!fix(data): Fix measures collected
Fixed the measures and directions collected to use Gini, Atkinson, .. measures or absolute employment, poverty, etc.
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@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
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usage-count-last-180-days = {0},
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usage-count-since-2013 = {12},
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web-of-science-categories = {Economics},
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keywords = {done::extracted,inequality::income,relevant,type::regulation},
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keywords = {direction::vertical,done::extracted,inequality::income,relevant,type::regulation},
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file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QR2I7K2X/Adams_Atsu_2015_Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries.pdf}
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}
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@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ observation:
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agency: 0
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inequality: spatial; income
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income; consumption
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: real consumption wage differences
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findings: results depend on financing scheme, each financing scheme entails some households being worse off; rural households worse off when infrastructure is deficit-financed or paid through tariff revenue; rural households benefit most when financed through consumption taxes or by external aid
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channels: movement of rural workers out of quasi-subsistence agriculture to other locations and sectors
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direction: 1 # 0 neg / 1 pos
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direction: -1
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes: there can be spatial differences to how connected regions within a country are to markets purely due to transport costs
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@ -23,30 +23,42 @@ causal: 0 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
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theory:
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limitations: macro-level observations subsumed under region-level scale only
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observation:
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- intervention: regulation
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- intervention: trade liberalization (FDI)
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institutional: 1
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structural: 0
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agency: 0
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inequality: income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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findings: labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related
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channels: wrong targeting incentive structure for FDI
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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- intervention: regulation (labour)
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institutional: 1
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structural: 0
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agency: 0
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inequality: income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: labour regulations and business regulations negatively related to equitable income distribution while credit market regulation has no effect in income distribution; FDI unlikely to generate equity-oriented welfare effects; trade openness not significantly related
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channels: regulatory policies often lack institutional capability to optimize for benefits; policies require specific targeting of inequality reduction
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direction: 0 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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- intervention: school enrolment
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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- intervention: education (school enrolment)
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institutional: 1
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structural: 0
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agency: 0
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inequality: income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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findings: school enrolment positively related to income distribution
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channels:
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direction: 0 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: school enrolment positively related to equitable income distribution
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channels: capacity-building for public administration practitioners; more context-adapted policies generated
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direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes: LM regulations defined as hiring/firing, minimum wage, severance pay; business reg. bureaucracy costs, business starting costs, licensing and compliance costs; credit market oversight of banks, private sector credit, interest rate controls
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annotation: |
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@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ observation:
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structural: 0
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agency: 1
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inequality: gender; income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: savings; decision-making
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findings: increase in household decision-making; increase in economic security; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: empowerment index (personal savings; personal income; asset ownership)
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findings: increase in household decision-making for women; increase in economic security for women; constrained by inability for individuals to obtain loans
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channels: individual access to finance; collective agency increase through meetings and training
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes:
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annotation: |
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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ observation:
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inequality: income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income; poverty
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findings: small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents in employment but insignificant for sole parents overall
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measures: Atkinson index
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findings: small impact on inequality of income signals bad programme targeting; significant reduction in poverty measures for sole parents already in employment only, but insignificant for sole parents overall
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channels: many low-wage earners are secondary earners in higher income households; low-wage households often have no wage earners at all
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 0 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes:
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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ representativeness: national
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causal: 1 # 0 correlation / 1 causal
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theory:
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limitations: low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital)
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limitations: low levels of explanatory power for individual model outcomes, esp for disadvantaged population groups; possible endogeneity bias through unobserved factors (e.g. human capital); binary distinction automobile access, not graduated
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observation:
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- intervention: subsidy (housing mobility)
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institutional: 0
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@ -30,11 +30,23 @@ observation:
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inequality: spatial; gender
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment
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findings: no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for car ownership; increased employment probability for high transit areas, not increased job gain for moving to high transit area
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measures: employment rate
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findings: no relationship between subsidy and employment outcomes; increased employment probability for people living in high transit areas, but no increased job gain for moving to high transit area itself
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channels: high transit area employment paradox may be due to inherent difficulty of connecting household to opportunity in dispersed labor market just via access to transit
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direction: 0 # 0 = no relationship no direction
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significance: 0 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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- intervention: transport infrastructure (car ownership)
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institutional: 0
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structural: 1
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agency: 0
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inequality: spatial; gender
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment rate
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findings: increased employment probability for car ownership
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channels: better transport mobility to access wider job opportunity network
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direction: 1 # 0 = no relationship no direction
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes: 98% of sample is female
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annotation: |
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inequality: gender; income
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: rtw
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measures: employment (rtw)
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findings: short-term (<6months) decrease of rtw; long-term (>6-9months) significant positive impact on returning to work in same job under same conditions; greatest response from disadvantaged mothers
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channels: supplants previous employer-funded leave which often did not exist for disadvantaged mothers; reduction in opportunity cost of delaying rtw
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direction: 1 # 0 neg / 1 pos
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ group: formal workers
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data: WB Doing Business Survey, WDI, ILOSTAT
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design: quasi-experimental
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method: dual economy general-equilibrium model; Gini coefficient
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method: dual economy general-equilibrium model
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sample: 43
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unit: country
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representativeness: national
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@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ observation:
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agency: 0
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inequality: income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: short-term reduction of skilled-unskilled wage gap but increased unemployment, decreased welfare; long-term increased wage equality and improved social welfare
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channels: firm exit from urban manufacturing increases capital to rural agricultural sector
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direction: 1
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direction: -1
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes:
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@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ observation:
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agency: 0
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inequality: gender
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment probability; hours worked
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment probability difference
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findings: subsidy increased employment probability (8.5ppts) for poor married mothers
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channels: increased ability to work through lower childcare burden
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direction: 1
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ group: poor
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data: national administrative survey Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2008
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design: simulation
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method: general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model; using Gini coefficient
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method: general equilibrium model, microeconometric simulation model
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sample: 30000
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unit: household
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representativeness: national
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@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ observation:
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inequality: income; generational
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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findings: raises average income of poorest households by 23%
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: raises average income of poorest households by 23%; increasing skills decreases inequality
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channels: cash influx; positive wage effect benefitting those who keep their children at work; direct benefit for human capital increase (school attendance), indirect benefit for increased scarcity of unskilled labor
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direction: 1
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direction: -1
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significance: 2
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notes: study attempts to explictly account for spillover effects
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agency: 0
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inequality: spatial; education
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: education
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findings: improved overall rural education; education inequalities persist along gender, geographical, income lines
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channels: villagization effect, increased education access
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inequality: spatial; education; gender
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: consumption; employment
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measures: consumption
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findings: sg increase for formal wage and agricultural work for women; sg increase in non-agricultural wage work for men; returns to education lower in agriculture than other self-employment/wage work
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channels: sector choice changes, increased individual productivity
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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inequality: income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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measures: poverty
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findings: level of payments may have been too small to eliminate long-term adverse effects of market transition; in each country case state transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were at least short-term beneficial; poverty most feminized in Hungary, least feminized in Bulgaria
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channels: poverty may have feminized as market transitions progressed; larger positive transfer effects for low-education households
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes: increased probability for poverty of low-education, large, Roma households
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theory:
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limitations:
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observation:
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- intervention: workplace accommodation
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- intervention: counseling (workplace accommodation)
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institutional: 0
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structural: 1
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agency: 1
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inequality: disability
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: rtw
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measures: employment (rtw)
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findings: successful accommodation requires social component; relationship largest barrier; agency of returnee must be strengthened
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channels: unsuccessful accommodations rely on the functional aspect; supervisors play primary role in success of accommodation process
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ group: rural workers
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data: national administrative panel survey British Household Panel Survey (BHPS)
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design: observational
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method: observational methods with counterfactual approach; Gini coefficient used for income inequality
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method: observational methods with counterfactual approach
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sample: 5500
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unit: households
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representativeness: subnational, rural
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inequality: spatial; income
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type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: overall insignificant decrease of income inequality; policy will have spatial dimension with rural households more affected; larger positive impact for remote rural households
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channels: rural component depends on proximity to urban areas through having access to urban markets
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 0 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes:
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annotation: |
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agency: 0
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inequality: gender; education; migration
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment probability
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment; hours worked
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findings: child care price reduction increased female labour supply (about 5pct); no impact on mothers already participating in labour market; stronger impact on low-education mothers, low-income households; no significant impact on immigrant mothers
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channels: day care expenditure larger part of low-income/-education households creating larger impact; may also be due to average lower employment rates for those households
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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agency: 1
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inequality: gender; generational; income
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment; human capital
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment
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findings: free childcare significantly increases work participation of mothers (14ppts); increases human capital of children
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channels: subsidy removes associated childcare costs (fewer childcare hours)
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direction: 1 # 0 neg / 1 pos
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inequality: spatial
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: employment probability
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measures: employment
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findings: power sector decarbonisation positively impacts rural workers through increased employment probability
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channels: attachment of larger-scale renewable energy to rural sectors increases employment scarcity
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes: highest impact in construction and manufacturing sector, long-term large impact in power sector, stable impacts throughout in service sectors and others
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annotation: |
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theory:
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limitations: can not locate active ingredient
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observation:
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- intervention: training (benefits counseling)
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- intervention: counseling (benefits counseling)
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institutional: 0
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structural: 0
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agency: 1
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inequality: disability
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: rtw; hours worked
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indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: hours worked (rtw)
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findings: counseling had significant increas on more waged days worked; on average 3 additional days worked in 28 days preceding measurement
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channels: not clear, neither belief about work, benefits, nor mental health/substance abuse service use increased significantly
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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inequality: age; disability
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: rtw
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measures: employment (rtw)
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findings: vocational and educational services help strengthen individual agency and motivation; potential disability payment loss may impede skills development efforts
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channels: primary barriers health problems, programmes not accomodating disabled veteran student needs; primary facilitator financial assistance for education and individual motivation
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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data: national administrative survey 'Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicılio' (PNAD)
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design: quasi-experimental
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method: beta convergence test; using Gini coefficient
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method: beta convergence test
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sample: 27
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unit: region
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representativeness: national
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inequality: spatial; income
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type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
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indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
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measures: income
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measures: Gini coeff
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findings: incomes have converged between regions after introduction of cash transfer and minimum wage with both accounting for 26.2% of effect; minimum wage contributed 16.6% to overall Gini reduction, transfers 9.6%
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channels: quasi-regional effects through predominant transfers to poorer regions
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direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 1 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
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significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
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notes:
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annotation: |
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causal: 1
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theory:
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limitations: suvey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving
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limitations: survey data limited to per dwelling, can not account for inhabitants moving
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observation:
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- intervention: minimum wage
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institutional: 1
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structural: 0
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agency: 0
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inequality: income
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type: 0
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indicator: 0
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measures: poverty
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findings: within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%
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channels:
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direction: -1
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significance: 2
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- intervention: minimum wage
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institutional: 1
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structural: 0
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inequality: income
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type: 0
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indicator: 1
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measures: poverty; income
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findings: within three months of minimum wage increases poverty declined by 2.8%, inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings
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measures: Gini coeff
|
||||
findings: inequality declined by 2.4%; decreasing impact over time; diminishing returns when minimum is high relative to median earnings
|
||||
channels: unemployment costs (job losses) overwhelmed by benefits (higher wages); but inelastic relationship of increase and changes in poverty
|
||||
direction: 1
|
||||
direction: -1
|
||||
significance: 2
|
||||
|
||||
notes:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ observation:
|
|||
agency: 0
|
||||
inequality: gender; class; spatial
|
||||
type: 1 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
|
||||
indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
|
||||
measures: employment; empowerment
|
||||
indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
|
||||
measures: employment
|
||||
findings: insignificant increased employment probability; advantaged women predominantly belong to dominant castes
|
||||
channels: project capture by village female elites; women of disadvantaged castes further excluded from training and work opportunities
|
||||
direction: 1 # 0 neg / 1 pos
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ group: wage workers
|
|||
data: national employment survey (ENEMDU)
|
||||
|
||||
design: quasi-experimental
|
||||
method: difference-in-difference approach; relies on GINI coeff for inequality
|
||||
method: difference-in-difference approach
|
||||
sample: 1_624_422
|
||||
unit: individual
|
||||
representativeness: national
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ observation:
|
|||
inequality: income
|
||||
type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
|
||||
indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
|
||||
measures: income
|
||||
findings: significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners
|
||||
measures: Gini coeff
|
||||
findings: decreased income inequality through significant increase on income of low-wage earners; larger effect for agricultural workers, smaller for women; potentially negative impact on income of high-earners
|
||||
channels: income-compression effect
|
||||
direction: 1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
|
||||
direction: -1 # -1 neg / 0 none / 1 pos
|
||||
significance: 2 # 0 nsg / 1 msg / 2 sg
|
||||
- intervention: minimum wage
|
||||
institutional: 1
|
||||
|
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ observation:
|
|||
agency: 0
|
||||
inequality: income
|
||||
type: 0 # 0 vertical / 1 horizontal
|
||||
indicator: 1 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
|
||||
indicator: 0 # 0 absolute / 1 relative
|
||||
measures: hours worked
|
||||
findings: significant effect on hours worked; no significant spillover effect on workers in control group; significant negative impact on female hours worked
|
||||
channels: possibly decreased intensive margin for female workers; affecting lower income increase of women
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
|
|||
usage-count-last-180-days = {0},
|
||||
usage-count-since-2013 = {12},
|
||||
web-of-science-categories = {Economics},
|
||||
keywords = {done::extracted,inequality::income,relevant,type::regulation},
|
||||
keywords = {direction::vertical,done::extracted,inequality::income,relevant,type::regulation},
|
||||
file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QR2I7K2X/Adams_Atsu_2015_Assessing the distributional effects of regulation in developing countries.pdf}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue