feat(data): Extract 3 more preliminary studies

02-data/processed/prelim/Coutinho2006.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+author: Coutinho, M. J., Oswald, D. P., & Best, A. M. 
+year: 2006
+title: "Differences in Outcomes for Female and Male Students in Special Education"
+publisher: Career Development for Exceptional Individuals
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1177/08857288060290010401
+pubtype: article
+discipline: education
+
+country: United States
+period: 1972-1994
+maxlength: 72
+targeting: implicit
+group: young women with disabilities
+data: National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS-88)
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method:
+sample: 13391
+unit: individual
+representativeness: national
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: sample does not include students with more severe impairments due to requirement of self-reporting; selection based on parent-reporting may introduce bias
+observation:
+  - intervention: education (special needs)
+    institutional: 0
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: disability; gender; income
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: female employment ratio, female income ratio
+    findings: females with disabilities less likely to be employed, and earned less than males with disability; females less likely to obtain high school diploma; more likely to be biological parent
+    channels: men employed more months, more hours per week than women; largest income difference in special education and low achievers
+    direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: more men than women in skilled/technical positions across all groups
+annotation: |
+  A study on the impact difference of special education between young men and women on their relative employment probabilities and incomes.
+  It finds that, overall, young women with disabilities were significantly less likely to be employed, earned less than males with disabilities, had lower likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma and were more likely to be a biological parent.
+  For the employment outcomes, the primary channels identified were men with disabilities being in employment both more months in the preceding period and more hours per week on average than women with disabilities.
+  Overall, more women were employed in clerical positions and substantially more men employed in technical or skilled positions for both special education and the control samples.
+  Similarly, for income there was a gender-based difference for the whole sample, though with substantial internal heterogeneity showing only marginal differences between men and women in the high-achieving subsample and the largest differences in the low-achieving and special needs subsample.
+  The suggestions include a strengthening of personal agency to remain in education longer and delay having children through self-advocacy and -determination transition services for young women to supplement structural education efforts. 
+  Some limitations include initial subsample selection based on parent-reporting possibly introducing selection bias and the special education sample not including students with more severe impairments due to the requirement of self-reporting.

02-data/processed/prelim/Mukhopadhaya2003.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+author: Mukhopadhaya, P. 
+year: 2003
+title: "Trends in income disparity and equality enhancing (?) education policies in the development stages of Singapore"
+publisher: International Journal of Educational Development
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(01)00051-7
+pubtype: article
+discipline: education
+
+country: Singapore
+period:
+maxlength:
+targeting:
+group:
+data:
+
+design:
+method:
+sample:
+unit:
+representativeness:
+causal: # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: higher education institutional context may make generalizability outside Singapore harder
+observation:
+  - intervention: education
+    institutional: 0
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: migration; generational; income
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: Gini coeff; Theil index; relative mean income
+    findings: non-uniform representation of academic abilities across parental education backgrounds; education interventions may exacerbate income inequality through bad targeting
+    channels: primary income inequality for migrants through between-occupational inequality; advantaged income brackets also advantaged in educative achievement brackets; system of financing higher education in Singapore further disadvantages poorer households
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: only contains labour market ancillary outcomes but strong arguments for generational inequalities
+annotation: |
+  A study on the income inequality in Singapore and how national education policies impact this inequality, looking especially at the 'Yearly Awards' scheme and the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools'.
+  It finds that, generally, income inequality for migrants in Singapore is relatively high, primarily due to generated between-occupational income inequalities and migration policies which further stimulate occupational segregation.
+  Then, for the higher-education interventions, it identifies issues which may exacerbate the existing inequalities along these lines:
+  Already-advantaged (high-income) households generally stem from non-migration households and are also reflected in higher representation of high-achievement education brackets.
+  The education policies thus may exacerbate income inequality through their bad targeting when considering inter-generational academic achievements with high-education households remaining the primary beneficiaries of the policies, a finding which is more significant for the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools' than the 'Yearly Awards' scheme which has fewer benefit accruals to wealthier households.
+  More generally, the study suggests that the system of financing for higher education in Singapore aiming for providing equal education opportunity for all, may in fact further disadvantage poorer, low-income households that have a low-education parental background.

02-data/processed/prelim/Shin2006.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+author: Shin, J., & Moon, S.
+year: 2006
+title: "Fertility, relative wages, and labor market decisions: A case of female teachers"
+publisher: Economics of Education Review
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.06.004
+pubtype: article
+discipline: economics
+
+country: United States
+period: 1968-1988
+maxlength:
+targeting: implicit
+group: female teachers
+data: National Longitudinal Survey of the Young Women
+
+design:
+method:
+sample: 2712
+unit: individual
+representativeness:
+causal: # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: looks at strictly female sample, can not account for changes relative to men
+observation:
+  - intervention: education; regulation (relative wage-setting)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: employment (FLFP rate)
+    findings: higher relative wages significantly increase FLFP for female teachers; presence of new-born baby significantly decreases FLFP, significantly more than non-teachers; does not have effect on teacher/non-teacher selection
+    channels: most relevant determinant for FLFP as teacher is college major in education; education level significant determinant; higher baby-exit effect may be due to relatively temporary lower wage loss for teachers
+    direction: # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes:
+annotation: |
+  A study on the effects of providing relatively higher wages for teachers, as well as fertility differences, on labour market participation of young female teachers.
+  It finds that providing relatively higher wages for teaching professions as compared to non-teaching professions significantly increases female labour force participation for teachers, though the strongest determinant for it is possessing a college major in education, with overall education level being another determinant.
+  The study also looks at the effects of the presence of a new-born baby and finds that it significantly decreases female labour force participation and is almost twice as large for women in the teaching profession as compared to non-teaching jobs, though it does not have an effect on the choice of job between teaching or non-teaching.
+  The authors suggest this relatively higher exit from the labour market for women with new-born babies in teaching professions may once again be due to low wages: teachers leaving the labour market experience relatively lower temporary wage losses than in other professions, decreasing the exit-cost.
+  A limitation of the study is its restricted focus on strictly female underlying panel data which does not allow for comparisons between genders within or across professions.

scoping_review.qmd

@@ -824,6 +824,12 @@ A limit is the strong institutional context of the two countries which makes gen
 
 ## Structural
 
+@Shin2006 look at the effects of providing relatively higher wages for teachers, as well as fertility differences, on labour market participation of young female teachers.
+They find that providing relatively higher wages for teaching professions as compared to non-teaching professions significantly increases female labour force participation for teachers, though the strongest determinant for it is possessing a college major in education, with overall education level being another determinant.
+The study also looks at the effects of the presence of a new-born baby and finds that it significantly decreases female labour force participation and is almost twice as large for women in the teaching profession as compared to non-teaching jobs, though it does not have an effect on the choice of job between teaching or non-teaching.
+The authors suggest this relatively higher exit from the labour market for women with new-born babies in teaching professions may once again be due to low wages: teachers leaving the labour market experience relatively lower temporary wage losses than in other professions, decreasing the exit-cost.
+A limitation of the study is its restricted focus on strictly female underlying panel data which does not allow for comparisons between genders within or across professions.
+
 ### Trade liberalization
 
 @Adams2015 study the effects of labour, business and credit regulations, FDI and school enrolment looks at their long-term correlations to income inequality in developing countries from 1970 to 2012.
@@ -893,6 +899,21 @@ It finds that educational interventions significantly increase the employment pr
 However, education alone is only a necessary not a sufficient condition for increased employment, with a married woman's family size and family structure having an impact as well.
 Finally, education also has an intergenerational impact, with the female education also positively relating to daughters' education levels.
 
+@Coutinho2006 study the impacts of special education between young men and women on their relative employment probabilities and incomes.
+It finds that, overall, young women with disabilities were significantly less likely to be employed, earned less than males with disabilities, had lower likelihood of obtaining a high school diploma and were more likely to be a biological parent.
+For the employment outcomes, the primary channels identified were men with disabilities being in employment both more months in the preceding period and more hours per week on average than women with disabilities.
+Overall, more women were employed in clerical positions and substantially more men employed in technical or skilled positions for both special education and the control samples.
+Similarly, for income there was a gender-based difference for the whole sample, though with substantial internal heterogeneity showing only marginal differences between men and women in the high-achieving subsample and the largest differences in the low-achieving and special needs subsample.
+The suggestions include a strengthening of personal agency to remain in education longer and delay having children through self-advocacy and -determination transition services for young women to supplement structural education efforts.
+Some limitations include initial subsample selection based on parent-reporting possibly introducing selection bias and the special education sample not including students with more severe impairments due to the requirement of self-reporting.
+
+@Mukhopadhaya2003 looks at the income inequality in Singapore and how national education policies impact this inequality, focusing especially on the 'Yearly Awards' scheme and the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools'.
+It finds that, generally, income inequality for migrants in Singapore is relatively high, primarily due to generated between-occupational income inequalities and migration policies which further stimulate occupational segregation.
+Then, for the higher-education interventions, it identifies issues which may exacerbate the existing inequalities along these lines:
+Already-advantaged (high-income) households generally stem from non-migration households and are also reflected in higher representation of high-achievement education brackets.
+The education policies thus may exacerbate income inequality through their bad targeting when considering inter-generational academic achievements with high-education households remaining the primary beneficiaries of the policies, a finding which is more significant for the 'Edusave Entrance Scholarship for Independent Schools' than the 'Yearly Awards' scheme which has fewer benefit accruals to wealthier households.
+More generally, the study suggests that the system of financing for higher education in Singapore aiming for providing equal education opportunity for all, may in fact further disadvantage poorer, low-income households that have a low-education parental background.
+
 ### Infrastructural change
 
 #### Climate change adaption