically aims to work towards micro-scale equality through regional uplifting.
+The project included a training and temporary employment to local unskilled/semi-skilled labour.
+It finds that the development instead impacted equality negatively, creating socio-economic exclusion and disproportionately negatively affected women of lower castes.
+While acquiring basic additional skills, none of the women participating in training remained connected to the operators of the solar park and none were hired.
+An insignificant amount of women from local villages were working at the solar park, of which most belonged to the dominant caste, and the redistributive potential was stymied through capture by village female elites.
+The author suggests this is an example of institutional design neglecting individual agency and structural power relations, especially intersectional inequalities between gender and caste.
+The study is limited in explanatory power through its observational design, not being able to make causal inferences.
 
 <!-- explicitly spatial policies -->
 @Blumenberg2014 look at the effects of a housing mobility intervention in the United States on employment for disadvantaged households,