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@report{Adhvaryu2018,
ids = {Adhvaryu2018a},
title = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}: {{Returns}} to {{On-the-job Soft Skills Training}}},
shorttitle = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}},
author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Kala, Namrata and Nyshadham, Anant},
date = {2018-02},
number = {24313},
institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
doi = {10.3386/w24313},
abstract = {We evaluate the causal impacts of on-the-job soft skills training on the productivity, wages, and retention of female garment workers in India. The program increased women’s extraversion and communication, and spurred technical skill upgrading. Treated workers were 20 percent more productive than controls post-program. Wages rise very modestly with treatment (by 0.5 percent), with no differential turnover, suggesting that although soft skills raise workers’ marginal products, labor market frictions are large enough to create a substantial wedge between productivity and wages. Consistent with this, the net return to the firm was large: 258 percent eight months after program completion.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial on the benefits of an on-the-job soft skills training for female garment workers in India.\\
The study finds that there are significant increases in productivity after the training program, but those do not translate into increased earnings or job retention.\\
The productivity increases stem from soft-skill upgrading which also furthers positive increases in technical skills, and there are spillover effects for untreated workers on the same production line.\\
However, the study argues the productivity increases translate to negligible effects on earnings and job retention due to market imperfections allowing most gains to be captured by the firm instead.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Adhvaryu2018_The Skills to Pay the Bills.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VDH653HW/Adhvaryu2018_The Skills to Pay the Bills.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Ahmed2019,
ids = {WOS:000480793100007},
title = {Impacts of Vocational Training for Socio-Economic Development of Afghan Refugees in Labor Markets of Host Societies in Baluchistan},
author = {Ahmed, Aziz},
date = {2019-08},
journaltitle = {Journal of International Migration and Integration},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {751--768},
issn = {1488-3473},
doi = {10.1007/s12134-018-0627-4},
abstract = {Afghan refugees have been living for 35 years, since the start of the imposed war on Afghanistan in 1979, in host societies of Baluchistan and other parts of Pakistan. Repatriation has been started, yet no study has been conducted to explore their labor market skill acquisition for impacting their socio-economic status in the host communities. This paper examines vocational training of Afghan refugees impacting upon their socio-economics of earnings, employability, labor market-evolved perceptions about livelihood earnings, discrimination, and working aptitude in local markets of selected districts of Baluchistan. Field survey from a sample of 157 vocationally trained individuals has been conducted through a full-fledged questionnaire by using two-stage stratified sampling techniques to produce the first ever labor market data for Afghan refugees. Descriptive analysis shows cascading impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of Afghan refugees. The findings of frequency distribution highlight that vocational skills have positive impacts upon earnings, employment status, and working aptitudes. The results also show discrimination, constraints in earnings and employability, career counseling, lower educational level, and tough competition for Afghan refugees for getting socio-economic benefits in the labor markets of host communities. The findings may be helpful for giving insights to policy formulation and recommendations for Afghans' repatriation program to Afghanistan and recent waves of immigrants and refugee influx and accommodations faced by South Asian and European countries these days.},
eissn = {1874-6365},
unique-id = {WOS:000480793100007},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Pakistan,done,region::AP},
note = {A study on the impacts of vocational training for Afghan refugees living in Baluchistan, to analyze the effects on earnings and employment status.\\
Generally, it finds the outcomes of vocational training to increase the employment of the refugees, as do the earned wages for those employed.\\
Additionally, the study finds vocational training lead to an increase in start-up creation and, important for a minority population, also increased socio-economic cohesion.\\
The second stage questionnaire was undertaken after the participants had received between one and 24 months of vocational training.\\
There have been no attempts to go beyond the findings of the questionnaire answers itself in the study, so no evaluation can be made on the impacts outside of the participants self-perception and demographic status.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Ahmed2019_Impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of afghan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EFVS9CEG/Ahmed2019_Impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of afghan.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Ajefu2019,
ids = {WOS:000461483600007},
title = {Impact of Shocks on Labour and Schooling Outcomes and the Role of Public Work Programmes in Rural India},
author = {Ajefu, Joseph Boniface and Abiona, Olukorede},
date = {2019-06-03},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies},
volume = {55},
number = {6},
pages = {1140--1157},
issn = {0022-0388},
doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1464146},
abstract = {The effectiveness of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) on rural labour market dynamics in India has been widely debated in the literature. However, the impact of the NREGS on non-agricultural labour market and children schooling outcomes in reference to exogenous rainfall shock is unclear from the existing literature. This paper exploits the Indian National Sample Survey and rainfall measures from the precipitation archive of the University of Delaware to investigate the role of the NREGS in the labour market and schooling outcomes of children during shocks. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we focus on disaggregated shock specification and find a shock-cushioning pattern for the NREGS during negative shocks. However, there is an excess demand for labour during positive shock periods resulting from exposure to the NREGS. The implication is that the excess informal labour market opportunity translates to a reduction in school engagement for children. These findings summarily distinguish the role of the NREGS during positive and negative shocks respectively.},
eissn = {1743-9140},
orcid-numbers = {Ajefu, Joseph/0000-0001-6333-3708 Abiona, Olukorede/0000-0002-1696-4475},
unique-id = {WOS:000461483600007},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study using administrative data for annual rain fall statistics to evaluate the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on its participants' labor market engagement during periods of positive and negative shocks.\\
It finds that during negative shocks, NREGS provided a cushioning effect on participants' households by providing a stabilizing employment opportunity.\\
There is an increased engagement of women during positive shocks.\\
During positive shocks, however, with exposure to NREGS there was a possible reduction in educational engagement for children visible, with a decrease in school enrolment for children aged 13-16 years.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Ajefu2019_Impact of shocks on labour and schooling outcomes and the role of public work.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/STXCE29T/Ajefu2019_Impact of shocks on labour and schooling outcomes and the role of public work.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Beam2016,
ids = {Beam2016a,WOS:000373419500003},
title = {Do Job Fairs Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Impact of Job-Fair Attendance},
author = {Beam, Emily A.},
date = {2016-05},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {120},
pages = {32--40},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.004},
abstract = {I estimate the causal impact of attending a job fair on employment outcomes and labor market perceptions, using a randomized encouragement design to induce individuals in the rural Philippines to attend a nearby job fair for domestic and overseas work. Attending a job fair matters: though it does not facilitate direct matches with a job fair employer, attendance leads to a large increase in reported formal sector employment and in the likelihood of looking for any work outside the region in the months following the job fair. Several overseas recruitment agencies participated in the job fair, and attendance affects individuals' overseas labor market perceptions but does not encourage them to take steps to migrate. These results suggest that job fairs can be important tools for encouraging individuals to move to the formal sector and for conveying information about labor market prospects. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
eissn = {1872-6089},
orcid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/0000-0002-6540-9435},
researcherid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/ABC-8743-2021},
unique-id = {WOS:000373419500003},
keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::Philippines,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on a randomized control trial for vouchers to a job fair in the Philippines attempting to evaluate the impact on employment outcomes and participants' job search frequency.\\
There was a significant positive increase of formal employment after the job fair, which is, however, mostly not due to direct job matches at the fair but effects increasing the likelihood of employment medium-term after the fair.\\
The study, not having multiple treatment arms, does not make definite statements on the mechanisms of employment increase, but suggests that connection opportunities with other job seekers and information about domestic job search potentials may be the most important factors for it.\\
At the same time as there is a formal employment increase, there is a decrease in self-employment to go with it for participants of the job fair.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Beam2016_Do job fairs matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3N79UDU9/Beam2016_Do job fairs matter.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Bhanot2021,
ids = {WOS:000706989000010},
title = {Can Community Service Grants Foster Social and Economic Integration for Youth? {{A}} Randomized Trial in {{Kazakhstan}}},
author = {Bhanot, Syon P. and Crost, Benjamin and Leight, Jessica and Mvukiyehe, Eric and Yedgenov, Bauyrzhan},
date = {2021-11},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {153},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102718},
abstract = {Integrating youth into communities and labor markets is a major challenge for developing countries, and incentives for community service are an increasingly popular tool to achieve this goal. We use a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the Kazakhstan Youth Corps (KYC), a program comprising cash grants for community service projects and life skills training, on social capital for a sample of youth aged 18-29. We find little evidence that engaging youth in civic service and training has any positive effects one year post-intervention; there is no shift in attitudinal indices of social capital and no reported increase in volunteering or donations. Moreover, there is no effect of the intervention on secondary outcomes (life skills and human capital), and some evidence of a negative effect of the training-only intervention on the probability of reporting any income-earning activity.},
article-number = {102718},
eissn = {1872-6089},
orcid-numbers = {Leight, Jessica/0000-0002-1691-9682},
unique-id = {WOS:000706989000010},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Kazakhstan,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial on the outcomes of a combined conditional cash grant and life skills training program aimed at young people in Kazakhstan, analyzing the outcomes on participants' employment probability and life skill acquisition.\\
Generally, the program did not prove useful for building social capital in for beneficiaries and the study found slight possibly negative effects on labor market participation.\\
The negative employment effects may be due to a preference shift to self-employment after the intervention, after which participants may be foregoing other labor market opportunities.\\
At the same time, there is no visible increase in self-employment after the treatment, which the study suggests may be due to additional barriers hindering the switch to self-employment.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Bhanot2021_Can community service grants foster social and economic integration for youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XXVAQS9W/Bhanot2021_Can community service grants foster social and economic integration for youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Bidani2009,
title = {Evaluating Job Training in Two {{Chinese}} Cities},
author = {Bidani, Benu and Blunch, Niels-Hugo and Goh, Chor-Ching and O’Leary, Christopher},
date = {2009-02},
journaltitle = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies},
shortjournal = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {77--94},
issn = {1476-5284, 1476-5292},
doi = {10.1080/14765280802604763},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::China,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the retraining outcomes on employment and earnings of displaced workers in two Chinese cities: Wuhan and Shenyang using propensity score matching on administrative records.\\
The findings show a significant impact on employment probability in Wuhan but not in Shenyang, but a significant impact on earnings in Shenyang but not in Wuhan.\\
While outside factors (different economic baselines) are not completely excluded by the authors, they primarily suggest the content of trainings to be a channel for this dichotomous outcome.\\
Trainings in China were (\textasciitilde 2000) not very quality controlled and no concrete curricula were set resulting in widely diverging trainings in quality, relevance and design, with some being classroom only and some much more focused on practical on-the-job experiences.\\
The key takeaway is to diversify the sources of training between public, nonprofit and commercial enterprises, always with a strict focus on labor demand.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:28:26Z},
file = {Bidani2009_Evaluating job training in two Chinese cities.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P6DV9MUR/Bidani2009_Evaluating job training in two Chinese cities.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Bose2017,
ids = {WOS:000402342600017},
title = {Raising Consumption through India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme},
author = {Bose, Nayana},
date = {2017-08},
journaltitle = {World Development},
volume = {96},
pages = {245--263},
issn = {0305-750X},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.010},
abstract = {The Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is one of the world's largest public works programs aimed at reducing poverty. NREGS guarantees up to a hundred days of employment in public works to rural households that demand work under the program. This is one of the first papers to analyze the impact of NREGS on household wellbeing by focusing on household consumption using national-level data. By focusing on consumption, I am able to assess whether and how household use the program to improve their living standards. I exploit the cross-district rollout of the program to analyze the causal effect on household consumption. Using the Consumption Expenditure Survey data from the National Sample Survey Organization, I conduct a difference-in-difference analysis where the treatment group consists of households in 184 early implementation districts and the control group consists of households in 209 late implementation districts. I find that the program significantly increased household per capita consumption between 6.5\% and 10\%. For the marginalized caste group, the program increased consumption by around 12\%. Therefore, historical and ongoing, discrimination along with other barriers to entry have not prevented this group from benefiting from the program. I further assess the impact on household budget allocation by focusing on various consumption categories. I find that households move toward the higher caloric and more nutritional items, like protein. Finally, for households with children there was significantly greater spending on “child goods” like milk, while in households without children spending on alcohol increased. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
eissn = {1873-5991},
unique-id = {WOS:000402342600017},
keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP},
note = {A study on the impact of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) between 2005 and 2006, analyzing the impact on household consumption through possible additional earnings.\\
In general it finds an increase on household consumption per capita for areas under NREGS and a more significant increase for members of a marginalized group (caste).\\
Since NREGS pays minimum wage, the study finds predominantly women start working under its increased waged labor demand to provide additional income for the household.\\
Households with children increased the spending on 'child goods' (e.g. milk) most significantly while households without children increased spending on alcohol more significantly.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Bose2017_Raising consumption through india's national rural employment guarantee scheme.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SJ9RXUR6/Bose2017_Raising consumption through india's national rural employment guarantee scheme.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Chakravarty2019,
ids = {WOS:000453623400005},
title = {Vocational Training Programs and Youth Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Nepal}}},
author = {Chakravarty, Shubha and Lundberg, Manias and Nikolov, Plamen and Zenker, Juliane},
date = {2019-01},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {136},
pages = {71--110},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.002},
abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal’s social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home – close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.},
eissn = {1872-6089},
orcid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/0000-0001-8069-4900},
researcherid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/Q-8735-2019},
unique-id = {WOS:000453623400005},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nepal,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on a vocational training program for youth in Nepal ich which both its impacts on earnings and employment probabilities are analyzed.\\
Generally, it finds an increase in non-farm employment combined with increased monthly earnings, which are mostly driven through young women starting self-employment.\\
The study finds larger impacts than many similar programs in more middle-income situated countries, and puts them down to low baseline educational and non-farm employment levels.\\
Additionally, the possibility for the skills increases to allow women to start working self-employed circumvents some of the restrictive social norms for women in Nepal.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Chakravarty2019_Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/26A4P7FA/Chakravarty2019_Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Chamadia2021,
ids = {WOS:000632615700001,chamadia2021assessing},
title = {Assessing the Effectiveness of Vocational Training Programs in {{Pakistan}}: {{An}} Experimental Study},
author = {Chamadia, Sumaira and Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat},
date = {2021-06-01},
journaltitle = {Education and Training},
volume = {63},
number = {5},
pages = {665--678},
publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}},
issn = {0040-0912},
doi = {10.1108/ET-04-2020-0085},
abstract = {Purpose The major objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of the technical and vocational training courses imparted to generate employment or enhance the productivity of participants. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in the province of Sindh, Pakistan by adopting a quasi-experimental approach. The experiment was conducted on 105 individuals-with the age group of 20-25-distributed between the treatment group and the control group. The data collected through the experiment were analyzed by applying a paired-sample t-test, independent sample t-test and one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The findings of this study show statistically significant higher monthly earnings of Rs14, 223 after the training intervention program. Findings also exhibit a significant difference in monthly earnings between the control and the treatment groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can provide useful input to policymakers while devising the policies regarding technical education and vocational training (TVET) and to the international donors in assessing the impact of the training initiatives. Originality/value This study presents experimental-driven evidence on the role of technical education and vocational training in improving the labor market outcomes.},
earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021},
eissn = {1758-6127},
orcid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/0000-0003-1207-6427},
researcherid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/AAF-5693-2019},
unique-id = {WOS:000632615700001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Pakistan,done,no-access,region::AP},
note = {A study on the impact of TVET programmes in Pakistan on the effects of individual earnings for participants.\\
It finds that participants generally have an increase in earnings after the program, which the study argues is due to Pakistan's overall low level of income and the programme selection for especially rural youth.\\
It sees potential dangers to its external validity since it follows a very specific institute selection for its analyzed program: that of an institute offering only training programs very highly demanded by the industry.\\
It leads the study to conclude that the country should focus its efforts on similarly in-demand training curricula, though it sees its limitations in neither differentiating between genders nor private and public institutions for a broader analysis.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Chamadia2021_Assessing the effectiveness of vocational training programs in Pakistan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DJMRMN4X/Chamadia2021_Assessing the effectiveness of vocational training programs in Pakistan.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Chaure2021,
ids = {WOS:000694637500001},
title = {The Right to Work and to Live: {{The}} Implications of {{India}}'s {{NREGS}} Program for Missing Women},
author = {Chaure, Trupti and Hicks, Daniel},
date = {2021},
journaltitle = {Social Science Quarterly},
volume = {102},
number = {6},
pages = {2528--2551},
issn = {0038-4941},
doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12993},
abstract = {Objective Limited economic opportunity for women reduces their household bargaining power and the economic value of daughters, amplifying son preference. This paper studies India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), the largest workfare program in the world. Methods In a setting where the gender gap in employment and wages are sizeable, NREGS represented both an income shock and a large relative improvement in the labor market for women. We use the staggered rollout of NREGS to show that districts that implemented the program earlier experienced an improvement in child sex ratios in favor of girls. Results We find that impacts exist only in rural areas, not in the urban counterparts of the same district, where NREGS did not operate. Furthermore, effects are larger in middle-income and upper income districts and districts with the most skewed initial sex ratios, results which are inconsistent with an alternative selection story. Finally, the effects appear only for rural youth sex ratios, not for adult sex ratios, suggesting endogenous migration is not driving the results. Conclusion Our results suggest that the adoption of NREGS may have decreased pressures associated with sex selection in India, lessening skewed sex ratios in rural areas.},
earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2021},
eissn = {1540-6237},
orcid-numbers = {Hicks, Daniel/0000-0002-1722-4970},
unique-id = {WOS:000694637500001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP},
note = {A study on the effects of India's employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on gender discrimination by looking at sex ratio preferences in affected areas.\\
The study argues limited economic opportunity for women also reduces their household bargaining power and thus, and with it the economic value of daughters, which may be affected through NREGS.\\
It finds a significant improvement in child sex ratios towards females in districts affected by the NREGS rollout, however, only in urban districts was the effect significant.\\
Possible channels of affecting the outcome were decreased sex selection pressures through improved female labor market opportunities given by NREGS, as well as a reduction in income constraints, more resilience toward external shock events, or an impacted attitude towards daughters.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Chaure2021_The right to work and to live.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5JR7WBBI/Chaure2021_The right to work and to live.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{cheema2014good,
title = {Do Good Intentions Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on How Citizens Respond to Promises of Government Service Delivery},
author = {Cheema, Ali and Khwaja, Asim I. and Naseer, Farooq and Shapiro, Jacob N.},
date = {2014},
series = {{{CID Working Paper Series}}},
number = {280},
institution = {{Harvard University}},
location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
abstract = {Can government programs that fail to deliver still influence citizen behavior? Large literatures in political science and economics study the effect of various government programs on how citizens engage with the state. A tacit assumption in many of these papers is that citizens value government programs proportionally to the amount of money spent. Yet there is tremendous heterogeneity in the mapping between spending and how much value citizens actually get from a program. And even programs that do not work may still reflect substantial government investments, thereby informing citizens' beliefs about how much weight the government places on their welfare. Using a large-scale randomized evaluation of a vocational training program in southern Punjab we provide evidence that good intentions might matter; citizens offered a program that almost no one used voted for the ruling party at higher rates in subsequent elections if offered multiple training vouchers than if only offered one. Men who received the training offer became more socially engaged and used government services at higher rates. Women had the opposite reaction. These results have implications for theories of civic engagement.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevance::unsure,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of a vocational training subsidy in Pakistan which, by participation rate should be seen as a failed intervention, on the perception of its target population, as well as their political participation and future use of government services.\\
It finds that even for ostensibly failed ALMPs the societal outcome can still be significant, with higher political voting favor for the ruling party, as well as additionally increased pro-social engagement and government service use.\\
While these findings apply to men in the study, women had the opposite outcome, with a decrease in both.\\
The study suggests this gender heterogeneity may stem from the value of courses on offer during the failed ALMP program being primarily targeted, designed for and by, men and (inadvertently or otherwise) proving inadequate for women's welfare.\\
Thus, the perception of attempts to meet social welfare goals by the government might be as important as the actual outcomes of its programs, in people's perception.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Cheema2014_Do good intentions matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5HLSQ3U8/Cheema2014_Do good intentions matter.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Choe2015,
ids = {Choe2011,Choe2015a,WOS:000350031200015,flores2011dropouts},
title = {Do Dropouts with Longer Training Exposure Benefit from Training Programs? {{Korean}} Evidence Employing Methods for Continuous Treatments},
author = {Choe, Chung and Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Lee, Sang-Jun},
date = {2015-03},
journaltitle = {Empirical Economics},
volume = {48},
pages = {849--881},
publisher = {{IZA Discussion Paper}},
issn = {0377-7332},
doi = {10.1007/s00181-014-0805-y},
abstract = {Failure of participants to complete training programs is pervasive in existing active labor market programs, both in developed and developing countries. From a policy perspective, it is of interest to know if dropouts benefit from the time they spend in training since these programs require considerable resources. We shed light on this issue by estimating the average employment effects of different lengths of exposure by dropouts in a Korean job training program, and contrasting it to the ones by program completers. To do this, we employ methods to estimate effects from continuous treatments using the generalized propensity score, under the assumption that selection into different lengths of exposure is based on a rich set of observed covariates. We find that dropouts with longer exposures exhibit higher employment probabilities one year after receiving training, but only after surpassing a threshold of exposure of about 12-15 weeks. In contrast, program completers exhibit higher returns from their time of exposure to the program than dropouts, but these tend to decline for longer program durations.},
eissn = {1435-8921},
orcid-numbers = {Choe, Chung/0000-0002-5173-9644},
unique-id = {WOS:000350031200015},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Korea,done,program::training,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Choe2015_Do dropouts with longer training exposure benefit from training programs.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TAWR8ADC/Choe2015_Do dropouts with longer training exposure benefit from training programs.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Das2021,
ids = {WOS:000624897400004},
title = {Training the Disadvantaged Youth and Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Bangladesh}}},
author = {Das, Narayan},
date = {2021-03},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {149},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102585},
abstract = {This paper estimates the effects of a youth training program in Bangladesh on labor market outcomes. The program, organized as a randomized controlled trial , provides on-the-job and classroom training to disadvantaged unemployed youth. ITT results show that six months after the intervention, on-the-job training increases labor market participation by 16 percentage points and earnings by 23\%. The effect on employment declines in the long-run, after 22 months, but the effect on earnings is sustained as the program induces a shi f t from casual work to wage employment. Adding classroom training over on-the-job training has no short term effect on aggregate employment and earnings but it has more sustained effect .},
eissn = {1872-6089},
unique-id = {WOS:000624897400004},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bangladesh,done,group::youth,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study for a randomized control trial of vocational training effects on the earnings and employment probability of youth in Bangladesh.\\
The study focuses on differentiating between the effects of classroom and on-the-job training, with on-the-job training providing significant short-term effects for both employment and earnings but with employment effects dropping off over long-term (22 months after program end).\\
This, the study contends, implies an overall increase of productivity due to on-the-job training, and a sustained shift from casual to formal work.\\
On-the-job training also had a stronger employment effect for women and a stronger earnings effect for men, due to women generally shifting from casual to self-employment work and men from casual to formal wage employment.\\
Classroom training did not have significant short-term effect on employment, and while no statistically significant difference between treatments is found, it did lead to a slightly more sustained effect on aggregate earnings and employment long-term.\\
Short-term, classroom training had a slight detrimental effect on male employment due to a generally lower uptake of the combined program by men.\\
It concluded in a cost-benefit analysis that combined training was deemed cost-inefficient while on-the-job training could be scaled up cost-efficiently.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Das2021_Training the disadvantaged youth and labor market outcomes.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5BNUJRPY/Das2021_Training the disadvantaged youth and labor market outcomes.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{deMel2012,
title = {One-Time Transfers of Cash or Capital Have Long-Lasting Effects on Microenterprises in {{Sri Lanka}}},
author = {de Mel, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
options = {useprefix=true},
date = {2012},
journaltitle = {Science},
volume = {335},
number = {6071},
pages = {962--966},
doi = {10.1126/science.1212973},
keywords = {country::Sri Lanka,done,program::cash grant,region::AP,relevant},
note = {An experimental study in Sri Lanka which evaluates the effects of cash grants on the long-term earnings of micro-entrepreneurs.
\par
It finds that, for male-owned microenterprises, continued increased earnings could still be seen 5 years after the initial cash grant.
\par
It also finds a large gender heterogeneity however, with female-owned microenterprises showing similar earnings to the control group.
\par
The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the business to the household and female-lead microenterprises being more likely situated in industries with low economies of scale.},
timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:12:02Z},
file = {de Mel2012_One-time transfers of cash or capital have long-lasting effects on.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/93YL227I/de Mel2012_One-time transfers of cash or capital have long-lasting effects on.pdf:application/pdf;experimental_summary.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/A4J4DB22/experimental_summary.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{deMel2019,
title = {Labor Drops: {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Return to Additional Labor in Microenterprises},
author = {de Mel, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
options = {useprefix=true},
date = {2019},
journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
eprint = {26565519},
eprinttype = {jstor},
pages = {202--235},
publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
issn = {19457782, 19457790},
doi = {10.1257/app.20170497},
abstract = {A field experiment in Sri Lanka provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor benefits such firms and whether a short-term subsidy can have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics 4 years after treatment, we find that firms increased employment during the subsidy period. Treated firms were more likely to survive, but there was no lasting impact on employment and no effect on profitability or sales either during or after the subsidy period. There is some heterogeneity in effects; the subsidies have a more durable effect on manufacturers.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Sri Lanka,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {de Mel2019_Labor drops.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q4B7HPXC/de Mel2019_Labor drops.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Denisova2010,
title = {Are {{Retraining Programs}} a {{Panacea}} for the {{Russian Labor Market}}?},
author = {Denisova, I. and Kartseva, M.},
date = {2010-05-01},
journaltitle = {Problems of Economic Transition},
shortjournal = {Problems of Economic Transition},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {5--16},
issn = {1061-1991},
doi = {10.2753/PET1061-1991530101},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the earnings and employment probability outcomes of a vocational (re)training program targeted at unemployed in two regions of Russia.\\
The study finds no significant impacts on either earnings or employment probability overall.\\
However, there was quite some heterogeneity within those results, with disabled people in one of the two regions having significant increases to both employment and earnings.\\
Also in the same region, older beneficiaries that were aged over 45 years had a marginally positive impact on employment probability, while younger beneficiaries under 25 had a marginally negative impact on employment probabilities.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:20:49Z},
file = {Denisova2010_Are Retraining Programs a Panacea for the Russian Labor Market.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HTL8N3G8/Denisova2010_Are Retraining Programs a Panacea for the Russian Labor Market.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Do2020,
ids = {WOS:000542060800052},
title = {Impact of Vocational Training on Wages of Ethnic Minority Labors in {{Vietnam}}},
author = {Do, Ha Thi Hai and Mai, Cuong Ngoc and Mai, Anh Ngoc and Nguyen, Nui Dang and Pham, Toan Ngoc and Le, Huong Thi Thu and Tran, Manh Dung and Vu, Tri Tuan},
date = {2020-06},
journaltitle = {Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business},
volume = {7},
number = {6},
pages = {551--560},
issn = {2288-4637},
doi = {10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.551},
abstract = {This research investigates the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in emerging countries; Vietnam is the case study. The study uses secondary data from 2014 to 2018 collected through Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS) conducted by the General Statistics Office. In order to analyze the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority areas in Vietnam, this research creates ethnic area variables. According to Vietnamese regulations, ethnic areas are communes of 51 different provinces, inhabited by ethnic minority people. The statistics from VHLSS in 2018, show that the proportion of labors of working age with a certificate was 22.5\%. The research employs Heckman Sample Selection Model to estimate the impact of vocation training on wage of labors in ethnic minority areas. The results show that vocational training plays a crucial role in improving the wages of ethnic minorities and has a positive impact. However, apart from the achieved outcomes, vocational training and job creation for ethnic minorities are not without limitations and shortcomings. Based on the findings, some recommendations to ethnic minority labors, enterprises and the Government are proposed to encourage participation in vocational training for the purpose of promoting the efficiency of the labor market.},
eissn = {2288-4645},
unique-id = {WOS:000542060800052},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Vietnam,done,group::minorities,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure},
note = {A study on the effects of vocational training in ethnic minority areas in Vietnam on workers' earnings.\\
It finds that generally vocational training brings an increase in higher wage opportunities for workers due to increasing the general technical qualifications of workers.\\
Compared between the genders, the same vocational training level brought more wages to female workers than to male workers, which is explained due to male workers preferring temporary labor over more permanent factory work which female workers engage in more prominently.\\
The study makes the caveat, however, that vocational training in the minority areas may not be meeting market demand, which leads to a stark reduction in the potential productivity increases and vocational training more associated with regional practices is a recommendation to increase its effectiveness.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Do2020_Impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DHWTFXUL/Do2020_Impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in vietnam.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Freire2018,
ids = {WOS:000454066800002},
title = {Wage Subsidies and the Labor Supply of Older People: {{Evidence}} from {{Singapore}}'s Workfare Income Supplement Scheme},
author = {Freire, Tiago},
date = {2018-12},
journaltitle = {Singapore Economic Review},
volume = {63},
number = {5},
pages = {1101--1139},
issn = {0217-5908},
doi = {10.1142/S0217590815500964},
abstract = {An increasing body of literature considers population aging and labor markets, focusing on the dynamics of older workers' labor market participation. Singapore introduced the Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) scheme in 2007, targeting low-income, older workers. Previous studies show that labor force participation drops significantly after the age of 45. We examine whether a wage subsidy program can increase the labor supply of these older workers. Using Hong Kong as a control group in a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach, we find that this program increased labor force participation for women aged 60-64 by 3.1-5.5\% points, but had no statistically significant impact on the labor supply of men.},
eissn = {1793-6837},
orcid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/0000-0001-7840-7431},
researcherid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/C-1035-2018},
unique-id = {WOS:000454066800002},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Singapore,done,group::older,program::wage subsidy,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Freire2018_WAGE SUBSIDIES AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF OLDER PEOPLE.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CDMECZ3N/Freire2018_WAGE SUBSIDIES AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF OLDER PEOPLE.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Ghosh2019,
ids = {WOS:000495889900001},
title = {Paid Work, Unpaid Care Work and Women's Empowerment in {{Nepal}}},
author = {Ghosh, Anweshaa and Chopra, Deepta},
date = {2019-10-02},
journaltitle = {Contemporary South Asia},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {471--485},
issn = {0958-4935},
doi = {10.1080/09584935.2019.1687646},
abstract = {Employment and work surveys in Nepal have shown a high concentration of women in certain occupations, being flexible, low paid and requiring low skill. In the far-western region (Jumla District, Karnali Zone), the Government of Nepal provides employment to women and men through a public works programme, the Karnali Employment Programme (KEP). This paper assesses the empowerment potential of the KEP and similar employment programmes, and questions whether paid work leads to economic empowerment for women. It provides a glimpse into work patterns in low-income families in Nepal, and juxtaposes the goal of women's economic empowerment through entry into the labour market with their lived realities and needs. The paper uses ILO's Decent Work framework to argue that two key aspects are critical for women's empowerment through paid work: firstly, quality; and secondly, a positive balance between paid work, unpaid work and care work.},
earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2019},
eissn = {1469-364X},
unique-id = {WOS:000495889900001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nepal,done,group::women,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A qualitative study on the impact of the 'Karnali Employment Programme', a public works program in Nepal on female empowerment, specifically through the improvement of job quality and remuneration available to women.\\
At its basis it uses the ILO Decent Work framework to argue for a direct relationship between job quality, balance of paid, unpaid and care work, and individual empowerment.\\
It finds that, ultimately the program does not provide significant increase in job quality, or resulting empowerment, due to the type of work not enhancing human capital, general workplace conditions, missing social protection, and no regard being taken for additional unpaid carework (i.e. no childcare provisions).\\
The concrete channels these issues become noticeable are the lack of flexible work timings, lighter work for pregnant women, childcare facilities and any possibilities for organization, to enact coherent social changes.\\
Lastly, there are too few hours of work paid through the program for the formal wage equality to significantly impact earnings, especially with the additional hours of unpaid care work still required of the women.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Ghosh2019_Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/G5D39R93/Ghosh2019_Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Gine2014,
title = {Money or Ideas? {{A}} Field Experiment on Constraints to Entrepreneurship in Rural {{Pakistan}}},
author = {Giné, Xavier and Mansuri, Ghazala},
date = {2014},
series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
number = {6959},
institution = {{World Bank}},
keywords = {country::Pakistan,done,program::cash grant,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
note = {An experimental control trial on the effect of either business training or a large cash grant on the earnings potential of micro-entrepreneurs in rural Pakistan.
\par
It finds that the business training has significant positive impacts on earnings as well as business knowledge and firm survival, while the large cash grant carries no significant impact.
\par
The authors suggest that this shows that possible borrowing constraints may already be satisfied through the normal credit loan possibility in the country.
\par
While the business training has positive effects, it is overall still not cost-effective, which may be one reason why few microfinance institutions are offering it.
\par
Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their business knowledge similarly to men but not seeing the same significant positive impacts on earnings, which the authors suggest in turn depends more on their ability to exercise independent agency.},
timestamp = {2022-04-29T10:11:13Z},
file = {Gine2014_Money or ideas.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8KFWWVTR/Gine2014_Money or ideas.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Hirshleifer2016,
ids = {Hirshleifer2016a,almeida2012impact},
title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Vocational Training}} for the {{Unemployed}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Turkey}}},
author = {Hirshleifer, Sarojini and McKenzie, David and Almeida, Rita and Ridao-Cano, Cristobal},
date = {2016},
journaltitle = {The Economic Journal},
volume = {126},
number = {597},
pages = {2115--2146},
publisher = {{[Oxford University Press, Royal Economic Society, Wiley]}},
issn = {00130133, 14680297},
doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12211},
abstract = {We use a randomised experiment to evaluate Turkey's vocational training programmes for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. The average impact of training on employment is positive but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than programme officials and applicants expected. Over the first year, training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and these positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Turkey,done,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial studying the short- and medium-term impacts of vocational training for the unemployed in Turkey, analyzing its effects on employment probability and job quality.\\
In general it finds that the programs, short-term (first year), have a positive impact on both employment probability and the job quality of participants, but this effect dissipates after roughly three years.\\
The study also suggests that private courses may offer better results due to being more responsive to labor market and employer demands, and operating with more competition which requires a quality increase in their program.\\
A cost-benefit analysis deems the programs' benefits not exceeding their costs with the dissipating medium-term impacts.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Hirshleifer2016_The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MBQVYHEU/Hirshleifer2016_The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Hoy2019,
ids = {Hoy2019b,RePEc:vrs:izajdm:v:10:y:2019:i:1:p:1839-59:n:3},
title = {The Marginal Benefit of an Active Labor Market Program Relative to a Public Works Program: {{Evidence}} from Papua New Guinea},
author = {Hoy, Christopher and Darian, Naidoo},
date = {2019},
journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Development and Migration},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {1839--1859},
doi = {10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003},
abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9–12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.},
keywords = {active labor market policy,citation_checked,country::Papa New Guinea,done,lmp::active,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of a variety of ALMP (public works, vocational training, job matching and an employment subsidy) on both employment probability and job quality of youth in Papua New Guinea versus solely providing them with the public works opportunity.\\
It finds that completion of the more comprehensive ALMP had a significant positive impact on being formally employed within 9-12 months as opposed to only participating in the public works, but no other changes in job quality were measurable.\\
The channel this difference manifested itself through was entirely 20\% of participants of ALMP staying with the employer they were placed at through the measures.\\
Those not staying at their assigned employer had no significant increase in employment probability, which suggests that employers use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk and low-effort way of hiring new employees.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Hoy2019_The marginal benefit of an active labor market program relative to a public.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZBZ6DCIH/Hoy2019_The marginal benefit of an active labor market program relative to a public.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Jain2019,
ids = {WOS:000453497900021},
title = {Barriers to Skill Acquisition: {{Evidence}} from {{English}} Training in {{India}}},
author = {Jain, Tarun and Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha},
date = {2019-02},
journaltitle = {World Development},
volume = {114},
pages = {314--325},
issn = {0305-750X},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.011},
abstract = {Skill development is viewed as an escape from the low education - high unemployment trap in developing countries. Despite investments in skill development programs, participation and completion rates in many programs remain low. We investigate factors that prevent individuals from acquiring spoken English, a skill with potentially high returns in the labour market. Using data from a field experiment in India, we find that offering subsidies increases the probability of participating in a spoken English training program. Simultaneously, distance to the training center, pre-existing knowledge of spoken English, and past enrolment in a similar course act as significant barriers to take-up. These findings suggest that multidimensional policy solutions are required to overcome barriers to skill development in developing countries. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
orcid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/0000-0003-0247-4069},
researcherid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/R-9003-2019},
unique-id = {WOS:000453497900021},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevance::unsure},
note = {take-up of English courses was lower if individuals spoke Urdu at home but family characteristics (religion, gender, caste, household size or assets) had no influence\\
Annotation\\
A study on college undergraduate population living in Hyderabad, India, who were selected, based on self-reported ability to speak English and their ambitions to improve English skills, to randomly receive full (100\%), partial (50\%), or no (0\%) subsidy towards the cost of a spoken English language program. \\
The distance to training centers posed a significant barrier to take-up, as did a previous enrolment in a similar course.\\
People receiving a subsidy were significantly more likely to participate in the program with the effect of the full subsidy also being significantly different from partial subsidy, indicating an economic barrier to program participation as well.\\
Policy recommendations center around the location of skill training centers in close proximity of an individual's radius of daily routine (in this case, close to the college), creating efficient program targeting through prior skill screening to filter out pre-existing high quality skills or prior participation in training programs.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Jain2019_Barriers to skill acquisition.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AXENM4I4/Jain2019_Barriers to skill acquisition.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Jensen2012,
title = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{India}}},
shorttitle = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions?},
author = {Jensen, Robert},
date = {2012-05},
journaltitle = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
volume = {127},
number = {2},
pages = {753--792},
issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs002},
abstract = {Do labor market opportunities for women affect marriage and fertility decisions? We provided three years of recruiting services to help young women in randomly selected rural Indian villages get jobs in the business process outsourcing industry. Because the industry was so new at the time of the study, there was almost no awareness of these jobs, allowing us in effect to exogenously increase women's labor force opportunities from the perspective of rural households. We find that young women in treatment villages were significantly less likely to get married or have children during this period, choosing instead to enter the labor market or obtain more schooling or postschool training. Women also report wanting to have fewer children and to work more steadily throughout their lifetime, consistent with increased aspirations for a career.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,group::rural,group::women,program::job market services,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:51:19Z},
file = {Jensen2012_Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/96KLMPZR/Jensen2012_Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Kuchakov2021,
ids = {WOS:000736377000001},
title = {{{COVID-19}} Wage Subsidies and {{SME}} Performance: {{Evidence}} from {{Russia}}},
author = {Kuchakov, Ruslan and Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy},
date = {2021},
journaltitle = {Applied Economics Letters},
issn = {1350-4851},
doi = {10.1080/13504851.2021.2020209},
abstract = {We study the effects of COVID-19 wage subsidies offered to Russian SMEs. This programme disbursed over USD400m of monthly grants to cover wage bills to firms in COVID-affected industries under the condition of retaining employment in 2020. In a triple difference design we find no effects of such grants on survival, employment, or profitability of firms in the affected industries by early 2021.},
earlyaccessdate = {DEC 2021},
eissn = {1466-4291},
orcid-numbers = {Ruslan, Kuchakov/0000-0001-5757-410X},
researcherid-numbers = {Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy/AAG-4908-2019},
unique-id = {WOS:000736377000001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects on the employer side of employment subsidies in Russia, analyzing the resulting employment, profitability and firm survival.\\
It is done in the wake of the economic shock of COVID-19, under which a program in Russia was started subsidizing SMEs ({$<$}250 employees) with a minimum wage grant for retaining 90\% of their work force.\\
It finds that there are no significant effects on either of firm survival or profitability and it also did not affect employee's probability of remaining employed.\\
The study argues an optimal subsidy should incentivize firms toward the socially optimal decision of shutting down or remaining open, depending on the shadow price of labor, shock permanence and re-opening costs and subsidy targeting should follow this logic to off-set shocks just enough to stay in business.\\
However, with the limited amount of information available to policy implementers (program used primary industry code) and the overall limited scope possible for the Russian subsidy program this was not able to be done here, for example targeting firms that were not planning to reduce employment in the first place.\\
The study authors instead recommend to implement a universal wage subsidy program which is not targeted by being conditioned on being in specific affected industries.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Kuchakov2021_COVID-19 wage subsidies and SME performance.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RT9MHSKW/Kuchakov2021_COVID-19 wage subsidies and SME performance.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Lee2019,
ids = {WOS:000486322100008},
title = {The Effects and Challenges of Vocational Training in {{Korea}}},
author = {Lee, Jong-Wha and Han, Jong-Suk and Song, Eunbi},
date = {2019-07-05},
journaltitle = {International Journal of Training Research},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {96--111},
issn = {1448-0220},
doi = {10.1080/14480220.2019.1639272},
abstract = {This paper explores whether training programs were effective in improving labor market performance of individuals, in particular wages and employment probability, in South Korea. The regression analyses using the data from Korean respondents in the Program for the International Assessment of Adults Competencies (PIAAC) survey show the strong positive effects of vocational training programs on earnings as well as on employment probability of individuals, while controlling for education, experience, and literacy skills as a proxy for unobserved ability, as well as occupation and industry. Moreover, the effects of job-training tend to be larger in older cohorts. These results suggest that against challenges posed by rapidly aging population and emergence of technological breakthroughs, Korea should promote vocational training activities and life-long learning programs, especially to the elderly.},
orcid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/0000-0002-3152-4961 Song, Eunbi/0000-0002-7659-5878},
researcherid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/I-1076-2016 Song, Eunbi/AAW-6340-2021},
unique-id = {WOS:000486322100008},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Korea,done,program::training,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Lee2019_The effects and challenges of vocational training in Korea.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4WAU6NQ7/Lee2019_The effects and challenges of vocational training in Korea.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Li2022,
ids = {WOS:000744879800001},
title = {Land Inequality and Workfare Policies},
author = {Li, Yanan and Sunder, Naveen},
date = {2022},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies},
issn = {0022-0388},
doi = {10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362},
abstract = {This paper contributes to the relatively scant literature on the impacts of inequality on the efficacy of public works programmes. We study this in the context of India. In particular, we examine the effect of land inequality on the implementation of the world's largest workfare programme - the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Our OLS estimates demonstrate that the concentration of land ownership reduces the efficacy of NREGA. An instrumental variable (IV) analysis, where we use the historical land tenure system as an IV for contemporaneous land inequality, further corroborates our findings. This negative relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that public work schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labour market, thereby incentivising big landlords to use their political power to oppose such programmes. We exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs or by caste or religious differences. This study suggests that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for power asymmetries, could hinder effective implementation of development policies.},
earlyaccessdate = {JAN 2022},
eissn = {1743-9140},
unique-id = {WOS:000744879800001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of land ownership concentration on the employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in India, by analyzing the resulting earnings and proliferation of NREGS itself.\\
It looks at this concentration in more general terms as a proxy for power asymmetry between potential employers and employees.\\
It finds that a concentration of land ownership in a region generally decreases or impedes the proliferation of NREGS since landlords use their political power to oppose the program.\\
It suggests this is primarily due the potential of NREGS to impact wages which is opposed by landlords to minimize rural bargaining power.\\
The channel that NREGS have to affect rural earnings in this way is through a de-facto enforcement of minimum wages laws, by providing an alternative to more informal work if no minimum wages are obeyed.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Li2022_Land inequality and workfare policies.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/X39EIHDT/Li2022_Land inequality and workfare policies.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Maitra2017,
title = {Learning and Earning: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation in {{India}}},
shorttitle = {Learning and Earning},
author = {Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha},
date = {2017-04},
journaltitle = {Labour Economics},
shortjournal = {Labour Economics},
volume = {45},
pages = {116--130},
issn = {09275371},
doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.007},
abstract = {Our paper presents the economic returns from participating in a subsidized vocational education program for women residing in low-income households in India. We combine pre-intervention data with two rounds of post-intervention data in an experimental framework to quantify the 6- and 18-month treatment effects of the program. The 6-month treatment effects indicate that women who were offered the vocational education program are 6\% points more likely to be employed, 4\% points more likely to be self-employed, work 2.5 additional hours per week, and earn 150\% more per month than women in the control group. Using a second round of follow-up data collected 18 months after the intervention, we find that the 6-month treatment effects are all sustained over the medium run. Finally, cost-benefit analysis indicates that the program costs can be recovered with less than four years of employment. Overall our findings suggest that vocational education may serve to be a promising avenue through which young women can contribute to their household welfare.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,group::women,program::training,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial studying the impacts of, and the barriers to, vocational training participation for women in urban India, evaluating the effects on earnings, employment probability, the probability of being self-employed and hours worked.\\
It finds that a subsidized vocational training significantly positively impacted employment probability and hours worked, and had a large significant impact on earnings for the women.\\
The results of this occurred short-term and sustained over the medium-term as well (6 and 18 months after the program ended).\\
It suggests that primarily direct skill accumulation lead to the necessary knowledge and productivity for improved labor force participation and neither a strong change in behavior nor a certificate effect for employers were the primary changes.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:01:18Z},
file = {Maitra2017_Learning and earning.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NKLVZBGN/Maitra2017_Learning and earning.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Merfeld2018,
ids = {WOS:000453623400009},
title = {Spatially Heterogeneous Effects of a Public Works Program},
author = {Merfeld, Joshua D.},
date = {2018},
journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics},
volume = {136},
pages = {151--167},
issn = {0304-3878},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.10.007},
abstract = {Most research on labor market effects of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme focuses on outcomes at the district level. This paper shows that such a focus masks substantial spatial heterogeneity: treated villages located near untreated areas see smaller increases in casual wages than treated villages located farther from untreated areas. Spatial differences in implementation or program leakages do not appear to drive this spatial heterogeneity. The effects of the program on private-sector employment display similar intra-district heterogeneity and these effects on employment are highly correlated with the effect on wages. Overall, these results suggest that worker mobility leads a district-level focus to underestimate the true effect of the program on wages. Quantifying this underestimate using two separate methods produces very similar results; the overall effect on wages appears to be approximately twice as large as district-level estimates suggest.},
eissn = {1872-6089},
unique-id = {WOS:000453623400009},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the earnings and employment impacts of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in multiple rural districts, focusing especially on the spatial distribution of possible spill-over effects and the effects of surrounding areas on the treated zone.\\
It finds a large spatial heterogeneity between such outcomes with treated villages that are located closer to untreated areas having smaller positive impacts on earnings than treated villages that are located farther from untreated areas.\\
It suggests that since NREGS acts as a de-facto minimum wage enforcement, it increases labor bargaining power and this effect is not limited to directly treated zones.\\
Thus, on the other hand, wage in untreated districts increases more when they are closer to treated districts, an effect which may lead many studies that focus on the district level to underestimate the true effects of the Indian NREGS.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Merfeld2018_Spatially heterogeneous effects of a public works program.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/26MW9YKI/Merfeld2018_Spatially heterogeneous effects of a public works program.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Nivorozhkin2005,
ids = {10.2307/23601613,WOS:000233415700014},
title = {An Evaluation of Government-Sponsored Vocational Training Programmes for the Unemployed in Urban {{Russia}}},
author = {Nivorozhkin, Anton},
date = {2005-11},
journaltitle = {Cambridge Journal of Economics},
volume = {29},
number = {6},
pages = {1053--1072},
publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
issn = {0309-166X},
doi = {10.1093/cje/bei087},
abstract = {This is the first study on the effects of active labour market programs such as training in Russia. We use the data from the official unemployment register combined with information from the follow-up survey in a large industrial city in the year 2000. The method of propensity score matching was applied to learn whether participation in the training programmes increased the monthly salaries of participants. The findings suggest that individuals tend to benefit from the participation in the training programmes. However, one year later, this effect disappeared.},
eissn = {1464-3545},
unique-id = {WOS:000233415700014},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,lmp::active,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study in on a vocational re-training program in Russia, analyzing its impact on earnings for participants.\\
The program is aimed at workers having become displaced after labor market restructuring in Russia made their skills as state-enterprise workers obsolete and now aims to allow them to reallocate their labor back into the new market environment.\\
It finds that the program generally positively impacted participants' earnings short-term but the effects disappeared after one year.\\
It suggests this is due to a certificate effect, with the training helping workers signify their skills to new employers better than those that did not receive training, but after beginning employment non-participants also reveal their skills and the difference in wages diminishes.\\
Lastly, the sample comes from a single city with predominantly industrial sectors and the heterogeneity in the sample is significant with women having less positive earnings impact than men.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Nivorozhkin2005_An evaluation of government-sponsored vocational training programmes for the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/H2RKQNVS/Nivorozhkin2005_An evaluation of government-sponsored vocational training programmes for the.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Novotny2013,
ids = {WOS:000325987700004},
title = {A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Impacts of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: {{A}} Tale from Tamil Nadu},
author = {Novotný, Josef and Kubelková, Jana and Joseph, Vanishree},
date = {2013-11},
journaltitle = {Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography},
volume = {34},
number = {3},
pages = {322--341},
issn = {0129-7619},
doi = {10.1111/sjtg.12037},
abstract = {This paper provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme using a case study from rural Tamil Nadu. Drawing on structured interviews in households and semi-structured interviews with local employers and officials, we analyse the effects of the workfare scheme when it is widely and properly implemented. We distinguish between different conceptualizations of the work scheme as a means of welfare provision, labour market policy and intervention directed towards other objectives. We found that the goals of the scheme were fulfilled unevenly in the given context. Among other findings, we show that positive effects on the welfare of participating and non-participating households were accompanied by adverse effects on the local economy and negligible impact on out-migration for work.},
eissn = {1467-9493},
orcid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/0000-0001-9556-7162 Joseph, Vanishree/0000-0002-0017-4751},
researcherid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/B-2691-2013 Novotny, Josef/D-8499-2013},
unique-id = {WOS:000325987700004},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Tamil Nadu, a single region in south India, on earnings and the local economy.\\
It finds generally positive impacts on welfare both of participating and non-participating households in the region, however also some adverse effects on the local economy.\\
First, the wages from NREGS constitute a notable part of household budgets in the first round which then puts upward pressure on private sector wages in a second round, also positively affecting non-participating household earnings.\\
However, the private sector wage hikes may adversely affect local farmers, especially small-scale farmers in the region.\\
Lastly, the scheme, due to the prevalence of its use by women, also significantly decreases relative gender wage disparity in the region.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Novotny2013_A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the mahatma gandhi national.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IQV5PX7X/Novotny2013_A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the mahatma gandhi national.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Ozdamar2021,
ids = {WOS:000631520900001},
title = {The Effect of the 2008 Employment Support Programme on Young Men's Labour Market Outcomes in {{Turkey}}: {{Evidence}} from a Regression Discontinuity Design},
author = {Ozdamar, Oznur and Giovanis, Eleftherios and Dağlıoğlu, Cansu and Gerede, Cemaleddin},
date = {2021-06},
journaltitle = {Manchester School},
volume = {89},
number = {3},
pages = {276--296},
issn = {1463-6786},
doi = {10.1111/manc.12362},
abstract = {Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.},
earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021},
eissn = {1467-9957},
orcid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/0000-0002-7492-7461},
researcherid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/AAX-5634-2020},
unique-id = {WOS:000631520900001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Turkey,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of an employment subsidy program in Turkey evaluating its impact on earnings, employment probability and the probability of a formal or permanent contract.\\
It finds a positive but not significant impact on employment probabilities with a more significant impact for younger men, while there was no impact on earnings and no impact on the prevalence of permanent contracts.\\
Since it finds its most significant impact on being formally employed full time, the study suggests that the subsidy program rather increased the formalization of existing jobs than create new employment opportunity and economic activity.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Ozdamar2021_The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B33DKA8T/Ozdamar2021_The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Scandizzo2009,
ids = {WOS:000265235300006},
title = {Option Values, Switches, and Wages: {{An}} Analysis of the Employment Guarantee Scheme in India},
author = {Scandizzo, Pasquale and Gaiha, Raghav and Imai, Katsushi},
date = {2009-05},
journaltitle = {Review of Development Economics},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {248--263},
issn = {1363-6669},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9361.2008.00484.x},
abstract = {Consistent with real option theory, the authors argue that the value of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in rural India and its impact on workers' behavior does not depend so much on its income supplementation as on enlargement of opportunities in the uncertain local labor market. The choice between the EGS and other activities is modeled in a dynamic optimization framework, taking into account a fixed wage rate and certainty of employment under the EGS and a stochastic wage rate under other activities. Specifically, volatility of wages in the rural labor markets has important implications for switches into the EGS and for concomitant welfare effects. Under such conditions, the higher the EGS wage, the greater is its attractiveness to relatively skilled and affluent workers, and for those already in it to continue. These and related predictions of the model are validated by panel data estimation.},
orcid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/0000-0001-7989-8914 Scandizzo, Pasquale/0000-0002-8824-3589},
researcherid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/I-3595-2015},
unique-id = {WOS:000265235300006},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Scandizzo2009_Option values, switches, and wages.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4D3H4EDW/Scandizzo2009_Option values, switches, and wages.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Stuken2020,
ids = {WOS:000609243300005},
title = {Evaluating the Effectiveness of Employment Assistance Measures: {{Case}} of {{Russian}} State Employment Centers},
author = {Stuken, Tatiana and Korzhova, Olga},
date = {2020},
journaltitle = {Strategic Management},
volume = {25},
number = {4},
pages = {44--53},
issn = {1821-3448},
doi = {10.5937/StraMan2004044S},
abstract = {Russia is currently implementing the national project “Labor productivity and employment support”, which is a set of measures aimed at developing employment infrastructure and introducing organizational and technological innovations to support employment, including standard solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of state employment centers. This project defines the strategic directions of state regulation of the Russian labor market. This article deals with the issues of the population's demand for the services of employment centers, including not only registering as unemployed but also receiving public services to assist in finding a suitable job, vocational training, psychological support, etc. The study is based on the Russian labor force survey and microdata of employment centers for 2019 (more than 24,000 observations). Based on the data from the labor force survey, conclusions are drawn about the demand for the state employment centers' services among various groups of the population and about typical combinations of applying to the employment service with other job search channels. The analysis of regional microdata made it possible to evaluate the performance of employment centers based on information about the socio-demographic characteristics of the unemployed, the duration of the unemployment status, the fact of receiving benefits, the services received and the reasons for de-registration. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are made about the ways to improve the work of the state employment centers.},
eissn = {2334-6191},
orcid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/0000-0001-6005-9678},
researcherid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/H-6777-2016 Korzhova, Olga/G-2441-2017},
unique-id = {WOS:000609243300005},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,lmp::active,region::AP},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Stuken2020_Evaluating the effectiveness of employment assistance measures.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3UEDVDVR/Stuken2020_Evaluating the effectiveness of employment assistance measures.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Vandenberg2021,
ids = {WOS:000710338800002},
title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in the {{Philippines}}},
author = {Vandenberg, Paul and Laranjo, Jade},
date = {2021-11},
journaltitle = {International Journal of Educational Development},
volume = {87},
issn = {0738-0593},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102501},
abstract = {The paper analyzes the labor market outcomes of graduates of post-secondary technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Philippines. Using household data for 2015-2016, the results show significantly higher wages for TVET graduates relative to those who entered the job market with a secondary school education or below. However, individuals who both trained in TVET and pursued tertiary (university) education tend to have a lower wage than those with secondary school education or below. This counterintuitive result may be partly explained by the tendency for such dual-level individuals to complete the lowest level of TVET. Graduates of TVET are found more likely to be employed compared to individuals who only studied at secondary school or below as well as those who studied at the tertiary level.},
article-number = {102501},
eissn = {1873-4871},
unique-id = {WOS:000710338800002},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Philippines,done,lmp::active,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure},
note = {A study on vocational training in the Philippines, analyzing its impact on earnings and employment probability of participants.\\
It finds that training graduates had a positive impact on their employment probability and received higher wages compared to only having a secondary education without the training.\\
However, it also finds that training graduates with previous tertiary education tended to have lower wages than graduates with only secondary previous education.\\
The study suggests this is due to graduates with tertiary education having a tendency to only complete a short period of tertiary training and the lowest level of their vocational training, also suggesting a link between training duration and graduate earnings.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Vandenberg2021_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TQQCYJZZ/Vandenberg2021_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines.pdf:application/pdf}
}

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@report{Acevedo2017,
ids = {Acevedo2017a,acevedo2019living},
title = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}: {{How Job Training Made Women Better Off}} and {{Men Worse Off}}},
shorttitle = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}},
author = {Acevedo, Paloma and Cruces, Guillermo and Gertler, Paul and Martinez, Sebastian},
date = {2017-03},
number = {23264},
institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
doi = {10.3386/w23264},
abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program’s negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative – for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {At-scale randomized field experiment conducted on impacts of embedding soft skills component into vocational youth training in Dominican Republic's 'Juventud y Empleo' program for at-risk youth.\\
Focuses on both labor market outcomes and expectations to explain why some programs might have detrimental effects and heterogeneity between genders.\\
Additionally, separates vocational training and soft-skills and internship components to analyze the marginal effect vocational training has,\\
and carries out the analysis through its longer-term effects.\\
Results show that, over short-term, women had improved labor market outcomes while males did not, and in fact had worsened outcomes after vocational training.\\
While labor market outcome differences due to the program vanished over long-term, its different expectations did not, leading to an overall worse labor market expectation and welfare for men, better for women.\\
Ultimately, it sees an improved long-term skill acquisition, self-esteem generation and lowered fertility rate for women, while men had sustained negative impacts on long-term expectations and welfare.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Acevedo2017_Living Up to Expectations.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NDEUZNRB/Acevedo2017_Living Up to Expectations.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Acosta2021,
ids = {WOS:000627634400001},
title = {Public Works Programs and Crime: {{Evidence}} for {{El Salvador}}},
author = {Acosta, Pablo and Montiel, Emma Monsalve},
date = {2021-08},
journaltitle = {Review of Development Economics},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {1778--1793},
issn = {1363-6669},
doi = {10.1111/rode.12769},
abstract = {Most evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007-2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km.},
earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021},
eissn = {1467-9361},
orcid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo/0000-0002-3638-2368},
researcherid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo Ariel/AAD-1178-2022},
unique-id = {WOS:000627634400001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::El Salvador,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \\
in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \\
A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \\
with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\\
For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors --- driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes --- and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\\
Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Acosta2021_Public works programs and crime.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KUESV62B/Acosta2021_Public works programs and crime.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Aedo2004,
title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}: {{The Case}} of {{Programa Joven}}},
shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}},
author = {Aedo, Cristian and Nuñez, Sergio},
date = {2004},
number = {188},
institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1814739},
urldate = {2022-02-10},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the impacts of the youth training program 'Programa Joven', consisting of a vocational training and an on-the-job experience component (internship) on earnings and employment probability.\\
The training itself was supported by a subsidy on transport costs and medical checkups, books, materials, work clothing, as well as an additional subsidy for women with small children.\\
It finds significant positive impacts on the earnings of young men (16-21y) and adult women (21-35y), but no impacts for adult men or young women.\\
In looking for impacts on employment probability it finds a significant positive impact on that for adult women but none for the other groups.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:03:03Z},
file = {Aedo2004_The Impact of Training Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/H66GPY6X/Aedo2004_The Impact of Training Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Almeida2010,
title = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}? {{Evidence}} for {{Welfare Participants}} in {{Argentina}}},
shorttitle = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}?},
author = {Almeida, Rita K. and Galasso, Emanuela},
date = {2010-05},
journaltitle = {World Development},
shortjournal = {World Development},
volume = {38},
number = {5},
pages = {742--755},
issn = {0305750X},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.018},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the cash grant and training portion targeted at people wanting to be self-employed under the program 'Jefes' in Argentina, trying to analyze its effects on earnings and self-employment itself.\\
It finds no significant positive impact on earnings of the beneficiaries but a reduced probability of holding an outside job and increased total hours worked.\\
There is some heterogeneity, however, with younger and more educated beneficiaries having some positive effect on earnings.\\
The study suggest the findings mean that participants are hanging on to alternative income sources while waiting for the earnings from their self-employment to stabilize and reinvesting any possible income gains from the self-employment activity to increase its sustainability.\\
Lastly, the study found that there was a self-selection mechanisms with predominantly female household heads and more educated individuals attracted to the type of program on offer in the first place.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:10:12Z},
file = {Almeida2010_Jump-starting Self-employment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3K8LQPHX/Almeida2010_Jump-starting Self-employment.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Alzua2006,
title = {The Impact of Training Policies in {{Argentina}}: An Evaluation of {{Proyecto Joven}}},
author = {Alzúa, Maria Laura and Brassiolo, Pablo},
date = {2006},
series = {{{OVE Working Papers}}},
number = {15/06},
pages = {[36] p.},
institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
location = {{Washington}},
url = {https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/3019?locale-attribute=en},
abstract = {This paper evaluates Proyecto Joven, a training program targeted to poor young individuals in Argentina. The authors used a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following set of questions: Did the program increase the probability of employment? Did it increase the probability of a formal employment? Did it increase the labor income of trainees? The methodology used is the matching estimators approach calculating first propensity scores for program participation and then the matching estimators to calculate the program impact. The impact of the program is negligible in terms of employment and income, but not in terms of formality, which was an important achievement in the case of Argentina, since labor informality was increasing economy wide and more specifically for the group targeted by Proyecto Joven.},
issue = {no 15/06, October 2006},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,group::youth,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study using survey data for participants of an Argentinian vocational training program 'Proyecto Joven' to analyze employment probability, job quality and earnings.\\
Employment probability and earnings were not impacted significantly, while job quality improved significantly.\\
This was primarily due to a rise in formal employment through the program, specifically through the on-the-job internship and potential extended employment provided, which happened in a time of overall increasing informality on Argentina's labor market.\\
There was a marginally significant impact on the employment probability for women, though the results may be slightly biased due to the timing of Argentina's labor market expanding during its period of analysis.},
timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:29Z},
file = {Alzua2006_The impact of training policies in Argentina.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/89U6BLKJ/Alzua2006_The impact of training policies in Argentina.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Alzua2016,
title = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs: {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Argentina}}},
shorttitle = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs},
author = {Alzúa, Maria Laura and Cruces, Guillermo and Lopez, Carolina},
date = {2016-10},
journaltitle = {Economic Inquiry},
shortjournal = {Econ Inq},
volume = {54},
number = {4},
pages = {1839--1859},
issn = {00952583},
doi = {10.1111/ecin.12348},
abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also—exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general—in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {An experimental study on the 'entra21' vocational training of Argentina aimed at unemployed youth in Cordoba which analyzes its effects on earnings, employment probability and formal employment.\\
Generally, it finds a positive impact on formal employment and employment probability short-term which carries a larger effect for men.\\
The effect dissipates over the medium- (33 months) and long-term (48 months), however.\\
It also sees a positive effect on earnings which it puts down to a combination of higher wages and higher overall employment levels.\\
Due to using data from follow-up surveys after the treatment as well as long-term administrative data, the study probes deeper into possible channels of the program working.\\
For example, the program may not necessarily help many find a new job over time but rather have better chances of keeping their (provided internship) job, or increase their wages within it over time.\\
While the program is more expensive than similar programs in the region, there is still a positive cost-benefit analysis which sees losses recouped after 26 months.},
timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:21Z},
file = {Alzua2016_LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/74FYJ5CI/Alzua2016_LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Angelucci2015,
title = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment}} by {{Compartamos Banco}}},
shorttitle = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}},
author = {Angelucci, Manuela and Karlan, Dean and Zinman, Jonathan},
date = {2015-01-01},
journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
shortjournal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {151--182},
issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
doi = {10.1257/app.20130537},
abstract = {We use a clustered randomized trial, and over 16,000 household surveys, to estimate impacts at the community level from a group lending expansion at 110 percent APR by the largest microlender in Mexico. We find no evidence of transformative impacts on 37 outcomes (although some estimates have large confidence intervals), measured at a mean of 27 months post-expansion, across 6 domains: microentrepreneurship, income, labor supply, expenditures, social status, and subjective well-being. We also examine distributional impacts using quantile regressions, given theory and evidence regarding negative impacts from borrowing at high interest rates, but do not find strong evidence for heterogeneity. (JEL C83, D14, G21, I31, J23, O12, O16)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {country::Mexico,done,program::cash grant,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {An experimental study analyzing the impacts of microcredit loans in Mexico, on the earnings and a variety of other factors of Mexican micro-entrepreneurs.
\par
It finds that, while there is no significant impact on the earnings themselves, the loans do lead to a modest increase in business growth.
\par
The authors suggest that the business growth increases both revenues and expenditures, thus not significantly increasing overall earnings.
\par
Additionally, there is a modest increase in subjective well-being and the ability for independent female decision-making.
\par
The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of them prove to be transformative.},
timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:32:59Z},
file = {Angelucci2015_Microcredit Impacts.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8UC5SYVH/Angelucci2015_Microcredit Impacts.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Attanasio2011,
ids = {10.2307/41288643,Attanasio2011a},
title = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}}},
shorttitle = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}},
author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Kugler, Adriana and Meghir, Costas},
date = {2011-07-01},
journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
shortjournal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
volume = {3},
number = {3},
pages = {188--220},
publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
doi = {10.1257/app.3.3.188},
abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005. This randomized trial offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of training in a middle income country. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. The program raises earnings and employment for women. Women offered training earn 19.6 percent more and have a 0.068 higher probability of paid employment than those not offered training, mainly in formal-sector jobs. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates much larger net gains than those found in developed countries. (JEL I28, J13, J24, O15)},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {Analyzing the impact of the Colombian youth training program Jóvenes en Acción through a randomized control trial with three survey parts: household characteristic collection, education characteristics and individual labor market information.\\
The program provided 6 months of skill training in specific sectors through class-room training and an on-the-job training provided through internships concurrently.\\
The program, through cost-benefit-analysis, should be seen as a success since it greatly raised the earnings of women (almost 20\%), though it did neither raise earnings nor had employment effects for men.\\
Restricted to formal sectors, however, the program showed a significant impact for both men and women.\\
While this may indicate "queue jumping" instead of job creation, the study design hints at such hiring replacement perhaps not being a large concern.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Attanasio2011_Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3VMYA44D/Attanasio2011_Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Attanasio2017,
ids = {Attanasio2017a,WOS:000398733400005},
title = {Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: {{A}} Long-Term Follow-Up},
author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Guarin, Arlen and Medina, Carlos and Meghir, Costas},
date = {2017-04},
journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {131--143},
issn = {1945-7782},
doi = {10.1257/app.20150554},
abstract = {We evaluate the long-term impacts of a randomized Colombian training and job placement program. Following the large short-term effects, we now find that the program effects persist, increasing formal participation and earnings contributions to social security and working in larger firms. By using a large administrative source we are also able to establish that the program improved both male and female labor market outcomes by a similar amount-a result that was not apparent with the smaller evaluation sample. The results point to a cost- effective approach to reducing informality and improving labor market outcomes in the long run.},
eissn = {1945-7790},
orcid-numbers = {Medina, Carlos/0000-0002-9739-9876},
unique-id = {WOS:000398733400005},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\\
While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\\
Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\\
However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts --- \\
though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Attanasio2017_Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZPBTLE3J/Attanasio2017_Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in colombia.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Barrera-Osorio2020,
ids = {Barrera-Osorio2020a},
title = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}},
shorttitle = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}},
author = {Barrera-Osorio, Felipe and Kugler, Adriana and Silliman, Mikko I.},
date = {2020-07},
number = {27548},
institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
doi = {10.3386/w27548},
abstract = {We randomly assign applicants to over-subscribed programs to study the effects of teaching hard and soft skills in vocational training and examine their impacts on skills and labor market outcomes using both survey and administrative data. We find that providing vocational training that either emphasizes social or technical skills increases formal employment. We also find that admission to a vocational program that emphasizes technical relative to social skills increases overall employment and also days and hours worked in the short term. Yet, emphasis on soft-skills training helps applicants sustain employment and monthly wages over the longer term and allows them to catch up with those learning hard skills. Further, through a second round of randomization, we find that offering financial support for transportation and food increases the effectiveness of the program, indicating that resource constraints may be an obstacle for individuals considering vocational training.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial in which participants in Colombia signed up for a vocational training and received either a training focusing on social skills, focusing on technical skills, or no training at all.\\
Those receiving a training were also randomly selected to receive a subsidy for the training, mostly consisting of transport or food subsidies.\\
The primary goal of the study was to disambiguate between the employment outcomes of different foci within vocational trainings.\\
Results show that any vocational training increased formal employment, but emphasis on technical skills increased overall employment (as well as hours worked), whereas emphasis on social skills increased long-term sustained employment and earnings.\\
Offering subsidies significantly increased the overall effectiveness of the offered programs.\\
Lastly, men were significantly more impacted by increased employment probability even though increased formality and hours worked affected both men and women, which could indicate other gender-based barriers to employment, such as lack of sufficient childcare opportunities.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard and Soft Skills in Vocational Training.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6KNR2KZ2/Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard and Soft Skills in Vocational Training.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{blyde2019training,
title = {Training and Labor Adjustment to Trade},
author = {Blyde, Juan S. and Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares and Chatruc, Marisol Rodríguez and Russell, Nathaniel},
date = {2019},
series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
number = {1069},
institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Training_and_Labor_Adjustment_to_Trade_en.pdf},
abstract = {While there is a large body of literature evaluating how active labor-market policies such as training impact worker outcomes, relatively few studies examine how such policies impact workers who are displaced by trade. The few studies on training and trade-related labor adjustment focus on the impact of trade-specific assistance programs. Most countries in the world, however, do not have assistance programs that are triggered by trade events but instead implement labor-market policies for reasons other than trade. In this paper, we use detailed data on workers’ employment histories and training activities to evaluate the impact of an industrial training program in Brazil on workers who are displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re-entry into the formal labor market one year after displacement by about 13.2 percentage points (equivalent to 30\%) and is effective for workers who are displaced from sectors of high exposure to import competition. This effect is explained by workers switching sectors and occupations after training. We also find that training has positive effects on employment spells and cumulative earnings in the two years after displacement.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study conducted on the basis of administrative data for Brazil which intended to analyze the impact of vocational training on job re-entry for displaced workers.\\
Specifically focused on workers displaced from sectors highly-exposed to trade periods, whose workers are generally more unlikely to re-enter the same sector.\\
The results show that, while training does not significantly impact re-entry into the same sector, it does significantly increase re-entry probability into formal employment into another sector or occupation one year after displacement.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Blyde2019_Training and labor adjustment to trade.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MRCLQICL/Blyde2019_Training and labor adjustment to trade.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Calero2017,
title = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}} in {{Rio De Janeiro}}},
shorttitle = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}?},
author = {Calero, Carla and Leite Corseuil, Carlos Henrique and Gonzales, Veronica and Kluve, Jochen and Soares, Yuri},
date = {2017},
journaltitle = {Labour Economics},
volume = {45},
pages = {131--142},
doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.008},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the 'Galpão Aplauso' youth training program, focusing on a combination of vocational training and life skills through expressive arts, to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability.\\
The study finds significant short-term increases on both earnings and employment probability for the beneficiaries, but finds no impacts on non labor market outcomes such as personality-related traits.\\
The training program started as a public policy but turned into a private-sector managed program, with selective criteria to initiative and beneficiaries, so that there the authors see small chance of it scaling well and the results holding potential for external validity.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:56:15Z},
file = {Calero2014_Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/25YJ9WS9/Calero2014_Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Card2011,
title = {The Labor Market Impacts of Youth Training in the {{Dominican Republic}}},
author = {Card, David and Ibarraran, Pablo and Regalia, Ferdinando and Rosas-Shady, David and Soares, Yuri},
date = {2011-04},
journaltitle = {Journal of Labor Economics},
shortjournal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
volume = {29},
number = {2},
pages = {267--300},
issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307},
doi = {10.1086/658090},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {The study analyzes a randomized control trial in the Dominican Republic's program 'Juventud y Empleo' regarding the effects of vocational training on earnings and employment outcomes such as hours worked or overall employment probability.\\
While there is no significant impact on hours worked or employment probability, a modest increase in earnings through wages per hour was determined.\\
The study suffered from an issue in the design through which people not showing up for treatment were not approached for the follow-up survey, and people reassigned from the control group to the treatment group showed some significant differences to the rest of the treatment group.\\
The study tries to account for this, but it should still be kept in mind as potentially decreasing its explanatory limits.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Card2011_The labor market impacts of youth training in the Dominican Republic.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UUN5X9UK/Card2011_The labor market impacts of youth training in the Dominican Republic.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Chong2008,
ids = {WOS:000261463900001},
title = {Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market in {{Peru}}},
author = {Chong, Alberto and Galdo, Jose and Saavedra, Jaime},
date = {2008},
journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {229--245},
issn = {1748-7870},
doi = {10.1080/17487870802543480},
abstract = {This article analyzes the evolution of informal employment in Peru from 1986 to 2001. Contrary to what one would expect, the informality rates increased steadily during the 1990s despite the introduction of flexible contracting mechanisms, a healthy macroeconomic recovery, and tighter tax codes and regulation. We explore different factors that may explain this upward trend including the role of labor legislation and labor allocation between/within sectors of economic activity. Finally, we illustrate the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the Youth Training PROJOVEN Program that offers vocational training to disadvantaged young individuals. We find significant training impacts on the probability of formal employment for both males and females.},
article-number = {PII 906419804},
unique-id = {WOS:000261463900001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study following multiple rounds of the 'PROJOVEN' youth vocational training program in Peru to find out if increases in productivity are associated with levels of informality on a labor market.\\
Uses panel data to look for program outcomes of percentage of formal employment, overall employment probability and several job quality proxies.\\
Understands definition of formal employment for its purposes ultimately as agglomeration of multiple job quality indices: firm size, health benefits, accident insurance, social security and, not least, a formal contract.\\
In this interpretation, while employment probability was not significantly impacted for men, it was significantly positive for women.\\
Additionally, the study found strong positive impacts on all job quality proxies and probability of formality, though all measured impacts subsides over the medium-term.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Chong2008_Informality and productivity in the labor market in Peru.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5C7SAJMH/Chong2008_Informality and productivity in the labor market in Peru.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Dammert2015,
ids = {Dammert2015a},
title = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation: {{A}} Multi-Treatment Experimental Design},
shorttitle = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation},
author = {Dammert, Ana C. and Galdo, Jose and Galdo, Virgilio},
date = {2015-12},
journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development},
shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Develop},
volume = {4},
issn = {2193-9020},
doi = {10.1186/s40175-015-0033-7},
abstract = {Abstract This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,program::job market services,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {The study experimentally investigates the role of two axes of labor market intermediation and matching on employment probability: information channels (between digital and non-digital) and information sets (between public and private) in Lima, Peru.\\
It creates 3 treatment groups from people receiving traditional labor market intermediation information digitally and non-digitally, people receiving unrestricted (additional) labor market information digitally, and a control group.\\
The digital channel chosen was primarily an SMS system which would inform participants of job offerings. \\
The information set provided to participants was either the traditional job matching information of the Lima public intermediation service, for which employers specifically had to sign up, or an unrestricted set which consisted both of the previous set and additional job vacancies which employers did not have to specifically sign up.\\
The treatment group receiving an unrestricted information set digitally had a significant short-term increase in employment probability, which disappeared long-term (3 months) after the control group received access to labor market intermediation as well.\\
The other treatment groups had no significant impact on employment probability short-term or long-term, and there was no significant impact on job matching efficiency for any of the treatments.\\
The study argues this finding signifies that the most important factor for employment probability is thus the scope and novelty of information delivered through digital means,\\
as well as the feasibility of using digital channels for information distribution, while acknowledging a smaller role of the information channel alone than often assumed.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:14:27Z},
file = {Dammert2015_Integrating mobile phone technologies into labor-market intermediation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IZEGKKVX/Dammert2015_Integrating mobile phone technologies into labor-market intermediation.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Delajara2006,
title = {An Evaluation of Training for the Unemployed in {{Mexico}}},
author = {Delajara, Marcelo and Freije, Samuel and Soloaga, Isidro},
date = {2006},
number = {OVE/WP-09/06},
institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/An-Evaluation-of-Training-for-the-Unemployed-in-Mexico.pdf},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Mexico,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {Report analyzing a training program 'PROBECAT-SICAT' for unemployed in Mexico, to find the impact on earnings for those treated utilizing data from a variety of different administrative surveys from 2000-2004.\\
Generally, the study finds significant but small positive impacts on earnings for wage workers and a varying but positive impact on self-employed workers (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller).\\
The earnings effect is generally larger for formal employment specifically.\\
They find evidence of a hidden bias in the study, so take care not to just select on observables and ensure robustness.\\
The program itself also underwent large changes in 2002, with a larger focus on on-the-job training suddenly changing this to the most effective program by definition.\\
Lastly, the cost-benefit analysis resulted in negative net results except for selection on unobservables which resulted in positive results for 2000 and 2002.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:18:58Z},
file = {Delajara2006_An evaluation of training for the unemployed in Mexico.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9XLD5XIZ/Delajara2006_An evaluation of training for the unemployed in Mexico.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Diaz2006,
title = {An Evaluation of the {{Peruvian}} "{{Youth Labor Training Program}}" - {{Projoven}}},
author = {Díaz, Juan José and Jaramillo, Miguel},
date = {2006},
number = {OVE/WP-10/06},
institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/An-Evaluation-of-the-Peruvian-Youth-Labor-Training-Program---PROJOVEN.pdf},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:24:53Z},
file = {Diaz2006_An evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labor Training Program - Projoven.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MCUXEI3A/Diaz2006_An evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labor Training Program - Projoven.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Diaz2016,
title = {Impact {{Evaluation}} of the {{Job Youth Training Program Projoven}}},
author = {Diaz, Juan Jose and Rosas, David},
date = {2016},
series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
number = {693},
institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Impact-Evaluation-of-the-Job-Youth-Training-Program-Projoven.pdf},
abstract = {Abstract: This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training. Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with administrative data from the country’s Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electrónica), allowing for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socio- emotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal employment vary depending on the beneficiaries’ gender and age, with different patterns of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:26:12Z},
file = {Diaz2016_Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HJLUBXXH/Diaz2016_Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Escudero2020,
ids = {WOS:000554926900002},
title = {Joint Provision of Income and Employment Support: {{Evidence}} from a Crisis Response in {{Uruguay}}},
author = {Escudero, Veronica and Mourelo, Elva Lopez and Pignatti, Clemente},
date = {2020-10},
journaltitle = {World Development},
volume = {134},
issn = {0305-750X},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105015},
abstract = {Integrated approaches providing assistance to jobless individuals through the combination of income support and active labour market policies have been increasingly advocated in the policy debate, both by policy makers and international organizations. By helping people tackle immediate needs while promoting labour market reinsertion, these combined approaches are expected to improve labour market and social conditions in a sustainable manner. However, evidence on the effectiveness of this policy approach is extremely scant in emerging and developing economies. This paper studies a pivotal example of this policy trend through the evaluation of a public works programme provided alongside a cash transfer as part of a comprehensive social assistance programme that reached around 10 per cent of households in Uruguay between 2005 and 2007. We use rich administrative data of panel nature to study the effects of (i) participating in the public works programme (active component), (ii) receiving the cash transfer (income-support component), and (iii) benefiting jointly of the active and income-support programmes. Results on measures of labour market participation, employment quality, and civil society participation are non-significant across the board. Point estimates are nevertheless of the expected sign and of reasonable magnitude, suggesting that the programme came close to achieving its objective. Possible reasons of the limited effectiveness of the programme could include limited treatment intensity and lack of human capital accumulation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
article-number = {105015},
unique-id = {WOS:000554926900002},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Urugay,done,lmp::active,lmp::passive,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {An impact study comparing the outcomes of a Uruguayan public works component ('Trabajo por Uruguay'), income support component ('Plan de Asistencia Nacional a la Emergencie Social') and their combination on any of resulting employment probability, employment quality or civil society participation.\\
It uses administrative household-level survey panel data to find, even though all outcomes trended slightly positively, no statistically significant effect for most of the outcomes in any combination of the respective programs.\\
The only marginally significant outcome was on employment probability by the public work program on its own.\\
Reasons for the insignificance of these positive impact trends stipulated are the relatively limited intensity of treatment of the public works program (short time-span of work program), as well as limited accumulation of human capital (qualitatively insufficient accompanying training).\\
It concludes that the public work program was on the cusp of being beneficent and did help toward the objective of reducing extreme poverty, but lacked in sustained intensity, most importantly in its allotted time-frame, to be able to fulfill any long-term objectives.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Escudero2020_Joint provision of income and employment support.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L5VLZHBI/Escudero2020_Joint provision of income and employment support.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Galasso2004,
ids = {Galasso2004a},
title = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}: {{A Randomized Experiment}}},
shorttitle = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}},
author = {Galasso, Emanuela and Ravallion, Martin and Salvia, Agustin},
date = {2004-10},
journaltitle = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
shortjournal = {ILR Review},
volume = {58},
number = {1},
pages = {128--142},
issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X},
doi = {10.1177/001979390405800107},
abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998–2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,program::training,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy voucher and training program 'Proempleo' in Argentina which tries to analyze its impacts on employment probabilities and earnings.\\
Generally, the takeup of both the partial (voucher) and the full (voucher and training) treatment were low, but even so the voucher had significant positive impact on employment probabilities.\\
The training on top overall had no significant impact, and neither of the treatments significantly affected earnings of participants.\\
There was quite some heterogeneity in the outcomes, with training having some positive impact for people with already higher education, and the overall treatments having much larger effect for women.\\
Most employments found were in temporary/informal work, which means that while the program allowed some to make a transition into waged employment, the study finds the results to be evidence of the program ultimately not succeeding in its objectives.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T09:39:59Z},
file = {Galasso2004_Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HRQ8X43B/Galasso2004_Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Galdo2012,
ids = {Galdo2012a},
title = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter? {{Evidence}} from Bidding Processes Data},
shorttitle = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter?},
author = {Galdo, Jose and Chong, Alberto},
date = {2012-12},
journaltitle = {Labour Economics},
shortjournal = {Labour Economics},
volume = {19},
number = {6},
pages = {970--986},
issn = {09275371},
doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.001},
abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose–response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study of administrative survey data on the youth training program 'PROJOVEN' in Peru, to analyze the difference of effect between high-quality and low-quality training offerings on participants' earnings, employment probability and job quality outcomes.\\
It finds significant heterogeneity in its outcomes for men and women, with only high-quality training increasing men's earnings and formal employment in the short-term, but a significant positive impact on women's earnings, employment probability and formal employment both short- and long-term for all training.\\
For training quality, the study uses an array of proxies, from which it finds that expenditure per trainee is the most important attribute, with small marginal significance of class sizes, infrastructure and institutional market demand knowledge for some outcomes, but no relationship at all between curricular structure and teacher experience for the outcomes.\\
It concludes that high-quality training is cost effective for both men and very highly effective for women, whereas lower quality training is not cost effective for men.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:30:51Z},
file = {Galdo2012_Does the quality of public-sponsored training programs matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TC9GQLLM/Galdo2012_Does the quality of public-sponsored training programs matter.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Hernani-Limarino2011,
title = {Unemployment in {{Bolivia}}: {{Risks}} and Labor Market Policies},
shorttitle = {Unemployment in Bolivia},
author = {Hernani-Limarino, Werner L. and Villegas, María and Yáñez, Ernesto},
date = {2011},
series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
number = {271},
institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/idb/brikps/3947.html},
urldate = {2022-03-09},
abstract = {This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Bolivia’s labor market institutions, particularly the Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE). It is found that unemployment as conventionally defined may not be the most important problem in Bolivia’s labor market, as the non-salaried market is always an alternative. While unemployment durations and unemployment scarring consequences are relatively low, labor market regulations and labor market programs do not help to increase the size of the formal market, apparently as a result of Bolivia’s rigid labor markets and labor policies based mainly on temporary employment programs. Such programs, however, may have helped to smooth consumption. Given the country’s high level of informality, protection policies are second best to active policies specifically designed to increase the productivity/employability of vulnerable populations.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bolivia,done,program::public works,region::LAC,relevant,social protection},
note = {A study on the effects of the 'Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE)' public works program in Bolivia on earnings, employment probability and consumption of participating households between 2002 and 2004.\\
It finds significant positive effects on household consumption after the program, indicating a success for the program's objective of being a consumption-smoothing scheme in times of recession.\\
It also finds no significant effects on employment probability and a lower bound of no significance and an upper bound of significant negative effects on monthly earnings of a household after having participated in the program.\\
Negative significant effects of the program may be attributed to a negative impact of the program, or negative self-selection which it was largely based on.\\
This negative self-selection results from the program targeting unemployed people in a highly informal economy with no way of directly monitoring (or enforcing) prior unemployment for participants.\\
Thus, the authors conclude that while such public works programs are useful social protection measures short-term during times of recession, they are not a good alternative for improving the employability of vulnerable populations which requires other targeted active programs.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:39:21Z},
file = {Hernani2011_Unemployment in Bolivia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LDPUHY7X/Hernani2011_Unemployment in Bolivia.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Ibarraran2007,
title = {Impact Evaluation of a Labor Training Program in {{Panama}}},
author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Rosas, David},
date = {2007},
institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pablo-Ibarraran/publication/265286055_Impact_Evaluation_of_a_Labor_Training_Program_in_Panama/links/5491a65e0cf2f3c6657b7069/Impact-Evaluation-of-a-Labor-Training-Program-in-Panama.pdf},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Panama,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {Study analyzes effect of 'PROCAJOVEN' vocational training program on population of Panama regarding their earnings, employment probability and hours worked.\\
It generally finds only marginally significant positive changes, though a more significant effect for women, especially those people living in urban environments.\\
For monthly earnings it does not find any significant impact.\\
However, even with the marginal impacts found there is a generally positive cost-benefit analysis, with the program costs recovered in about one year (for men) and already after three months (for women).},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:45:44Z},
file = {Ibarraran2007_Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HIF6YVXE/Ibarraran2007_Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Ibarraran2014,
ids = {Ibarraran2014a},
title = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation Design},
shorttitle = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth},
author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Ripani, Laura and Taboada, Bibiana and Villa, Juan Miguel and Garcia, Brigida},
date = {2014-12},
journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development},
shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Develop},
volume = {3},
number = {10},
issn = {2193-9020},
doi = {10.1186/2193-9020-3-10},
abstract = {This paper presents an impact evaluation of a revamped version of the Dominican Republic’s youth training program Juventud y Empleo. The paper analyzes the impact of the program on traditional labor market outcomes and on outcomes related to youth behavior and life style, expectations about the future and socio-emotional skills. In terms of labor market outcomes, the program has a positive impact on job formality for men of about 17 percent and there is also a seven percent increase in monthly earnings among those employed. However, there are no overall impacts on employment rates. Regarding non-labor market outcomes, the program reduces teenage pregnancy by five percentage points in the treatment group (about 45 percent), which is consistent with an overall increase in youth expectations about the future. The program also has a positive impact on non-cognitive skills as measured by three different scales. Scores improve between 0.08 and 0.16 standard deviations with the program. Although recent progress noted in the literature suggests that socio-emotional skills increase employability and quality of employment, the practical significance of the impacts is unclear, as there is only weak evidence that the life skills measures used are associated to better labor market performance. This is an area of growing interest and relevance that requires further research.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A randomized control experiment of the youth training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic which analyzes the employment probability, earnings and formal employment outcomes of a treatment group receiving vocational training and on-the-job experience through an internship.\\
There is no overall significant impact on employment probability. \\
However, for men there is a significant positive impact on job formality (measured through provided health insurance) and for participants already employed a significant positive impact on earnings.\\
For people living in urban areas, the majority of the sample, the effects were larger.\\
Aside from labor market outcomes it measured the impact on life skill from the program on which it had a slight positive impact, and determined an overall reduction in teenage pregnancies, which it found consistent with the individual increasing youth expectations for the future.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:47:02Z},
file = {Ibarraran2014_Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GXHSDB4P/Ibarraran2014_Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Ibarraran2019,
ids = {Ibarraran2015a},
title = {Experimental {{Evidence}} on the {{Long-Term Impacts}} of a {{Youth Training Program}}},
author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Kluve, Jochen and Ripani, Laura and Rosas, David},
date = {2019},
journaltitle = {ILR Review},
volume = {71},
number = {1},
pages = {185--222},
doi = {10.1177/0019793918768260},
abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training – including long-term labor market trajectories of young people – and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A long-term follow-up (6 years) to previous short-term experimental studies for the training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic, looking for the long-term outcomes on employment probability, earnings, and formal employment for a vocational training with on-the-job (internship) component.\\
The study finds that, over long-term, initial gains in formal employment, after overtaking the control near the end of the program, steadily increase and become significant over long-term for men and for participants living in urban environments, suggesting a lock-in effect for them.\\
For women living in urban environments there are medium-term positive increases in earnings but they vanish long-term.\\
For men there are no significant impacts either on overall employment probability or earnings.\\
Aside from labor market outcomes, there are significant positive impacts on participants' future expectations and welfare perceptions, with more larger impacts for women.\\
The study suggests the program is thus working especially well in dynamic local contexts and where the trained skills match labor demand.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T14:26:43Z},
file = {Ibarraran2015_Experimental Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of a Youth Training Program.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2HD96IEM/Ibarraran2015_Experimental Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of a Youth Training Program.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Jalan2003,
title = {Estimating the {{Benefit Incidence}} of an {{Antipoverty Program}} by {{Propensity-Score Matching}}},
author = {Jalan, Jyotsna and Ravallion, Martin},
date = {2003-01},
journaltitle = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
shortjournal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {19--30},
issn = {0735-0015, 1537-2707},
doi = {10.1198/073500102288618720},
abstract = {We apply recent advances in propensity-score matching (PSM) to the problem of estimating the distribution of net income gains from an Argentinean workfare program. PSM has a number of attractive features in this context, including the need to allow for heterogeneous impacts, while optimally weighting observed characteristics when forming a comparison group. The average direct gain to the participant is found to be about half the gross wage. Over half of the beneficiaries are in the poorest decile nationally, and 80\%\% are in the poorest quintile. Our PSM estimator is reasonably robust to a number of changes in methodology.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A propensity score matching study on the antipoverty public works program 'Trabajar' in Argentina, using administrative survey data for 1997 to analyze the program's targeting and impacts on earnings.\\
It finds significant positive impacts for participants, and a generally well pro-poor targeting through the program using simple self-selection through its temporary provision of low wages.\\
There are larger earnings impacts for a younger cohort (15-24y), but generally a more pro-poor earnings distribution in the older cohort (25-64y).\\
Restricting the sample to women, who had a very low participation rate, shows generally larger earnings impacts but also a less pro-poor distribution, suggestive of overall lower wages for women in other work making the program more attractive to the non-poor.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:50:32Z},
file = {Jalan2003_Estimating the Benefit Incidence of an Antipoverty Program by Propensity-Score.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KF7NLH6W/Jalan2003_Estimating the Benefit Incidence of an Antipoverty Program by Propensity-Score.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Klinger2011,
title = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught? {{Quasi-experimental}} Evidence from {{Central America}}},
shorttitle = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught?},
author = {Klinger, Bailey and Schündeln, Matthias},
date = {2011-09},
journaltitle = {World Development},
shortjournal = {World Development},
volume = {39},
number = {9},
pages = {1592--1610},
issn = {0305750X},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.021},
abstract = {Business training is a widely used development tool, yet little is known about its impact. We study the effects of such a business training program held in Central America. To deal with endogenous selection into the training program, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the fact that a fixed number of applicants are taken into the training program based on a pre-training score. Business training significantly increases the probability that an applicant to the workshop starts a business or expands an existing business. Results also suggest gender heterogeneity as well as the presence of financial constraints.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::El Salvador,country::Guatemala,country::Nicaragua,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on a business training program by TechnoServe for entrepeneurial participants from Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua to find out its effects on self-employment probability (business start) and number of employees (business expansion).\\
The program consisted of an initial round of classroom training, and a second round of more individual training with competitions possible granting participants prize money.\\
It finds that the classroom training part of the program had a significant positive effect on business expansion, but no significant effect on business starts.\\
The full training including more individually 1-on-1 training, however, had a significant effect both on business starts and business expansions, with won prize money having a large significant impact on both, especially for women.\\
This suggests an overall constraint on business start and expansion through financial barriers, with the constraint being larger for women.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:52:03Z},
file = {Klinger2011_Can Entrepreneurial Activity be Taught.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/874RGZX9/Klinger2011_Can Entrepreneurial Activity be Taught.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Macours2013,
ids = {Macours2013a},
title = {Demand versus {{Returns}}? {{Pro-Poor Targeting}} of {{Business Grants}} and {{Vocational Skills Training}}},
shorttitle = {Demand versus {{Returns}}?},
author = {Macours, Karen and Premand, Patrick and Vakis, Renos},
date = {2013-03},
series = {Impact {{Evaluation Series}}},
number = {88},
institution = {{World Bank}},
doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6389},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nicaragua,done,region::LAC,relevant},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:59:31Z},
file = {Macours2013_Demand versus Returns.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HYUTDM2U/Macours2013_Demand versus Returns.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Madrid2006,
title = {Revisiting the {{Employability Effects}} of {{Training Programs}} for the {{Unemployed}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
author = {Madrid, Angel Calderon},
date = {2006},
journaltitle = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
shortjournal = {SSRN Journal},
issn = {1556-5068},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1815898},
langid = {english},
keywords = {country::Mexico,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of a training program for the unemployed in Mexico, analyzing its impacts on employment probability and employment length.\\
It finds that generally participants are more likely to keep a longer employment at the job they find after the training.\\
Generally, there is little change in the speed of job take-up after the program, but due to the longer employments, there is still a positive outcome visible after the program.\\
It thus argues that, for evaluations solely concentrating on participants' transition out of unemployment, there is a bias in estimating the program's effectiveness which is corrected upwards by including the length of employments.\\
Additionally, women find employment significantly faster after participating in the training.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T15:11:16Z},
file = {Madrid2006_Revisiting the Employability Effects of Training Programs for the Unemployed in.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LYIQYNVA/Madrid2006_Revisiting the Employability Effects of Training Programs for the Unemployed in.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Medina2005,
title = {The Impact of Public Provided Job Training in Colombia},
author = {Medina, Carlos and Nuñez, Jairo},
date = {2005},
series = {Research {{Network Working Papers}}},
number = {484},
institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
abstract = {The authors present matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. They estimate propensity scores by controlling for the variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. The effect of training, measured by the mean impact of the treatment on the treated, shows that: (i) for youths, no institution has a significant impact in the short or long run except private institutions for males; the scope of the data, however, limits the reliability of the result; (ii) for adult males, neither SENA nor the other public institutions have a significant impact in the short or long run; (iii) for SENA-trained adult females there are positive but not significant impacts in the short run and greater and close to significant effects in the long run. All other public institutions have a higher impact that is significant in the long-run; (iv) for adults trained at private institutions there are large and significant effects in both the short and long run, but for adult males in the short run the effects are smaller and only barely significant. In addition, neither short nor long courses provided by SENA seem to have a significant impact on earnings. In general, females benefit more from both short and long courses than males. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis shows that under the assumption of direct unitary costs equal to SENA, private institutions are more profitable than public institutions, which are in turn more profitable than SENA.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study using a nationally undertaken population survey of 1997 to analyze the impact differences on earnings between private and public training institutions for Colombian men, women, youths and adults respectively. \\
It splits off those trained privately, those trained publically and those trained under SENA, the largest public provider in the country, since they underlie different foci and training qualities.\\
It arrives at the conclusion that generally private training provides better cost-benefit potential, with public institutions aside from SENA providing better potential than SENA itself.\\
Public training had no significant impact on men, provided insignificant impact for women trained at SENA but significant long-term impact on all other women.\\
Private training had significant long-term impacts for all adults, though significant impact only for male youths and significant short-term impact only for women.\\
Training length made no significant difference, though gender-based differences were significant, with women profiting more off all offered training variations than men except for private youth training.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Medina2005_The impact of public provided job training in colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2K22LMNU/Medina2005_The impact of public provided job training in colombia.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Mourelo2017,
ids = {LopezMourelo2017,WOS:000399269800030},
title = {Effectiveness of Active Labor Market Tools in Conditional Cash Transfers Programs: {{Evidence}} for Argentina},
author = {Mourelo, Elva López and Escudero, Verónica},
date = {2017-06},
journaltitle = {World Development},
volume = {94},
pages = {422--447},
issn = {0305-750X},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.006},
abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the program Seguro de Capacitation y Empleo (SCE) implemented to provide support in skills upgrading, job seeking, and job placement to eligible beneficiaries of the Argentinian conditional cash transfer program Plan Ales. The SCE is an example of a growing trend observed in Latin America, where labor activation components have been increasingly included into cash transfers programs to support beneficiaries in finding more stable income opportunities. Despite this growing trend, not enough is known regarding the effectiveness of these components, especially on job quality. In this context, this paper sheds light on whether the provision of a comprehensive package of active labor market measures contributes to a successful labor market integration of cash transfers beneficiaries. Taking advantage of the panel structure of the Permanent Household Survey and exploiting the time variation in the assignment of the program as identification strategy, we apply difference-in-difference estimators to measure the impact on a number of labor market indicators. We find that the program affects positively the job quality of participants by increasing the probability of having a formal job and raising hourly wages. Moreover, the intervention is associated with a lower probability of having a low-paid job and working an excessive number of hours. These effects are, however, not homogeneous across all groups of participants. While the program is more successful among the younger beneficiaries, it does not contribute to an improvement in the labor market conditions of female beneficiaries, who in fact are the majority of SCE participants. Our results suggest that reducing dependency on monetary transfers through programs, such as the SCE, that are rich in activation components is beneficial for participants' labor market trajectories and therefore, it constitutes a satisfactory exit strategy to more universal cash transfer programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
unique-id = {WOS:000399269800030},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,lmp::active,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the integration of active labor market programs (vocational training, internships, labor market services and employment subsidies) with conditional cash transfers in Argentina's 'Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo' program to analyze the impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\\
It relies on administrative survey panel data on mostly urban households receiving the conditional cash transfer.\\
Generally finds no significant impact in employment probability but significant positive short-term impacts on earnings and job quality, especially the tendency to be employed formally.\\
There is a large heterogeneity in the findings in that, first, younger beneficiaries generally have more significantly positive impacts, however, second, women see no significant improvements at all for their employment outcomes.\\
The article stipulates that, due to correcting for observable heterogeneity, this could be due to different ALMP components generally participated in by genders or underlying structural gender gap in Argentinian labor market.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Mourelo2017_Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/357LC9I6/Mourelo2017_Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Nopo2008,
title = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation: {{The}} Impacts of {{Projoven}}},
shorttitle = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation},
author = {Nopo, Hugo and Saavedra-Chanduví, Jaime and Robles, Luis Miguel},
date = {2008},
journaltitle = {Economia},
volume = {31},
number = {62},
pages = {33--54},
issn = {1556-5068},
url = {https://faculty.up.edu.pe/es/publications/occupational-training-to-reduce-gender-segregation-the-impacts-of},
urldate = {2022-02-10},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the gendered effects of the youth training program 'ProJoven' in Peru, with a focus on the outcomes of earnings, employment probability but also (occupational) gender segregation.\\
There are significant positive impacts on women's employment probability and large impacts on their earnings, while for men, though having smaller positive impacts on earnings as well, there are negative impacts on employment probability.\\
Short-term, the employment probabilities decreased (6, 12 months survey) but then increased and surpassed the control group at the 18 month follow-up survey for women, while they stayed below the control group for men.\\
As part of the program, subsidies were given through special subsidies for young women with children, which generated incentives for those to participate in the labor market and allowed a less segregated labor market entry.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:12:09Z},
file = {Nopo2008_Occupational training to reduce gender segregation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ID824AKQ/Nopo2008_Occupational training to reduce gender segregation.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Novella2019,
title = {Active Labor Market Policies in a Context of High Informality: {{The}} Effect of {{PAE}} in Bolivia},
author = {Novella, Rafael and Valencia, Horacio},
date = {2019},
series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
number = {1062},
institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:idb:brikps:9914},
abstract = {Information asymmetries and limited skills are two main factors affecting jobseekers’ chances to access quality jobs in developing countries. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a job intermediation and wage subsidy program in Bolivia, a country with one of the highest levels of informality in Latin-America. Using administrative and survey, we find that the program substantially increases employment, formality, and earnings. These effects are heterogeneous across different subsamples of interest. Our results suggest that Active Labor Market Policies might be an effective solution for improving access to quality jobs in the context of high informality.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bolivia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the earnings, employment probability and formal employment outcomes for 'Programa de Apoyo al Empleo', an employment subsidy and job market service program in Bolivia, where, while unemployment was relatively low, labor market informality is very high.\\
The study sees significant positive impacts on employment probability and formal employment for the short-term, with earnings impacts increasing over long-term.\\
Generally, larger effects on the earnings and chances of formal employment of women were observed, as well as larger impacts on the earnings of older beneficiaries.\\
A cost-benefit analysis sees positive returns of the program over future individual labor outcomes.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Novella2019_Active labor market policies in a context of high informality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I7GIWBP4/Novella2019_Active labor market policies in a context of high informality.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Reis2015,
ids = {WOS:000346599800014},
title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil},
author = {Reis, Mauricio},
date = {2015-01},
journaltitle = {B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis \& Policy},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {377--405},
issn = {1935-1682},
doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2013-0023},
abstract = {This paper examines the effect of vocational training on labor market outcomes in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Estimates based on difference-indifferences matching indicate that vocational training increases monthly and hourly labor earnings, as well as the probability of getting a job. However, evidence does not indicate that this kind of training improves access to jobs in the formal sector. Also according to the results, vocational training in Brazil seems to be more effective for workers with more labor market experience and for those with a higher level of formal education than for individuals in disadvantaged groups.},
unique-id = {WOS:000346599800014},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
note = {A study on the earnings and employment outcomes of a variety of vocational training programs in Brazil (both public and private) using administrative panel data in mostly urban areas.\\
It finds a significant positive impact on earnings and employment probability after one year but no impact on entering into formal employment.\\
Furthermore there is heterogeneity in the results along experience and education, with more educated workers and workers with more labor market experience receiving larger positive impacts from the programs.\\
While it does not directly analyze a difference in on-the-job training and classroom training, it does point out potential advantages to the former as a way of providing additional labor market experience.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Reis2015_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in brazil.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EAPRPJCW/Reis2015_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in brazil.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@report{Ronconi2006,
ids = {Ronconi2006a},
title = {Poverty and {{Employability Effects}} of {{Workfare Programs}} in {{Argentina}}},
author = {Ronconi, Lucas and Sanguinetti, Juan and Fachelli Oliva, Sandra and Casazza, Virginia and Franceschelli, Ignacio},
date = {2006},
series = {{{PMMA Working Papers}}},
number = {2006-14},
institution = {{Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network}},
url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173205},
urldate = {2022-02-10},
abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment – particularly for women – indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that – for a large fraction of participants – the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:27:50Z},
file = {Ronconi2006_Poverty and Employability Effects of Workfare Programs in Argentina.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WIAGIY9M/Ronconi2006_Poverty and Employability Effects of Workfare Programs in Argentina.pdf:application/pdf}
}

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@article{Barsoum2017,
ids = {WOS:000396796000007},
title = {Youth-Focused Active Labour Market Programmes in a Constraining Welfare Regime: {{A}} Qualitative Reading of Programmes in {{Egypt}}},
author = {Barsoum, Ghada},
date = {2017-04},
journaltitle = {International Journal of Social Welfare},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {168--176},
issn = {1369-6866},
doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12228},
abstract = {Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) are at the core of welfare regimes in many countries across the world. This study addressed youth-focused ALMPs in Egypt, a country with high youth unemployment and a plethora of programmes ostensibly addressing this issue. Building on interviews with implementers, programme documentation and a publically accessible inventory of programmes in Egypt, the analysis locates ALMPs within the country's overall welfare system and the politics of programme targeting, design, governance and implementation modalities. The legacy of state `protective' policies and the fragmented multiplicity of players within the field constrain the effectiveness and outreach of these programmes. Analysis of implementation modalities also shows that there is a pervasive lack of programme coordination, activity documentation, management for results, and pathways to achieving sustainability and programme institutionalisation.},
eissn = {1468-2397},
unique-id = {WOS:000396796000007},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,region::MENA,relevant},
note = {A qualitative analysis of the four pillars of ALMP working in Egypt, an employment guarantee scheme, vocational training, labor market services, and entrepreneurship promotion.\\
Using a data set on the country's state-run programs and interviews with key implementers, the article generally argues that ALMPs in Egypt operate under a constraining welfare regime which does not effectively employ a 'welfare mix' with productivity generated outside the state such as NGOs, or using community-based relationships and clientelist networks.\\
Insted, the state continues to assume a 'protective' role while neglecting (and complicating) the switch to a 'productive' role.\\
This is most visible in the continued upholding of Egypt's public employment programs under its employment guarantee scheme, though the study also argues for its visibility in few competitive vocational training programs and underfunded labor market services.\\
Only on entrepreneurship promotion is a true oscillation towards 'productivity' visible with micro-lending, entrepreneurial training, and infrastructure and community development schemes generating successes through larger flexibility.\\
Ultimately it argues for constraints on ALMP effectiveness since there is too little documentation of existing program impacts and too large of a focus on the protective role of the state.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Barsoum2017_Youth-focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VJ42JLH9/Barsoum2017_Youth-focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Broecke2013,
title = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies: {{A}} Look at the {{SIVP}} Programme in {{Tunisia}}},
shorttitle = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies},
author = {Broecke, Stijn},
date = {2013-12},
journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor Policy},
shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Policy},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {9},
issn = {2193-9004},
doi = {10.1186/2193-9004-2-9},
abstract = {Abstract This paper takes a closer look at Tunisia’s SIVP: an employment subsidy aimed at university graduates and, until recently, the country’s largest active labour market policy. Using a tracer survey of the 2004 graduating cohort, OLS and matching techniques are applied to estimate the relationship between programme participation and the labour market outcomes of participants. Graduates who benefited from the programme appear less likely to be unemployed and considerably more likely to have found a job in the private sector - but this may partly reflect selection into the programme, which is not random. JEL classification J08, J20},
langid = {english},
keywords = {country::Tunisia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant},
note = {A study on the effects of the 'SIVP' programme in Tunisia on employment probability and formal employment of its participants.
\par
'SIVP' is an employment subsidy programme and the target group for the study are university graduates looking for their first job after graduation, with the programme having its last follow-up interview 44 months after graduation.
\par
It finds that the programme overall reduces unemployment and increases the chances for being employed in the private sector, two of its stated aims, for its target beneficiaries.
\par
It also finds, however, that the selection into the programme, not being random, is not targeting those most in need well, with individuals most likely to be unemployed 3 months after graduation often having to wait the longest for participation in the programme.
\par
Lastly, it finds that programme participants tend to have a more precarious job (no permanent contract) and be less well remunerated than graduates with a job that did not participate in SIVP.
\par
The study concludes that, while the programme is in line with international cost-benefit assumptions of employment subsidy programmes, it loses a large part of its effectiveness to deadweight losses due to its bad targeting.},
timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:06:50Z},
file = {Broecke2013_Tackling graduate unemployment in North Africa through employment subsidies.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F5UR5RFN/Broecke2013_Tackling graduate unemployment in North Africa through employment subsidies.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Chatri2021,
ids = {WOS:000666885300001},
title = {Micro-Econometric Evaluation of Subsidized Employment in Morocco: {{The}} Case of the “{{Idmaj}}” Program},
author = {Chatri, Abdellatif and Hadef, Khadija and Samoudi, Naima},
date = {2021-12},
journaltitle = {Journal for Labour Market Research},
volume = {55},
number = {1},
issn = {2510-5019},
doi = {10.1186/s12651-021-00300-5},
abstract = {This paper aims to assess the impact of the Moroccan wage subsidy program “Idmaj”. It applies the propensity score matching method to the data from a survey conducted by the Ministry of Labour on a sample of eligible individuals. Our results suggest that wage subsidies in Morocco have a positive but marginally significant effect on reducing unemployment and improving employment and a significant negative impact on wages. It also highlights some heterogeneous effects of the program, particularly on women. Finally, it appears that the program did not serve as a stepping stone to higher-paying, high-quality work and, in contrast, it had a stigmatizing effect on beneficiaries.},
article-number = {17},
eissn = {2510-5027},
orcid-numbers = {samoudi, Naima/0000-0003-3164-0249},
unique-id = {WOS:000666885300001},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Morocco,done,region::MENA,relevant},
note = {A study using propensity score matching on the employment subsidy program 'Idmaj' in Morocco to analyze its impact on earnings and employment probability. \\
It finds that, while there is a marginally positive effect on employment probability through the program, there is a more significant negative impact on earnings of beneficiaries.\\
There is also a large heterogeneity with the program having a larger positive employment effect on young people (18-24 years old) and women, but also having a larger negative earnings effect on women and people aged 25-34 years.\\
In both cases, the collateral tends to exceed positive gains, and may be caused due to a stigmatizing effect under which employers consider beneficiaries less productive due to receiving the subsidy and thus less likely to consider beneficiaries for higher wages.\\
Lastly, there is also less likelihood for being covered by social security for men and beneficiaries of the program aged 25-34 years.\\
Thereby, the program can also not be considered a stepping stone toward higher-skill jobs and higher wages, which was one of its original objectives.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Chatri2021_Micro-econometric evaluation of subsidized employment in morocco.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DV8VLDBV/Chatri2021_Micro-econometric evaluation of subsidized employment in morocco.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{El-Hamidi2006,
ids = {WOS:000243025500004},
title = {General or Vocational Schooling? {{Evidence}} on School Choice, Returns, and `sheepskin' Effects from {{Egypt}} 1998},
author = {El-Hamidi, Fatma},
date = {2006-06},
journaltitle = {Journal of Policy Reform},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {157--176},
issn = {1384-1289},
doi = {10.1080/13841280600772861},
abstract = {In general, vocational education does not lead to higher wages. However, in some countries, labor markets are characterized by employment growth and skill shortages. In these, vocational schooling has produced higher wages and returns on investment than general education. Using 1998 Egyptian household survey, the study adds evidence to the debate on relative benefits of vocational education and of general education at the secondary level. The findings suggest that providing general education to the workforce followed by on-the-job training would provide the most benefit.},
unique-id = {WOS:000243025500004},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,program::training,region::MENA},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {El-Hamidi2006_General or vocational schooling.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JQG3W5MF/El-Hamidi2006_General or vocational schooling.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Elsayed2021,
ids = {WOS:000689512800002},
title = {Empowering Women in Conservative Settings: {{Evidence}} from an Intervention in Rural {{Egypt}}},
author = {Elsayed, Ahmed and Namoro, Soiliou Daw and Roushdy, Rania},
date = {2021},
journaltitle = {Review of Economics of the Household},
issn = {1569-5239},
doi = {10.1007/s11150-021-09576-5},
abstract = {We evaluate the impact of a large-scale intervention in the conservative setting of rural Egypt which attempts to relax human capital constraints for women by offering vocational, business and life skills training across 30 villages in the south of the country. Relative to women in the control villages, the intervention increased women's labor force participation and their likelihood to engage in self-employment and formal wage employment. Moreover, business knowledge and future business aspirations increased for treated women. We find positive spillover effects within treated villages for the intentions to set up businesses but no similar effects on actual labor market outcomes.},
earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2021},
eissn = {1573-7152},
unique-id = {WOS:000689512800002},
keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,group::women,program::training,region::MENA,relevant},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Elsayed2021_Empowering women in conservative settings.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UP6LD958/Elsayed2021_Empowering women in conservative settings.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Groh2015,
title = {Testing the Importance of Search Frictions and Matching through a Randomized Experiment in {{Jordan}}},
author = {Groh, Matthew and McKenzie, David and Shammout, Nour and Vishwanath, Tara},
date = {2015-12},
journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor Economics},
shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Econ},
volume = {4},
number = {7},
issn = {2193-8997},
doi = {10.1186/s40172-015-0022-8},
abstract = {Abstract We test the role of search and matching frictions in explaining the high unemployment of tertiary-educated youth in Jordan through a randomized experiment. Firms and job candidates were provided with a job-matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity of an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. The results suggest voluntary unemployment in this context arises from preferences over non-wage job attributes.},
langid = {english},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Jordan,done,program::job market services,region::MENA,relevant},
note = {An experimental study on job matching for university graduates through an intermediary after a psychometric pre-secreening process in Jordan wants to analyze its effects on the resulting employment probability and earnings.\\
Although over 1000 successful matches were made the resulting number of mediated jobs kept was very small (9), with employers rejecting to offer an interview in 55\% of matched cases but also offering a job to 54\% of people interviewed.\\
Candidates rejected 28\% of invitation offers and either rejected job offers or quit within the first month 83\% of the time.\\
While the study theorized that the job matching would lower search costs on both sides, it finds that employers might not profit majorly from lowered search costs (already easily filling vacancies) and candidates having a high reservation utility with many offered jobs ultimately deemed undesirable for the following characteristics: \\
considered monotonous/hard work/tiring, conflicting with gender norms, carrying prestige/social costs.\\
With no significant impact on employment probability or earnings, the study therefore finds job matching for its university educated sample not positively impactful.},
timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:35:06Z},
file = {Groh2015_Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MRAF2LQA/Groh2015_Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Groh2016,
title = {Do {{Wage Subsidies Provide}} a {{Stepping-Stone}} to {{Employment}} for {{Recent College Graduates}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}} in {{Jordan}}},
author = {Groh, Matthew and Krishnan, Nandini and McKenzie, David and Vishwanath, Tara},
date = {2016},
journaltitle = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
volume = {98},
number = {3},
eprint = {24917030},
eprinttype = {jstor},
pages = {488--502},
publisher = {{The MIT Press}},
issn = {00346535, 15309142},
doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00584},
abstract = {This study examines the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were assigned to receive a wage subsidy voucher. The wage voucher led to a 38 percentage point increase in employment in the short run, but the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant after the voucher period has expired. The extra job experience gained as a result of the wage subsidy does not provide a stepping-stone to new jobs for these recent graduates, which appears to be due to productivity levels not rising above a binding minimum wage.},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Jordan,done,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant},
note = {An experimental study on the impact of employment subsidy for female graduates of community colleges in Jordan to analyze the effects on employment probability and earnings.\\
While there was a significant impact on short-term employment probability and earnings, this effect dropped of medium-term (survey 4 months after voucher period end) to insignificant impact levels and stays insignificant long-term.\\
The study finds that after expiry of the vouchers the employees, though gaining on-the-job experience through their subsidized work period, are not found productive enough by employers to be kept on, with a binding minimum wage which prevents employment at wage levels that would be commensurate with their productivity.\\
The voucher use itself, however, is substantially higher than in similar wage subsidy studies, with 50\% of vouchers handed out used and the larger relative portion of those used outside the capital city.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Groh2016_Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5IEPY4E2/Groh2016_Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{Marouani2010,
ids = {WOS:000279633400002},
title = {More Jobs for University Graduates: {{Some}} Policy Options for {{Tunisia}}},
author = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali},
date = {2010},
journaltitle = {Applied Economics Letters},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {933--937},
issn = {1350-4851},
doi = {10.1080/13504850802599466},
abstract = {The combination of demographic factors and an increase in education has caused a significant rise of university graduates' unemployment in the Middle-East and North Africa regions. This article provides a prospective cost-effectiveness analysis of the impact of alternative labour market policies using a dynamic general equilibrium model. The model allows for an endogenous determination of unemployment through a multisectoral efficiency wage setting mechanism. The main finding is that a wage subsidy targeted at highly skilled intensive sectors is more effective than tax reductions or investment subsidies. However, wage subsidies are not enough to reduce unemployment significantly. Other policy options need to be considered.},
article-number = {PII 912347703},
orcid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/0000-0002-9052-1517},
researcherid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/AAV-5017-2020},
unique-id = {WOS:000279633400002},
keywords = {citation_checked,country::Tunisia,done,group::youth,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA},
note = {A modeling of the effect of wage subsidies versus tax reductions or investment subsidies with the help of a dynamic general equilibrium model.\\
It finds that, between the three options, an employment subsidy is the optimum choice.\\
However even so, employment subsidies alone do not produce a significantly positive impact in the model and are recommended to be supported by other policy choices.\\
On the increasing labor demand side, the policy recommendations are an increased research-development, public or private, or the promotion of more highly skilled labor intensive service exports.\\
On the decreasing labor supply side, the recommendations are increasing skilled laborers study time to counteract the recent introduction of shorter study periods in Tunisia, or encouraging skilled laborers to migrate.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Marouani2010_More jobs for university graduates.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VQ4SHXY5/Marouani2010_More jobs for university graduates.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{premand2012entrepreneurship,
title = {Entrepreneurship Training and Self-Employment among University Graduates: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Trial in {{Tunisia}}},
author = {Premand, Patrick and Brodmann, Stefanie and Almeida, Rita and Grun, Rebekka and Barouni, Mahdi},
date = {2012},
journaltitle = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper},
number = {6285},
abstract = {In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills, expanded networks, and affected a range of behavioral skills. Participation in the entrepreneurship track also heightened graduates optimism toward the future shortly after the Tunisian revolution.},
keywords = {country::Tunisia,done,program::training,region::MENA,relevant},
note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in an entrepreneurship training programme track for university graduate students, to analyse its effects on participants' employment probability, earnings, job quality, and self-employment probability.
\par
It finds, foremost, that self-employment has been significantly increased after the intervention, though the change remains small (1-4pct.) in absolute terms.
\par
The overall employment rate remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from waged employment to self-employment, and there was no change in job quality registered (firm size, earnings, formality).
\par
The channels through which this self-employment change takes place are an increase in business skills, networking effects, a changed mindset toward entrepreneurial activities and a stronger individual outlook to the future.
\par
Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for entering the private sector, but not the public sector which the study suggests may be due to the job security and earnings offered by the public sector, and sees as potentially important for future labour market policy considerations.},
timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
file = {Premand2012_Entrepreneurship training and self-employment among university graduates.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WWNB2IGE/Premand2012_Entrepreneurship training and self-employment among university graduates.pdf:application/pdf}
}

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