feat(data): Add Dustmann2012 study

02-data/processed/relevant/Dustmann2012.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+author: Dustmann, C., & Schönberg, U. 
+year: 2012
+title: Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children’s Long-Term Outcomes
+publisher: "Economic journal: applied economics"
+uri: https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.3.190
+pubtype: article
+discipline: economics
+
+country: Germany
+period: 1979-1992
+maxlength: 40
+targeting: explicit
+group: working mothers
+data: national administrative Social Security Records (1975-2008)
+
+design: quasi-experimental
+method: difference-in-difference analysis
+sample: 13000
+unit: individual
+representativeness: national
+causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
+
+theory:
+limitations: sample restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave; restricted control group identification
+observation:
+  - intervention: paid leave (6 months childcare)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: income
+    findings: sign. positive effects among all wage segments for mothers cumulative income 40 months after childbirth
+    channels: provision of job protection and short-term monetary benefits
+    direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+  - intervention: paid leave (36 months childcare)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: income
+    findings: marginally sign. negative effect for low-wage mothers after 10month paid leave; significant negative effects among for all mothers cumulative income for 36 month paid leave
+    channels: long-term extension is unpaid leave, only providing job protection
+    direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+  - intervention: paid leave (childcare)
+    institutional: 1
+    structural: 1
+    agency: 0
+    inequality: gender
+    type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
+    indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
+    measures: employment (rtw share)
+    findings: sign. increase in months away from work among all wage segments, positively correlated with length of paid leave; majority rtw after leave end, with slight decrease for 18-36month leave period
+    channels: 
+    direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
+    significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
+
+notes: no sign. impact on child outcomes; possible negative effect for long-term leave due to child requiring external stimuli and lowered mother's income
+annotation: |
+  A study interested in the long-run effects on children's outcomes of increasing the period of paid leave for mothers in Germany.
+  While the study focuses on the children's outcomes, it also analyses the effects on the return to work rates and cumulative incomes of the policies within the first 40 months after childbirth.
+  It finds that, while short-term increases of paid leave periods (up to 6 months) significantly increased incomes, over longer periods (10-36 months) the cumulative incomes in fact decreased significantly,
+  marginally for low-wage mothers for 10 month periods, and across all wage segments for 36 month periods.
+  For the share of mothers returning to work, it finds that there is a significant increase in the months away from work among all wage segments for all paid leave period increases, positively correlated with their length.
+  Still similar numbers of mothers return once the leave period ends, though with significant decreases for leave periods from 18 to 36 months.
+  For its analysis of long-term educational outcomes on children, however, it does not find any evidence for the expansions improving children's outcomes, even suggesting a possible decrease of educational attainment for the paid leave extension to 36 months.
+  Some limitations of the study include its sample being restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave and some control group identification restrictions possibly introducing some sampling bias.

scoping_review.qmd

@@ -700,6 +700,17 @@ though the authors do not form an inference on why this difference would be.
 A limitation of the study is that there was a simultaneous child care capacity increase in the country,
 which may bias the labour market results due to being affected by both the cost reduction and the capacity increase.
 
+@Dustmann2012 analyse the long-run effects on children's outcomes of increasing the period of paid leave for mothers in Germany.
+While the study focuses on the children's outcomes, it also analyses the effects on the return to work rates and cumulative incomes of the policies within the first 40 months after childbirth.
+It finds that, while short-term increases of paid leave periods (up to 6 months) significantly increased incomes, over longer periods (10-36 months) the cumulative incomes in fact decreased significantly,
+marginally for low-wage mothers for 10 month periods, and across all wage segments for 36 month periods.
+For the share of mothers returning to work, it finds that there is a significant increase in the months away from work among all wage segments for all paid leave period increases, positively correlated with their length.
+Still similar numbers of mothers return once the leave period ends, though with significant decreases for leave periods from 18 to 36 months.
+For its analysis of long-term educational outcomes on children, however, it does not find any evidence for the expansions improving children's outcomes, even suggesting a possible decrease of educational attainment for the paid leave extension to 36 months.[^dustmann-childoutcomes]
+Some limitations of the study include its sample being restricted to mothers who go on maternity leave and some control group identification restrictions possibly introducing some sampling bias.
+
+[^dustmann-childoutcomes]: The authors suggest that the negative effect for children under the long-term paid leave program of 36 months may stem from the fact that children require more external stimuli (aside from the mother) before this period ends, as well as the negative long-term effects of the mother's significantly reduced income for the long-term leave periods.
+
 @Davies2022 conduct a study on the return to work ratios for high-skill women workers in public academic universities in the United Kingdom, comparing the results for those in fixed-term contract work versus those in open-ended contracts.
 It finds that there is a significantly decreased return to work probability for those working under fixed-term contracts, and most universities providing policies with more limited access to maternity payment for fixed-contract staff.
 This is possibly due to provisions in the policies implicitly working against utilization under fixed-terms: