From 5b9bd1b1b01f20d0a52ef60f9a48f01d87818a7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 14:44:02 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] feat(data): Add previous ALMP review studies --- 02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib | 2096 ++++++++++++++++++++++- 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ap.bib | 788 +++++++++ 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/lac.bib | 752 ++++++++ 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/mena.bib | 211 +++ 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ssa.bib | 590 +++++++ 5 files changed, 4403 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) create mode 100644 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ap.bib create mode 100644 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/lac.bib create mode 100644 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/mena.bib create mode 100644 02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ssa.bib diff --git a/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib b/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib index 64f48b3..d9be487 100644 --- a/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib +++ b/02-data/intermediate/zotero-library.bib @@ -171,6 +171,86 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Abebe2017, + title = {Job Fairs: {{Matching}} Firms and Workers in a Field Experiment in {{Ethiopia}}}, + author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel and Falco, Paolo and Franklin, Simon and Quinn, Simon and Shilpi, Forhad}, + year = {2017}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {8092}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8092}, + abstract = {Do matching frictions affect youth employment in developing countries? This paper studies a randomized controlled trial of job fairs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The job fairs match firms with a representative sample of young, educated job-seekers. The meetings at the fairs create very few jobs: one for approximately 10 firms that attended. The paper explores reasons for this, and finds significant evidence for mismatched expectations: about wages, about firms' requirements, and the average quality of job-seekers. There is evidence of learning and updating of beliefs in the aftermath of the fair. This changes behavior: both workers and firms invest more in formal job search after the fairs.}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of a job matching fair in urban Ethiopia on employment probability.\textbf{It finds that there were very few direct job matches generated from the job fair due to mismatched expectations on wages, skill requirements and the overall quality of applicants.\textbf{However, the results also suggest a learning process and updating of beliefs both on the part of workers and firms, with an accompanying increase in formal job search afterwards.}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4SN8XILB/Abebe2017_Job_fairs.pdf} +} + +@article{Abebe2021, + title = {Anonymity or Distance? {{Job}} Search and Labour Market Exclusion in a Growing {{African}} City}, + shorttitle = {Anonymity or Distance?}, + author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel and Falco, Paolo and Franklin, Simon and Quinn, Simon}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Review of Economic Studies}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {1279--1310}, + doi = {10.1093/restud/rdaa057}, + abstract = {We conduct a randomized evaluation of two job-search support programs for urban youth in Ethiopia. One group of treated respondents receives a subsidy to cover the transport costs of job search. Another group participates in a job application workshop where their skills are certified and they are given orientation on how to make effective job applications. The two interventions are designed to lower spatial and informational barriers to employment. We find that both treatments significantly improve the quality of jobs that young jobseekers obtain. Impacts are concentrated among women and the least educated. Using rich high-frequency data from a phone survey, we are able to explore the mechanisms underlying the results; we show that while the transport subsidy increases both the intensity and the efficacy of job search, the job application workshop mainly operates through an increase in search efficacy. Both interventions mitigate the adverse effects of spatial constraints on employment outcomes, and the job application workshop alleviates informational asymmetries by helping workers to signal their ability.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on either a transport subsidy for job search or a certified job search workshop on youth in urban Ethiopia, to analyze their impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\textbf{The programs have long-term positive impacts on earnings and modest but insignificant impacts on employment probability.\textbf{However, they both have significant positive impacts on job quality through an increase in formal employment and the workshop also increases permanent employment significantly, whereas the transport subsidy does so marginally.\textbf{The study suggests this is due to a reduction in both location constraints, as well as, for the workshop, an alleviation of informational asymmetries for job seekers by allowing them easier signaling of their abilities to employers (through gained skills, and certification effect).\textbf{There is a quite large heterogeneity in the results, with most effects concentrated on both the least educated and women.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PVGTMZTF/Abebe2021_Anonymity_or_distance.pdf} +} + +@article{Abebe2021a, + title = {The {{Selection}} of {{Talent}}: {{Experimental}} and {{Structural Evidence}} from {{Ethiopia}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Selection}} of {{Talent}}}, + author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and {Ortiz-Ospina}, Esteban}, + year = {2021}, + month = jun, + journal = {American Economic Review}, + volume = {111}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1757--1806}, + issn = {0002-8282}, + doi = {10.1257/aer.20190586}, + abstract = {We study how search frictions in the labor market affect firms' ability to recruit talented workers. In a field experiment in Ethiopia, we show that an employer can attract more talented applicants by offering a small monetary incentive for making a job application. Estimates from a structural model suggest that the intervention is effective because the cost of making a job application is large, and positively correlated with jobseeker ability. We provide evidence that this positive correlation is driven by dynamic selection. In a second experiment, we show that local recruiters underestimate the positive impacts of application incentives. (JEL J23, J24, J31, J64, O15)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial in Ethiopia's Addis Ababa on the impact of offering job application subsidies on the resulting quality (and quantity) of applicants. +\par +It finds that, in general, offering a small subsidy to applicants significantly increases the job applicants pool's quality as well as quantity. +\par +The results are based on a framework of job applicant quality in which high-quality low search-cost individuals leave the pool relatively quickly, leaving equally high-ability but higher search-cost individuals stuck in the pool for longer. +\par +It suggests that the application incentive in form of a small subsidy acts to somewhat offset the search costs the job seekers are facing and thus stimulate their leaving the job seeker pool. +\par +Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced applicants.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-30T11:38:48Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3627TW4K/Abebe2021a_The_Selection_of_Talent.pdf} +} + +@article{Abel2020, + ids = {WOS:000545344200002}, + title = {The Value of Reference Letters: {{Experimental}} Evidence from South Africa}, + author = {Abel, Martin and Burger, Rulof and Piraino, Patrizio}, + year = {2020}, + month = jul, + journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {12}, + number = {3}, + pages = {40--71}, + issn = {1945-7782}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20180666}, + abstract = {We show that reference letters from former employers alleviate information frictions in a-low-skill labor market, improving applicant screening and gender equity. A resume audit study finds that using a reference letter in the application increases callbacks by 60 percent. Women drive the effect. Letters are effective because they provide valuable information about workers' skills that employers use to select applicants of higher ability. A second experiment, which encourages job seekers to obtain and use a reference letter, finds consistent results. In particular, reference letters raise job interviews and employment for women.}, + eissn = {1945-7790}, + unique-id = {WOS:000545344200002}, + keywords = {country::South Africa,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of utilizing reference letters for job applications in urban South Africa, analyzing the impact on employment probability.\textbf{It finds no significant impact for the overall study sample, comprised of both men and women, but a significant increase on job callbacks, job interviews and employment probability for women in the short-/medium-term.\textbf{It also finds that providing the participants with information on the advantages of attaching a reference letter to applications increases their probability of getting such a letter.\textbf{It posits that information asymmetries on the labor market hinder the correct functioning of human capital theory, whereby reference letters directly disclose skill information and have a signaling effect on employers.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Aber2017, title = {Impacts {{After One Year}} of ``{{Healing Classroom}}'' on {{Children}}'s {{Reading}} and {{Math Skills}} in {{DRC}}: {{Results From}} a {{Cluster Randomized Trial}}}, shorttitle = {Impacts {{After One Year}} of ``{{Healing Classroom}}'' on {{Children}}'s {{Reading}} and {{Math Skills}} in {{DRC}}}, @@ -306,6 +386,25 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Acevedo2017, + ids = {Acevedo2017a,acevedo2019living}, + title = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}: {{How Job Training Made Women Better Off}} and {{Men Worse Off}}}, + shorttitle = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}}, + author = {Acevedo, Paloma and Cruces, Guillermo and Gertler, Paul and Martinez, Sebastian}, + year = {2017}, + month = mar, + number = {23264}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + doi = {10.3386/w23264}, + abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program's negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative {\textendash} for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {At-scale randomized field experiment conducted on impacts of embedding soft skills component into vocational youth training in Dominican Republic's 'Juventud y Empleo' program for at-risk youth.\textbf{Focuses on both labor market outcomes and expectations to explain why some programs might have detrimental effects and heterogeneity between genders.\textbf{Additionally, separates vocational training and soft-skills and internship components to analyze the marginal effect vocational training has,\textbf{and carries out the analysis through its longer-term effects.\textbf{Results show that, over short-term, women had improved labor market outcomes while males did not, and in fact had worsened outcomes after vocational training.\textbf{While labor market outcome differences due to the program vanished over long-term, its different expectations did not, leading to an overall worse labor market expectation and welfare for men, better for women.\textbf{Ultimately, it sees an improved long-term skill acquisition, self-esteem generation and lowered fertility rate for women, while men had sustained negative impacts on long-term expectations and welfare.}}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4XR6NBUK/Acevedo2017_Living_Up_to_Expectations.pdf} +} + @article{Acker1990, title = {{{HIERARCHIES}}, {{JOBS}}, {{BODIES}}:: {{A Theory}} of {{Gendered Organizations}}}, shorttitle = {{{HIERARCHIES}}, {{JOBS}}, {{BODIES}}}, @@ -367,6 +466,30 @@ keywords = {inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Acosta2021, + ids = {WOS:000627634400001}, + title = {Public Works Programs and Crime: {{Evidence}} for {{El Salvador}}}, + author = {Acosta, Pablo and Montiel, Emma Monsalve}, + year = {2021}, + month = aug, + journal = {Review of Development Economics}, + volume = {25}, + number = {3}, + pages = {1778--1793}, + issn = {1363-6669}, + doi = {10.1111/rode.12769}, + abstract = {Most evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007-2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km.}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021}, + eissn = {1467-9361}, + orcid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo/0000-0002-3638-2368}, + researcherid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo Ariel/AAD-1178-2022}, + unique-id = {WOS:000627634400001}, + keywords = {country::El Salvador,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \textbf{in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \textbf{A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \textbf{with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\textbf{For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors {\textemdash} driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes {\textemdash} and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\textbf{Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/R2W6JQT8/Acosta2021_Public_works_programs_and_crime.pdf} +} + @article{Adam2018, title = {Rural-Urban Linkages, Public Investment and Transport Costs: {{The}} Case of Tanzania}, author = {Adam, Christopher and Bevan, David and Gollin, Douglas}, @@ -529,6 +652,25 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Adhvaryu2018, + ids = {Adhvaryu2018a}, + title = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}: {{Returns}} to {{On-the-job Soft Skills Training}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}}, + author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Kala, Namrata and Nyshadham, Anant}, + year = {2018}, + month = feb, + number = {24313}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + doi = {10.3386/w24313}, + abstract = {We evaluate the causal impacts of on-the-job soft skills training on the productivity, wages, and retention of female garment workers in India. The program increased women's extraversion and communication, and spurred technical skill upgrading. Treated workers were 20 percent more productive than controls post-program. Wages rise very modestly with treatment (by 0.5 percent), with no differential turnover, suggesting that although soft skills raise workers' marginal products, labor market frictions are large enough to create a substantial wedge between productivity and wages. Consistent with this, the net return to the firm was large: 258 percent eight months after program completion.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the benefits of an on-the-job soft skills training for female garment workers in India.\textbf{The study finds that there are significant increases in productivity after the training program, but those do not translate into increased earnings or job retention.\textbf{The productivity increases stem from soft-skill upgrading which also furthers positive increases in technical skills, and there are spillover effects for untreated workers on the same production line.\textbf{However, the study argues the productivity increases translate to negligible effects on earnings and job retention due to market imperfections allowing most gains to be captured by the firm instead.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4BIEWFAB/Adhvaryu2018_The_Skills_to_Pay_the_Bills.pdf} +} + @article{Adibelli2021, title = {Domestic Violence against Women during the {{Covid-19}} Pandemic: {{Turkey}} Sample}, shorttitle = {Domestic Violence against Women during the {{Covid-19}} Pandemic}, @@ -632,6 +774,21 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Aedo2004, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}: {{The Case}} of {{Programa Joven}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}}, + author = {Aedo, Cristian and Nu{\~n}ez, Sergio}, + year = {2004}, + number = {188}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + urldate = {2022-02-10}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impacts of the youth training program 'Programa Joven', consisting of a vocational training and an on-the-job experience component (internship) on earnings and employment probability.\textbf{The training itself was supported by a subsidy on transport costs and medical checkups, books, materials, work clothing, as well as an additional subsidy for women with small children.\textbf{It finds significant positive impacts on the earnings of young men (16-21y) and adult women (21-35y), but no impacts for adult men or young women.\textbf{In looking for impacts on employment probability it finds a significant positive impact on that for adult women but none for the other groups.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:03:03Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/M8KRSEBT/Aedo2004_The_Impact_of_Training_Policies_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean.pdf} +} + @article{Agapidaki2013, title = {A Theory-Based Educational Intervention to Pediatricians in Order to Improve Identification and Referral of Maternal Depression: A Quasi-Experimental Study}, shorttitle = {A Theory-Based Educational Intervention to Pediatricians in Order to Improve Identification and Referral of Maternal Depression}, @@ -782,6 +939,27 @@ keywords = {cite::channels,cite::framework,inequality::gender,inequality::income,inequality::socio-demographic,out::abstract,sample::database,type::collective\_action} } +@article{Ahmed2019, + ids = {WOS:000480793100007}, + title = {Impacts of Vocational Training for Socio-Economic Development of Afghan Refugees in Labor Markets of Host Societies in Baluchistan}, + author = {Ahmed, Aziz}, + year = {2019}, + month = aug, + journal = {Journal of International Migration and Integration}, + volume = {20}, + number = {3}, + pages = {751--768}, + issn = {1488-3473}, + doi = {10.1007/s12134-018-0627-4}, + abstract = {Afghan refugees have been living for 35 years, since the start of the imposed war on Afghanistan in 1979, in host societies of Baluchistan and other parts of Pakistan. Repatriation has been started, yet no study has been conducted to explore their labor market skill acquisition for impacting their socio-economic status in the host communities. This paper examines vocational training of Afghan refugees impacting upon their socio-economics of earnings, employability, labor market-evolved perceptions about livelihood earnings, discrimination, and working aptitude in local markets of selected districts of Baluchistan. Field survey from a sample of 157 vocationally trained individuals has been conducted through a full-fledged questionnaire by using two-stage stratified sampling techniques to produce the first ever labor market data for Afghan refugees. Descriptive analysis shows cascading impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of Afghan refugees. The findings of frequency distribution highlight that vocational skills have positive impacts upon earnings, employment status, and working aptitudes. The results also show discrimination, constraints in earnings and employability, career counseling, lower educational level, and tough competition for Afghan refugees for getting socio-economic benefits in the labor markets of host communities. The findings may be helpful for giving insights to policy formulation and recommendations for Afghans' repatriation program to Afghanistan and recent waves of immigrants and refugee influx and accommodations faced by South Asian and European countries these days.}, + eissn = {1874-6365}, + unique-id = {WOS:000480793100007}, + keywords = {country::Pakistan,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impacts of vocational training for Afghan refugees living in Baluchistan, to analyze the effects on earnings and employment status.\textbf{Generally, it finds the outcomes of vocational training to increase the employment of the refugees, as do the earned wages for those employed.\textbf{Additionally, the study finds vocational training lead to an increase in start-up creation and, important for a minority population, also increased socio-economic cohesion.\textbf{The second stage questionnaire was undertaken after the participants had received between one and 24 months of vocational training.\textbf{There have been no attempts to go beyond the findings of the questionnaire answers itself in the study, so no evaluation can be made on the impacts outside of the participants self-perception and demographic status.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F4HMLTMU/Ahmed2019_Impacts_of_vocational_training_for_socio-economic_development_of_afghan.pdf} +} + @article{Ahsan2013, title = {Problems of {{Coordination}} in {{Field Administration}} in {{Bangladesh}}: {{Does Informal Communication Matter}}?}, shorttitle = {Problems of {{Coordination}} in {{Field Administration}} in {{Bangladesh}}}, @@ -918,6 +1096,28 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Ajefu2019, + ids = {WOS:000461483600007}, + title = {Impact of Shocks on Labour and Schooling Outcomes and the Role of Public Work Programmes in Rural India}, + author = {Ajefu, Joseph Boniface and Abiona, Olukorede}, + year = {2019}, + month = jun, + journal = {Journal of Development Studies}, + volume = {55}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1140--1157}, + issn = {0022-0388}, + doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1464146}, + abstract = {The effectiveness of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) on rural labour market dynamics in India has been widely debated in the literature. However, the impact of the NREGS on non-agricultural labour market and children schooling outcomes in reference to exogenous rainfall shock is unclear from the existing literature. This paper exploits the Indian National Sample Survey and rainfall measures from the precipitation archive of the University of Delaware to investigate the role of the NREGS in the labour market and schooling outcomes of children during shocks. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we focus on disaggregated shock specification and find a shock-cushioning pattern for the NREGS during negative shocks. However, there is an excess demand for labour during positive shock periods resulting from exposure to the NREGS. The implication is that the excess informal labour market opportunity translates to a reduction in school engagement for children. These findings summarily distinguish the role of the NREGS during positive and negative shocks respectively.}, + eissn = {1743-9140}, + orcid-numbers = {Ajefu, Joseph/0000-0001-6333-3708 Abiona, Olukorede/0000-0002-1696-4475}, + unique-id = {WOS:000461483600007}, + keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using administrative data for annual rain fall statistics to evaluate the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on its participants' labor market engagement during periods of positive and negative shocks.\textbf{It finds that during negative shocks, NREGS provided a cushioning effect on participants' households by providing a stabilizing employment opportunity.\textbf{There is an increased engagement of women during positive shocks.\textbf{During positive shocks, however, with exposure to NREGS there was a possible reduction in educational engagement for children visible, with a decrease in school enrolment for children aged 13-16 years.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RL22FXK2/Ajefu2019_Impact_of_shocks_on_labour_and_schooling_outcomes_and_the_role_of_public_work.pdf} +} + @article{Akel2022, title = {Violence {{Against Women During COVID-19 Pandemic}}}, author = {Akel, Marwan and Berro, Jana and Rahme, Clara and Haddad, Chadia and Obeid, Sahar and Hallit, Souheil}, @@ -1002,6 +1202,27 @@ keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Akintola2015, + ids = {WOS:000356662000007}, + title = {Public Works Programme and Primary Health Care in {{South Africa}}: {{Creating}} Jobs for Health Systems Strengthening?}, + author = {Akintola, Olagoke}, + year = {2015}, + month = sep, + journal = {Development Southern Africa}, + volume = {32}, + number = {5}, + pages = {623--638}, + issn = {0376-835X}, + doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2015.1044073}, + abstract = {This paper examines employment and skills training for community caregivers within the expanded public works programme in South Africa. The paper argues that, as currently conceptualised, the skills and learnership programmes for community caregivers fail to take full advantage of the prevailing labour market realities. Therefore, the paper argues for strategic reconceptualisation of the programme to include learnerships for community caregivers that impart more mid-level to higher-level skills to meet current and future labour market demands particularly in primary health care. This, it is argued, will address the scarcity of skills in the health sector of the economy. Furthermore, the proposed programme will simultaneously have positive impacts on unemployment, the primary health care system and the socio-economic well-being of community caregivers.}, + eissn = {1470-3637}, + unique-id = {WOS:000356662000007}, + keywords = {country::South Africa,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study on the 'Expanded Public Works Programme' and specifically 'Home and Community Based Care' within it in South Africa, a public works program connected with vocational training, looking at its effectiveness of unemployment reduction and possible constraining factors.\textbf{Generally, it finds that the program has some success in reducing unemployment for low-skilled unemployed, it has lead to very minimal poverty reduction for participants' households.\textbf{Primarily the study argues this is due to the skills training provided not matching skills required on the labor market, with the learnership program not adapted to the realities of South Africa's (sectorial) labor demands.\textbf{It looks at a demand-led proposal to improve the programs by putting more emphasis on skills building and improving training quality to allow participants to subsequently secure better employment.\textbf{Especially for more middle-skill healthcare service labor demand the program is otherwise completely unsuited.\textbf{It thus argues that the public works program should be taken from a focus on short-term employment to one creating possibilities for longer-term jobs and careers.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XPA26DS4/Akintola2015_Public_works_programme_and_primary_health_care_in_South_Africa.pdf} +} + @techreport{Akresh2018, title = {Long-Term and {{Intergenerational Effects}} of {{Education}}: {{Evidence}} from {{School Construction}} in {{Indonesia}}}, shorttitle = {Long-Term and {{Intergenerational Effects}} of {{Education}}}, @@ -1385,6 +1606,27 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/INZ9V9EK/Alexiou_Trachanas_2023_The impact of trade unions and government party orientation on income inequality.pdf} } +@article{Alfonsi2020, + ids = {WOS:000590695200008}, + title = {Tackling Youth Unemployment: {{Evidence}} from a Labor Market Experiment in Uganda}, + author = {Alfonsi, Livia and Bandiera, Oriana and Bassi, Vittorio and Burgess, Robin and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi and Vitali, Anna}, + year = {2020}, + month = nov, + journal = {Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society}, + volume = {88}, + number = {6}, + pages = {2369--2414}, + issn = {0012-9682}, + doi = {10.3982/ECTA15959}, + abstract = {We design a labor market experiment to compare demand- and supply-side policies to tackle youth unemployment, a key issue in low-income countries. The experiment tracks 1700 workers and 1500 firms over four years to compare the effect of offering workers either vocational training (VT) or firm-provided training (FT) for six months in a common setting where youth unemployment is above 60\%. Relative to control workers, we find that, averaged over three post-intervention years, FT and VT workers: (i) enjoy large and similar upticks in sector-specific skills, (ii) significantly improve their employment rates, and (iii) experience marked improvements in an index of labor market outcomes. These averages, however, mask differences in dynamics: FT gains materialize quickly but fade over time, while VT gains emerge slowly but are long-lasting, leading VT worker employment and earning profiles to rise above those of FT workers. Estimating a job ladder model of worker search reveals the key reason for this: VT workers receive significantly higher rates of job offers when unemployed, thus hastening their movement back into work. This likely stems from the fact that the skills of VT workers are certified and therefore can be demonstrated to potential employers. Tackling youth unemployment by skilling youth using vocational training pre-labor market entry therefore appears to be more effective than incentivizing firms through wage subsidies to hire and train young labor market entrants.}, + eissn = {1468-0262}, + unique-id = {WOS:000590695200008}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial study on the effects of either vocational training or an internship (as on-the-job training) and an employment subsidy on earnings, employment probability and overall skills development.\textbf{It finds that, while the subsidy had no significant impact on earnings, both types of training significantly increased employment rates, earnings and generated skill developments.\textbf{However, it also found a wide heterogeneity in the results: \textbf{Firm-provided training (through the internship) showed relatively quick results on earnings and employment which slowly dissipated after 3 years, while vocational training results increase and surpass the other training long-term.\textbf{The study suggests this is both due to an overall increased skill development for both types, but a certificate effect on the labor market for the vocational training which meant quicker job offers for the beneficiaries.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IY32RY2T/Alfonsi2020_Tackling_youth_unemployment.pdf} +} + @article{Aliber2003, title = {Chronic {{Poverty}} in {{South Africa}}: {{Incidence}}, {{Causes}} and {{Policies}}}, shorttitle = {Chronic {{Poverty}} in {{South Africa}}}, @@ -1643,6 +1885,25 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Almeida2010, + title = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}? {{Evidence}} for {{Welfare Participants}} in {{Argentina}}}, + shorttitle = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}?}, + author = {Almeida, Rita K. and Galasso, Emanuela}, + year = {2010}, + month = may, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {38}, + number = {5}, + pages = {742--755}, + issn = {0305750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.018}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the cash grant and training portion targeted at people wanting to be self-employed under the program 'Jefes' in Argentina, trying to analyze its effects on earnings and self-employment itself.\textbf{It finds no significant positive impact on earnings of the beneficiaries but a reduced probability of holding an outside job and increased total hours worked.\textbf{There is some heterogeneity, however, with younger and more educated beneficiaries having some positive effect on earnings.\textbf{The study suggest the findings mean that participants are hanging on to alternative income sources while waiting for the earnings from their self-employment to stabilize and reinvesting any possible income gains from the self-employment activity to increase its sustainability.\textbf{Lastly, the study found that there was a self-selection mechanisms with predominantly female household heads and more educated individuals attracted to the type of program on offer in the first place.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:10:12Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QER3C4YM/Almeida2010_Jump-starting_Self-employment.pdf} +} + @article{Almond2008, title = {Son-Biased Sex Ratios in the 2000 {{United States Census}}}, author = {Almond, Douglas and Edlund, Lena}, @@ -1856,6 +2117,42 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FLSTPAUS/Alwazzan_Rees_2016_Women in medical education.pdf} } +@techreport{Alzua2006, + title = {The Impact of Training Policies in {{Argentina}}: {{An}} Evaluation of {{Proyecto Joven}}}, + author = {Alz{\'u}a, Maria Laura and Brassiolo, Pablo}, + year = {2006}, + series = {{{OVE Working Papers}}}, + number = {15/06}, + pages = {[36] p.}, + address = {{Washington}}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + abstract = {This paper evaluates Proyecto Joven, a training program targeted to poor young individuals in Argentina. The authors used a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following set of questions: Did the program increase the probability of employment? Did it increase the probability of a formal employment? Did it increase the labor income of trainees? The methodology used is the matching estimators approach calculating first propensity scores for program participation and then the matching estimators to calculate the program impact. The impact of the program is negligible in terms of employment and income, but not in terms of formality, which was an important achievement in the case of Argentina, since labor informality was increasing economy wide and more specifically for the group targeted by Proyecto Joven.}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,group::youth,inequality::age,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using survey data for participants of an Argentinian vocational training program 'Proyecto Joven' to analyze employment probability, job quality and earnings.\textbf{Employment probability and earnings were not impacted significantly, while job quality improved significantly.\textbf{This was primarily due to a rise in formal employment through the program, specifically through the on-the-job internship and potential extended employment provided, which happened in a time of overall increasing informality on Argentina's labor market.\textbf{There was a marginally significant impact on the employment probability for women, though the results may be slightly biased due to the timing of Argentina's labor market expanding during its period of analysis.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:29Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/X7LAM3WB/Alzua2006_The_impact_of_training_policies_in_Argentina.pdf} +} + +@article{Alzua2016, + title = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs: {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Argentina}}}, + shorttitle = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs}, + author = {Alz{\'u}a, Maria Laura and Cruces, Guillermo and Lopez, Carolina}, + year = {2016}, + month = oct, + journal = {Economic Inquiry}, + volume = {54}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1839--1859}, + issn = {00952583}, + doi = {10.1111/ecin.12348}, + abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also{\textemdash}exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general{\textemdash}in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the 'entra21' vocational training of Argentina aimed at unemployed youth in Cordoba which analyzes its effects on earnings, employment probability and formal employment.\textbf{Generally, it finds a positive impact on formal employment and employment probability short-term which carries a larger effect for men.\textbf{The effect dissipates over the medium- (33 months) and long-term (48 months), however.\textbf{It also sees a positive effect on earnings which it puts down to a combination of higher wages and higher overall employment levels.\textbf{Due to using data from follow-up surveys after the treatment as well as long-term administrative data, the study probes deeper into possible channels of the program working.\textbf{For example, the program may not necessarily help many find a new job over time but rather have better chances of keeping their (provided internship) job, or increase their wages within it over time.\textbf{While the program is more expensive than similar programs in the region, there is still a positive cost-benefit analysis which sees losses recouped after 26 months.}}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:21Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XMBXSRTE/Alzua2016_Long-run_effects_of_youth_training_programs.pdf} +} + @article{Amalba2016, title = {The Effect of {{Community Based Education}} and {{Service}} ({{COBES}}) on Medical Graduates' Choice of Specialty and Willingness to Work in Rural Communities in {{Ghana}}}, author = {Amalba, Anthony and Van Mook, Walther Nicolaas Karel Anton and Mogre, Victor and Scherpbier, Albert Jakob Johannus Antonius}, @@ -2250,6 +2547,34 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency in outcomes (no WoW)}, keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Angelucci2015, + title = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment}} by {{Compartamos Banco}}}, + shorttitle = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}}, + author = {Angelucci, Manuela and Karlan, Dean and Zinman, Jonathan}, + year = {2015}, + month = jan, + journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {7}, + number = {1}, + pages = {151--182}, + issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20130537}, + abstract = {We use a clustered randomized trial, and over 16,000 household surveys, to estimate impacts at the community level from a group lending expansion at 110 percent APR by the largest microlender in Mexico. We find no evidence of transformative impacts on 37 outcomes (although some estimates have large confidence intervals), measured at a mean of 27 months post-expansion, across 6 domains: microentrepreneurship, income, labor supply, expenditures, social status, and subjective well-being. We also examine distributional impacts using quantile regressions, given theory and evidence regarding negative impacts from borrowing at high interest rates, but do not find strong evidence for heterogeneity. (JEL C83, D14, G21, I31, J23, O12, O16)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Mexico,program::cash grant,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study analyzing the impacts of microcredit loans in Mexico, on the earnings and a variety of other factors of Mexican micro-entrepreneurs. +\par +It finds that, while there is no significant impact on the earnings themselves, the loans do lead to a modest increase in business growth. +\par +The authors suggest that the business growth increases both revenues and expenditures, thus not significantly increasing overall earnings. +\par +Additionally, there is a modest increase in subjective well-being and the ability for independent female decision-making. +\par +The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of them prove to be transformative.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:32:59Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/78BBJI2W/Angelucci2015_Microcredit_Impacts.pdf} +} + @article{Angrist2002, title = {How {{Do Sex Ratios Affect Marriage}} and {{Labor Markets}}? {{Evidence}} from {{America}}'s {{Second Generation}}}, shorttitle = {How {{Do Sex Ratios Affect Marriage}} and {{Labor Markets}}?}, @@ -3315,6 +3640,50 @@ does NOT look at WoW} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Attanasio2011, + ids = {10.2307/41288643,Attanasio2011a}, + title = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}}}, + shorttitle = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}}, + author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Kugler, Adriana and Meghir, Costas}, + year = {2011}, + month = jul, + journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {3}, + number = {3}, + pages = {188--220}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, + issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, + doi = {10.1257/app.3.3.188}, + abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005. This randomized trial offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of training in a middle income country. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. The program raises earnings and employment for women. Women offered training earn 19.6 percent more and have a 0.068 higher probability of paid employment than those not offered training, mainly in formal-sector jobs. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates much larger net gains than those found in developed countries. (JEL I28, J13, J24, O15)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Colombia,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {Analyzing the impact of the Colombian youth training program J{\'o}venes en Acci{\'o}n through a randomized control trial with three survey parts: household characteristic collection, education characteristics and individual labor market information.\textbf{The program provided 6 months of skill training in specific sectors through class-room training and an on-the-job training provided through internships concurrently.\textbf{The program, through cost-benefit-analysis, should be seen as a success since it greatly raised the earnings of women (almost 20\%), though it did neither raise earnings nor had employment effects for men.\textbf{Restricted to formal sectors, however, the program showed a significant impact for both men and women.\textbf{While this may indicate "queue jumping" instead of job creation, the study design hints at such hiring replacement perhaps not being a large concern.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2JGX3JKK/Attanasio2011_Subsidizing_Vocational_Training_for_Disadvantaged_Youth_in_Colombia.pdf} +} + +@article{Attanasio2017, + ids = {Attanasio2017a,WOS:000398733400005}, + title = {Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: {{A}} Long-Term Follow-Up}, + author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Guarin, Arlen and Medina, Carlos and Meghir, Costas}, + year = {2017}, + month = apr, + journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {9}, + number = {2}, + pages = {131--143}, + issn = {1945-7782}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20150554}, + abstract = {We evaluate the long-term impacts of a randomized Colombian training and job placement program. Following the large short-term effects, we now find that the program effects persist, increasing formal participation and earnings contributions to social security and working in larger firms. By using a large administrative source we are also able to establish that the program improved both male and female labor market outcomes by a similar amount-a result that was not apparent with the smaller evaluation sample. The results point to a cost- effective approach to reducing informality and improving labor market outcomes in the long run.}, + eissn = {1945-7790}, + orcid-numbers = {Medina, Carlos/0000-0002-9739-9876}, + unique-id = {WOS:000398733400005}, + keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\textbf{While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\textbf{Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\textbf{However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts {\textemdash} \textbf{though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZR5TV4B8/Attanasio2017_Vocational_training_for_disadvantaged_youth_in_colombia.pdf} +} + @article{Atuyambe2016, title = {Undergraduate Students' Contributions to Health Service Delivery through Community-Based Education: {{A}} Qualitative Study by the {{MESAU Consortium}} in {{Uganda}}}, shorttitle = {Undergraduate Students' Contributions to Health Service Delivery through Community-Based Education}, @@ -4070,7 +4439,7 @@ does NOT look at WoW} urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {Decades of research on the US gender gap in wages describes its correlates, but little is known about why women changed their career paths in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper explores the role of ``the Pill'' in altering women's human capital investments and its ultimate implications for life-cycle wages. Using state-by-birth-cohort variation in legal access, we show that younger access to the Pill conferred an 8 percent hourly wage premium by age 50. Our estimates imply that the Pill can account for 10 percent of the convergence of the gender gap in the 1980s and 30 percent in the 1990s. (JEL J13, J16, J31, J71, J24)}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::gender,inequality::income,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text}, + keywords = {country::US,done::extracted,inequality::gender,inequality::income,sample::snowballing}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9TDGU62L/Bailey2012_The_Opt-In_Revolution.pdf} } @@ -4880,6 +5249,25 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, note = {7th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (INTED), Valencia, SPAIN, MAR 04-06, 2013} } +@techreport{Barrera-Osorio2020, + ids = {Barrera-Osorio2020a}, + title = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}}, + shorttitle = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}}, + author = {{Barrera-Osorio}, Felipe and Kugler, Adriana and Silliman, Mikko I.}, + year = {2020}, + month = jul, + number = {27548}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + doi = {10.3386/w27548}, + abstract = {We randomly assign applicants to over-subscribed programs to study the effects of teaching hard and soft skills in vocational training and examine their impacts on skills and labor market outcomes using both survey and administrative data. We find that providing vocational training that either emphasizes social or technical skills increases formal employment. We also find that admission to a vocational program that emphasizes technical relative to social skills increases overall employment and also days and hours worked in the short term. Yet, emphasis on soft-skills training helps applicants sustain employment and monthly wages over the longer term and allows them to catch up with those learning hard skills. Further, through a second round of randomization, we find that offering financial support for transportation and food increases the effectiveness of the program, indicating that resource constraints may be an obstacle for individuals considering vocational training.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial in which participants in Colombia signed up for a vocational training and received either a training focusing on social skills, focusing on technical skills, or no training at all.\textbf{Those receiving a training were also randomly selected to receive a subsidy for the training, mostly consisting of transport or food subsidies.\textbf{The primary goal of the study was to disambiguate between the employment outcomes of different foci within vocational trainings.\textbf{Results show that any vocational training increased formal employment, but emphasis on technical skills increased overall employment (as well as hours worked), whereas emphasis on social skills increased long-term sustained employment and earnings.\textbf{Offering subsidies significantly increased the overall effectiveness of the offered programs.\textbf{Lastly, men were significantly more impacted by increased employment probability even though increased formality and hours worked affected both men and women, which could indicate other gender-based barriers to employment, such as lack of sufficient childcare opportunities.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PRP466ZX/Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard_and_Soft_Skills_in_Vocational_Training.pdf} +} + @article{Barrientos2003, title = {Old {{Age Poverty}} in {{Developing Countries}}: {{Contributions}} and {{Dependence}} in {{Later Life}}}, shorttitle = {Old {{Age Poverty}} in {{Developing Countries}}}, @@ -4920,6 +5308,27 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, note = {Conference on The Right to Work for Persons with Disabilities - International Perspectives, Kassel, GERMANY, MAR 08-10, 2017} } +@article{Barsoum2017, + ids = {WOS:000396796000007}, + title = {Youth-Focused Active Labour Market Programmes in a Constraining Welfare Regime: {{A}} Qualitative Reading of Programmes in {{Egypt}}}, + author = {Barsoum, Ghada}, + year = {2017}, + month = apr, + journal = {International Journal of Social Welfare}, + volume = {26}, + number = {2}, + pages = {168--176}, + issn = {1369-6866}, + doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12228}, + abstract = {Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) are at the core of welfare regimes in many countries across the world. This study addressed youth-focused ALMPs in Egypt, a country with high youth unemployment and a plethora of programmes ostensibly addressing this issue. Building on interviews with implementers, programme documentation and a publically accessible inventory of programmes in Egypt, the analysis locates ALMPs within the country's overall welfare system and the politics of programme targeting, design, governance and implementation modalities. The legacy of state `protective' policies and the fragmented multiplicity of players within the field constrain the effectiveness and outreach of these programmes. Analysis of implementation modalities also shows that there is a pervasive lack of programme coordination, activity documentation, management for results, and pathways to achieving sustainability and programme institutionalisation.}, + eissn = {1468-2397}, + unique-id = {WOS:000396796000007}, + keywords = {country::Egypt,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative analysis of the four pillars of ALMP working in Egypt, an employment guarantee scheme, vocational training, labor market services, and entrepreneurship promotion.\textbf{Using a data set on the country's state-run programs and interviews with key implementers, the article generally argues that ALMPs in Egypt operate under a constraining welfare regime which does not effectively employ a 'welfare mix' with productivity generated outside the state such as NGOs, or using community-based relationships and clientelist networks.\textbf{Insted, the state continues to assume a 'protective' role while neglecting (and complicating) the switch to a 'productive' role.\textbf{This is most visible in the continued upholding of Egypt's public employment programs under its employment guarantee scheme, though the study also argues for its visibility in few competitive vocational training programs and underfunded labor market services.\textbf{Only on entrepreneurship promotion is a true oscillation towards 'productivity' visible with micro-lending, entrepreneurial training, and infrastructure and community development schemes generating successes through larger flexibility.\textbf{Ultimately it argues for constraints on ALMP effectiveness since there is too little documentation of existing program impacts and too large of a focus on the protective role of the state.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FPEFA3DX/Barsoum2017_Youth-focused_active_labour_market_programmes_in_a_constraining_welfare_regime.pdf} +} + @article{Bartha2020, type = {Article}, title = {Long-Term Care and Gender Equality: {{Fuzzy-set}} Ideal Types of Care Regimes in Europe}, @@ -5011,6 +5420,21 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@misc{Bassi2019, + title = {Screening and {{Signaling Non-Cognitive Skills}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Uganda}}}, + shorttitle = {Information {{Frictions}} in the {{Labor Market}}}, + author = {Bassi, Vittorio and Nansamba, Aisha}, + year = {2019}, + number = {19-08}, + publisher = {{AEA RCT Registry}}, + doi = {10.1257/rct.1005-2.0}, + abstract = {This project studies the labor market matching process between young workers and firms in Uganda. We focus on three core aspects of this process. First, we study the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in determining the labor market outcomes of young workers; second, we examine whether asymmetric information on the skills of youth that first enter the labor market is a significant source of inefficiency in terms of reduced employment opportunities and mismatch; third, we study whether an intervention improving the signal to potential employers on the skills of job market entrants reduces the asymmetric information problem and limits the related inefficiencies. We carry out this analysis through a randomized control trial in the Ugandan labor market. Our intervention exogenously improves the signals employers receive about a given young worker's non-cognitive skills, and hence is intended to reduce information asymmetries during the recruitment process. We then trace the impacts this has on worker and firm outcomes.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,program::job market services,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effect of soft-skill certificate disclosure on both employers and employees in Uganda, trying to analyze impacts on earnings and employment probability for workers.\textbf{It finds that the disclosure of soft-skill certifications has a significant positive impact on high abilities employer beliefs of the skill of their matched worker and no resulting downward updating for lower skills, whereas there is no belief updating impact on low ability employers.\textbf{On workers, the disclosed certification has the effect of positively updating their outside options and the effect is symmetric between employees and employers, meaning only when faced with a high ability employer will an employee also update their beliefs.\textbf{In the sample, there was a positive selection on soft skills since the skill assessment would be disclosed to firms and workers with higher skills self-selected more for participation knowing this.\textbf{There is a significant increase in the employment probability for middle-skill workers, but the study models potentially negative effects for low-skill workers.\textbf{No overall significant increases on earnings were visible but conditional on employment earnings increases become significant, lead by those of high-skill workers.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:24:47Z} +} + @article{Basu2011, title = {Hyperbolic {{Discounting}} and the {{Sustainability}} of {{Rotational Savings Arrangements}}}, author = {Basu, Karna}, @@ -5212,6 +5636,28 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Beam2016, + ids = {Beam2016a,WOS:000373419500003}, + title = {Do Job Fairs Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Impact of Job-Fair Attendance}, + author = {Beam, Emily A.}, + year = {2016}, + month = may, + journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {120}, + pages = {32--40}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.004}, + abstract = {I estimate the causal impact of attending a job fair on employment outcomes and labor market perceptions, using a randomized encouragement design to induce individuals in the rural Philippines to attend a nearby job fair for domestic and overseas work. Attending a job fair matters: though it does not facilitate direct matches with a job fair employer, attendance leads to a large increase in reported formal sector employment and in the likelihood of looking for any work outside the region in the months following the job fair. Several overseas recruitment agencies participated in the job fair, and attendance affects individuals' overseas labor market perceptions but does not encourage them to take steps to migrate. These results suggest that job fairs can be important tools for encouraging individuals to move to the formal sector and for conveying information about labor market prospects. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/0000-0002-6540-9435}, + researcherid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/ABC-8743-2021}, + unique-id = {WOS:000373419500003}, + keywords = {area::rural,country::Philippines,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on a randomized control trial for vouchers to a job fair in the Philippines attempting to evaluate the impact on employment outcomes and participants' job search frequency.\textbf{There was a significant positive increase of formal employment after the job fair, which is, however, mostly not due to direct job matches at the fair but effects increasing the likelihood of employment medium-term after the fair.\textbf{The study, not having multiple treatment arms, does not make definite statements on the mechanisms of employment increase, but suggests that connection opportunities with other job seekers and information about domestic job search potentials may be the most important factors for it.\textbf{At the same time as there is a formal employment increase, there is a decrease in self-employment to go with it for participants of the job fair.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2IPERP6H/Beam2016_Do_job_fairs_matter.pdf} +} + @article{Beaman2009, title = {Powerful {{Women}}: {{Does Exposure Reduce Bias}}? {\textsuperscript{*}}}, shorttitle = {Powerful {{Women}}}, @@ -6048,6 +6494,27 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Bhanot2021, + ids = {WOS:000706989000010}, + title = {Can Community Service Grants Foster Social and Economic Integration for Youth? {{A}} Randomized Trial in {{Kazakhstan}}}, + author = {Bhanot, Syon P. and Crost, Benjamin and Leight, Jessica and Mvukiyehe, Eric and Yedgenov, Bauyrzhan}, + year = {2021}, + month = nov, + journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {153}, + number = {102718}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102718}, + abstract = {Integrating youth into communities and labor markets is a major challenge for developing countries, and incentives for community service are an increasingly popular tool to achieve this goal. We use a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the Kazakhstan Youth Corps (KYC), a program comprising cash grants for community service projects and life skills training, on social capital for a sample of youth aged 18-29. We find little evidence that engaging youth in civic service and training has any positive effects one year post-intervention; there is no shift in attitudinal indices of social capital and no reported increase in volunteering or donations. Moreover, there is no effect of the intervention on secondary outcomes (life skills and human capital), and some evidence of a negative effect of the training-only intervention on the probability of reporting any income-earning activity.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Leight, Jessica/0000-0002-1691-9682}, + unique-id = {WOS:000706989000010}, + keywords = {country::Kazakhstan,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the outcomes of a combined conditional cash grant and life skills training program aimed at young people in Kazakhstan, analyzing the outcomes on participants' employment probability and life skill acquisition.\textbf{Generally, the program did not prove useful for building social capital in for beneficiaries and the study found slight possibly negative effects on labor market participation.\textbf{The negative employment effects may be due to a preference shift to self-employment after the intervention, after which participants may be foregoing other labor market opportunities.\textbf{At the same time, there is no visible increase in self-employment after the treatment, which the study suggests may be due to additional barriers hindering the switch to self-employment.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HBEA6U7B/Bhanot2021_Can_community_service_grants_foster_social_and_economic_integration_for_youth.pdf} +} + @article{Bhatnagar2008, title = {Women in {{Leadership Roles}}: {{An Agenda}} for {{Change}}}, shorttitle = {Women in {{Leadership Roles}}}, @@ -6123,6 +6590,24 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, keywords = {sample::database} } +@article{Bidani2009, + title = {Evaluating Job Training in Two {{Chinese}} Cities}, + author = {Bidani, Benu and Blunch, Niels-Hugo and Goh, Chor-Ching and O'Leary, Christopher}, + year = {2009}, + month = feb, + journal = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies}, + volume = {7}, + number = {1}, + pages = {77--94}, + issn = {1476-5284, 1476-5292}, + doi = {10.1080/14765280802604763}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::China,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the retraining outcomes on employment and earnings of displaced workers in two Chinese cities: Wuhan and Shenyang using propensity score matching on administrative records.\textbf{The findings show a significant impact on employment probability in Wuhan but not in Shenyang, but a significant impact on earnings in Shenyang but not in Wuhan.\textbf{While outside factors (different economic baselines) are not completely excluded by the authors, they primarily suggest the content of trainings to be a channel for this dichotomous outcome.\textbf{Trainings in China were ({\textasciitilde}2000) not very quality controlled and no concrete curricula were set resulting in widely diverging trainings in quality, relevance and design, with some being classroom only and some much more focused on practical on-the-job experiences.\textbf{The key takeaway is to diversify the sources of training between public, nonprofit and commercial enterprises, always with a strict focus on labor demand.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:28:26Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VUKIL4DV/Bidani2009_Evaluating_job_training_in_two_Chinese_cities.pdf} +} + @article{Bieszk-Stolorz2012, title = {Economic {{Activity}} of the {{Disabled}} in {{Poland}} in 2010}, author = {{Bieszk-Stolorz}, Beata}, @@ -6135,7 +6620,7 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, doi = {10.2478/v10031-011-0037-7}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {The disabled people in Poland are that part of labour force that has not been appreciated enough. Despitethe fact that in the recent years the number of the disabled Poles who found employment has risen, theiremployment rate is still rather low . The majority of them (83\% in 2010) are absent on the job market.The aim of the paper is to investigate how gender, place of residence, education, age and disabilitysevereness affect the economic inactivity of the disabled and what impact their gender , place of residenceand disability severity had on the likelihood of the reason for the inactivity . The author used the PolishCentral Statistical Office data concerning the 4th quarter of 2010. The data were analysed by means ofthe logistic regression model for the dependent dichotomous variable as well as the multinomial logisticregression model. The estimated parameters helped to determine the inactivity risk quotient in relationto economic activity . They also permitted to calculate the probability of the disabled people's economicinactivity due to a particular reason.}, - keywords = {country::Poland,inequality::disability,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text,type::structural}, + keywords = {country::Poland,inequality::disability,issue::policy,issue::publication,out::full-text,sample::snowballing,type::structural}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ACQY5GUV/Bieszk-Stolorz2012_Economic_Activity_of_the_Disabled_in_Poland_in_2010.pdf} } @@ -6515,6 +7000,44 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q5VCXSHE/Blanck_2022_Disability-inclusive employment, cancer survivorship, and the Americans with.pdf} } +@article{Blattman2018, + ids = {Blattman2018a}, + title = {The Long-Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: {{Nine-year}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}'s {{Youth Opportunities Program}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Long Term Impacts}} of {{Grants}} on {{Poverty}}}, + author = {Blattman, Christopher and Fiala, Nathan and Martinez, Sebastian}, + year = {2020}, + journal = {American Economic Review: Insights}, + volume = {2}, + number = {3}, + pages = {287--304}, + doi = {10.1257/aeri.20190224}, + abstract = {In 2008, Uganda granted hundreds of small groups \$400/person to help members start individual skilled trades. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised earnings by 38\% (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). We return after 9 years to find these start-up grants acted more as a kick-start than a lift out of poverty. Grantees' investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption. Grants had lasting impacts on assets, skilled work, and possibly child health, but had little effect on mortality, fertility, health or education.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A follow-up study to an experimental study on the Ugandan 'Youth Opportunities Program', which gave business start-up cash grants in 2008 to analyze its effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption over time.\textbf{It finds that, while the effects were large and significant initially, after beginning to decrease over the 4 year mark, after 9 years all effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption have become insignificant.\textbf{There are some modest sustained effects on the possession of assets and the probability of being in skilled work for the treatment group.\textbf{The study suggests that the cash grants thus acted as a quick infusion to alleviate credit constraints on the poor youth, but over time the control group breached this barrier through individual saving past the minimal capital for start-up creation, leading the authors to assume a more complex interaction with other barriers is or becomes important.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UEDTB3TA/Blattman2018_The_long-term_impacts_of_grants_on_poverty.pdf} +} + +@techreport{Blattman2019, + ids = {Blattman2019a}, + title = {Impacts of {{Industrial}} and {{Entrepreneurial Jobs}} on {{Youth}}: 5-{{Year Experimental Evidence}} on {{Factory Job Offers}} and {{Cash Grants}} in {{Ethiopia}}}, + shorttitle = {Impacts of {{Industrial}} and {{Entrepreneurial Jobs}} on {{Youth}}}, + author = {Blattman, Christopher and Dercon, Stefan and Franklin, Simon}, + year = {2019}, + month = apr, + number = {25788}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + doi = {10.3386/w25788}, + abstract = {We study two interventions for underemployed youth across five Ethiopian sites: a \$300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Despite significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year, after five years we see nearly complete convergence across all groups and outcomes. Shortrun increases in productivity and earnings from the grant dissipate as recipients exit their micro-enterprises. Adverse effects of factory work on health found after one year also appear to be temporary. These results suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the divergences of earnings, productivity and individual welfare when participating in a program of (unconditional) cash grants and business training or labor market services (job offers for industrial work conferred through job matching) for predominantly women in Ethiopia.\textbf{Short-term it finds that the cash grant significantly increased earnings and the industrial job offer significantly decreased personal welfare (with lowered health).\textbf{However, medium- to long-term these effects disappeared over 1 year, and at the 5 year mark there was no significant variation on earnings, productivity or welfare visible.\textbf{For the industrial job offer there was also high attrition, since one third of people quit within the first month and most participants quit within a year, which the study suggests hints at especially young people using the low-skill industrial job more as a safety net than a plan for long-term employment.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FL7S9LFB/Blattman2019_Impacts_of_Industrial_and_Entrepreneurial_Jobs_on_Youth.pdf} +} + @article{Blau1988, title = {Trends in {{Earnings Differentials}} by {{Gender}}, 1971{\textendash}1981}, author = {Blau, Francine D. and Beller, Andrea H.}, @@ -6691,6 +7214,20 @@ might be relevant due to focus on minimum wage policy interventions}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IE2BQE3Q/Blumenberg_Pierce_2014_A Driving Factor in Mobility.pdf} } +@techreport{blyde2019training, + title = {Training and Labor Adjustment to Trade}, + author = {Blyde, Juan S. and Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares and Chatruc, Marisol Rodr{\'i}guez and Russell, Nathaniel}, + year = {2019}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {1069}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + abstract = {While there is a large body of literature evaluating how active labor-market policies such as training impact worker outcomes, relatively few studies examine how such policies impact workers who are displaced by trade. The few studies on training and trade-related labor adjustment focus on the impact of trade-specific assistance programs. Most countries in the world, however, do not have assistance programs that are triggered by trade events but instead implement labor-market policies for reasons other than trade. In this paper, we use detailed data on workers' employment histories and training activities to evaluate the impact of an industrial training program in Brazil on workers who are displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re-entry into the formal labor market one year after displacement by about 13.2 percentage points (equivalent to 30\%) and is effective for workers who are displaced from sectors of high exposure to import competition. This effect is explained by workers switching sectors and occupations after training. We also find that training has positive effects on employment spells and cumulative earnings in the two years after displacement.}, + keywords = {country::Brazil,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study conducted on the basis of administrative data for Brazil which intended to analyze the impact of vocational training on job re-entry for displaced workers.\textbf{Specifically focused on workers displaced from sectors highly-exposed to trade periods, whose workers are generally more unlikely to re-enter the same sector.\textbf{The results show that, while training does not significantly impact re-entry into the same sector, it does significantly increase re-entry probability into formal employment into another sector or occupation one year after displacement.}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3QK33YKQ/blyde2019training_Training_and_labor_adjustment_to_trade.pdf} +} + @article{Bobevski2017, type = {Article}, title = {Mental Health Service Use and Need for Care of {{Australians}} without Diagnoses of Mental Disorders: Findings from a Large Epidemiological Survey}, @@ -6951,6 +7488,26 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Bose2017, + ids = {WOS:000402342600017}, + title = {Raising Consumption through India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme}, + author = {Bose, Nayana}, + year = {2017}, + month = aug, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {96}, + pages = {245--263}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.010}, + abstract = {The Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is one of the world's largest public works programs aimed at reducing poverty. NREGS guarantees up to a hundred days of employment in public works to rural households that demand work under the program. This is one of the first papers to analyze the impact of NREGS on household wellbeing by focusing on household consumption using national-level data. By focusing on consumption, I am able to assess whether and how household use the program to improve their living standards. I exploit the cross-district rollout of the program to analyze the causal effect on household consumption. Using the Consumption Expenditure Survey data from the National Sample Survey Organization, I conduct a difference-in-difference analysis where the treatment group consists of households in 184 early implementation districts and the control group consists of households in 209 late implementation districts. I find that the program significantly increased household per capita consumption between 6.5\% and 10\%. For the marginalized caste group, the program increased consumption by around 12\%. Therefore, historical and ongoing, discrimination along with other barriers to entry have not prevented this group from benefiting from the program. I further assess the impact on household budget allocation by focusing on various consumption categories. I find that households move toward the higher caloric and more nutritional items, like protein. Finally, for households with children there was significantly greater spending on ``child goods'' like milk, while in households without children spending on alcohol increased. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + eissn = {1873-5991}, + unique-id = {WOS:000402342600017}, + keywords = {area::rural,country::India,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impact of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) between 2005 and 2006, analyzing the impact on household consumption through possible additional earnings.\textbf{In general it finds an increase on household consumption per capita for areas under NREGS and a more significant increase for members of a marginalized group (caste).\textbf{Since NREGS pays minimum wage, the study finds predominantly women start working under its increased waged labor demand to provide additional income for the household.\textbf{Households with children increased the spending on 'child goods' (e.g. milk) most significantly while households without children increased spending on alcohol more significantly.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/S9ANK423/Bose2017_Raising_consumption_through_india's_national_rural_employment_guarantee_scheme.pdf} +} + @techreport{Boshra2020, type = {Preprint}, title = {The {{Status}} and {{Risk Factors}} of {{COVID-19 Related Suicides}} in {{Bangladesh}}}, @@ -7548,6 +8105,36 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {inequality::poverty,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Broecke2013, + title = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies: {{A}} Look at the {{SIVP}} Programme in {{Tunisia}}}, + shorttitle = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies}, + author = {Broecke, Stijn}, + year = {2013}, + month = dec, + journal = {IZA Journal of Labor Policy}, + volume = {2}, + number = {1}, + pages = {9}, + issn = {2193-9004}, + doi = {10.1186/2193-9004-2-9}, + abstract = {Abstract This paper takes a closer look at Tunisia's SIVP: an employment subsidy aimed at university graduates and, until recently, the country's largest active labour market policy. Using a tracer survey of the 2004 graduating cohort, OLS and matching techniques are applied to estimate the relationship between programme participation and the labour market outcomes of participants. Graduates who benefited from the programme appear less likely to be unemployed and considerably more likely to have found a job in the private sector - but this may partly reflect selection into the programme, which is not random. JEL classification J08, J20}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Tunisia,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of the 'SIVP' programme in Tunisia on employment probability and formal employment of its participants. +\par +'SIVP' is an employment subsidy programme and the target group for the study are university graduates looking for their first job after graduation, with the programme having its last follow-up interview 44 months after graduation. +\par +It finds that the programme overall reduces unemployment and increases the chances for being employed in the private sector, two of its stated aims, for its target beneficiaries. +\par +It also finds, however, that the selection into the programme, not being random, is not targeting those most in need well, with individuals most likely to be unemployed 3 months after graduation often having to wait the longest for participation in the programme. +\par +Lastly, it finds that programme participants tend to have a more precarious job (no permanent contract) and be less well remunerated than graduates with a job that did not participate in SIVP. +\par +The study concludes that, while the programme is in line with international cost-benefit assumptions of employment subsidy programmes, it loses a large part of its effectiveness to deadweight losses due to its bad targeting.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:06:50Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L97MNMJU/Broecke2013_Tackling_graduate_unemployment_in_North_Africa_through_employment_subsidies.pdf} +} + @article{Brohan2012, title = {Systematic Review of Beliefs, Behaviours and Influencing Factors Associated with Disclosure of a Mental Health Problem in the Workplace}, author = {Brohan, Elaine and Henderson, Claire and Wheat, Kay and Malcolm, Estelle and Clement, Sarah and Barley, Elizabeth A and Slade, Mike and Thornicroft, Graham}, @@ -7663,6 +8250,27 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Brooks2018, + title = {Mentors or Teachers? {{Microenterprise}} Training in {{Kenya}}}, + author = {Brooks, Wyatt and Donovan, Kevin and Johnson, Terence R.}, + year = {2018}, + journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {10}, + number = {4}, + pages = {196--221}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20170042}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A random control trial on the impacts of business training on the earnings outcomes for female micro-entrepreneurs in urban Kenya. +\par +It finds that, while general formal business training has no significant impact on earnings, participation in a mentorship program does have a significant positive impact. +\par +The authors argue this suggests an important categorical difference between different types of training information: +\par +whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more localized and specific knowledge imparted in the apprenticeship programme leads to significant impacts.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:43:44Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QBG5UJ6M/Brooks2018_Mentors_or_teachers.pdf} +} + @article{Brown2005, title = {Achieving Early Surgery for Undescended Testes: Quality Improvement through a Multifaceted Approach to Guideline Implementation}, shorttitle = {Achieving Early Surgery for Undescended Testes}, @@ -7680,6 +8288,19 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{brudevold2017firm, + title = {A Firm of One's Own: {{Experimental}} Evidence on Credit Constraints and Occupational Choice}, + author = {{Brudevold-Newman}, Andrew Peter and Honorati, Maddalena and Jakiela, Pamela and Ozier, Owen W.}, + year = {2017}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {7977}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers {\textendash} even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study conducted on a combination of cash grants and vocational training for young women in Kenya, with an emphasis on analyzing its earnings impacts over time.\textbf{It finds that both receiving just a cash grant or a cash grant and vocational training significantly increased short-term earnings, but these earnings impacts dissipated at the second year mark after the treatment.\textbf{The findings suggest that there are more barriers a sustained impact than just a credit constrained poverty trap overall, but women wishing to begin their business were still mostly constrained by savings initially.\textbf{While the group receiving a grant and training had larger impacts, the group only receiving a cash grant was more cost effective.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Bruelle2021, type = {Article}, title = {Dualisation versus Targeting? {{Public}} Transfers and Poverty Risks among the Unemployed in {{Germany}} and {{Great Britain}}}, @@ -8600,6 +9221,22 @@ does NOT look at specific policy intervention} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Calero2017, + title = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}} in {{Rio De Janeiro}}}, + shorttitle = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}?}, + author = {Calero, Carla and Leite Corseuil, Carlos Henrique and Gonzales, Veronica and Kluve, Jochen and Soares, Yuri}, + year = {2017}, + journal = {Labour Economics}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {131--142}, + doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.008}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Brazil,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the 'Galp{\~a}o Aplauso' youth training program, focusing on a combination of vocational training and life skills through expressive arts, to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability.\textbf{The study finds significant short-term increases on both earnings and employment probability for the beneficiaries, but finds no impacts on non labor market outcomes such as personality-related traits.\textbf{The training program started as a public policy but turned into a private-sector managed program, with selective criteria to initiative and beneficiaries, so that there the authors see small chance of it scaling well and the results holding potential for external validity.}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:56:15Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9E5J9IG8/Calero2017_Can_Arts-Based_Interventions_Enhance_Labor_Market_Outcomes_Among_Youth.pdf} +} + @article{Calnitsky2016, title = {``{{More Normal}} than {{Welfare}}'': {{The Mincome Experiment}}, {{Stigma}}, and {{Community Experience}}}, shorttitle = {``{{More Normal}} than {{Welfare}}''}, @@ -8835,6 +9472,24 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Card2011, + title = {The Labor Market Impacts of Youth Training in the {{Dominican Republic}}}, + author = {Card, David and Ibarraran, Pablo and Regalia, Ferdinando and {Rosas-Shady}, David and Soares, Yuri}, + year = {2011}, + month = apr, + journal = {Journal of Labor Economics}, + volume = {29}, + number = {2}, + pages = {267--300}, + issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307}, + doi = {10.1086/658090}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {The study analyzes a randomized control trial in the Dominican Republic's program 'Juventud y Empleo' regarding the effects of vocational training on earnings and employment outcomes such as hours worked or overall employment probability.\textbf{While there is no significant impact on hours worked or employment probability, a modest increase in earnings through wages per hour was determined.\textbf{The study suffered from an issue in the design through which people not showing up for treatment were not approached for the follow-up survey, and people reassigned from the control group to the treatment group showed some significant differences to the rest of the treatment group.\textbf{The study tries to account for this, but it should still be kept in mind as potentially decreasing its explanatory limits.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9K2D3J4R/Card2011_The_labor_market_impacts_of_youth_training_in_the_Dominican_Republic.pdf} +} + @article{Cardador2017, title = {Promoted {{Up But Also Out}}? {{The Unintended Consequences}} of {{Increasing Women}}'s {{Representation}} in {{Managerial Roles}} in {{Engineering}}}, shorttitle = {Promoted {{Up But Also Out}}?}, @@ -9364,6 +10019,28 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {cite::channels,country::Bengal,inequality::age,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::SSA,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Chakravarty2019, + ids = {WOS:000453623400005}, + title = {Vocational Training Programs and Youth Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Nepal}}}, + author = {Chakravarty, Shubha and Lundberg, Manias and Nikolov, Plamen and Zenker, Juliane}, + year = {2019}, + month = jan, + journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {136}, + pages = {71--110}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.002}, + abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal's social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home {\textendash} close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/0000-0001-8069-4900}, + researcherid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/Q-8735-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000453623400005}, + keywords = {country::Nepal,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on a vocational training program for youth in Nepal ich which both its impacts on earnings and employment probabilities are analyzed.\textbf{Generally, it finds an increase in non-farm employment combined with increased monthly earnings, which are mostly driven through young women starting self-employment.\textbf{The study finds larger impacts than many similar programs in more middle-income situated countries, and puts them down to low baseline educational and non-farm employment levels.\textbf{Additionally, the possibility for the skills increases to allow women to start working self-employed circumvents some of the restrictive social norms for women in Nepal.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6EZIWNCT/Chakravarty2019_Vocational_training_programs_and_youth_labor_market_outcomes.pdf} +} + @book{Chalcraft2008, title = {The {{Invisible Cage}}: {{Syrian Migrant Workers}} in {{Lebanon}}}, shorttitle = {The {{Invisible Cage}}}, @@ -9402,6 +10079,30 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {sample::database} } +@article{Chamadia2021, + ids = {WOS:000632615700001,chamadia2021assessing}, + title = {Assessing the Effectiveness of Vocational Training Programs in {{Pakistan}}: {{An}} Experimental Study}, + author = {Chamadia, Sumaira and Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat}, + year = {2021}, + month = jun, + journal = {Education and Training}, + volume = {63}, + number = {5}, + pages = {665--678}, + publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}}, + issn = {0040-0912}, + doi = {10.1108/ET-04-2020-0085}, + abstract = {Purpose The major objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of the technical and vocational training courses imparted to generate employment or enhance the productivity of participants. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in the province of Sindh, Pakistan by adopting a quasi-experimental approach. The experiment was conducted on 105 individuals-with the age group of 20-25-distributed between the treatment group and the control group. The data collected through the experiment were analyzed by applying a paired-sample t-test, independent sample t-test and one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The findings of this study show statistically significant higher monthly earnings of Rs14, 223 after the training intervention program. Findings also exhibit a significant difference in monthly earnings between the control and the treatment groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can provide useful input to policymakers while devising the policies regarding technical education and vocational training (TVET) and to the international donors in assessing the impact of the training initiatives. Originality/value This study presents experimental-driven evidence on the role of technical education and vocational training in improving the labor market outcomes.}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021}, + eissn = {1758-6127}, + orcid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/0000-0003-1207-6427}, + researcherid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/AAF-5693-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000632615700001}, + keywords = {country::Pakistan,no-access,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the impact of TVET programmes in Pakistan on the effects of individual earnings for participants.\textbf{It finds that participants generally have an increase in earnings after the program, which the study argues is due to Pakistan's overall low level of income and the programme selection for especially rural youth.\textbf{It sees potential dangers to its external validity since it follows a very specific institute selection for its analyzed program: that of an institute offering only training programs very highly demanded by the industry.\textbf{It leads the study to conclude that the country should focus its efforts on similarly in-demand training curricula, though it sees its limitations in neither differentiating between genders nor private and public institutions for a broader analysis.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Chamhuri2012, title = {Conceptual {{Framework}} of {{Urban Poverty Reduction}}: {{A Review}} of {{Literature}}}, shorttitle = {Conceptual {{Framework}} of {{Urban Poverty Reduction}}}, @@ -9555,6 +10256,27 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Chatri2021, + ids = {WOS:000666885300001}, + title = {Micro-Econometric Evaluation of Subsidized Employment in Morocco: {{The}} Case of the ``{{Idmaj}}'' Program}, + author = {Chatri, Abdellatif and Hadef, Khadija and Samoudi, Naima}, + year = {2021}, + month = dec, + journal = {Journal for Labour Market Research}, + volume = {55}, + number = {17}, + issn = {2510-5019}, + doi = {10.1186/s12651-021-00300-5}, + abstract = {This paper aims to assess the impact of the Moroccan wage subsidy program ``Idmaj''. It applies the propensity score matching method to the data from a survey conducted by the Ministry of Labour on a sample of eligible individuals. Our results suggest that wage subsidies in Morocco have a positive but marginally significant effect on reducing unemployment and improving employment and a significant negative impact on wages. It also highlights some heterogeneous effects of the program, particularly on women. Finally, it appears that the program did not serve as a stepping stone to higher-paying, high-quality work and, in contrast, it had a stigmatizing effect on beneficiaries.}, + eissn = {2510-5027}, + orcid-numbers = {samoudi, Naima/0000-0003-3164-0249}, + unique-id = {WOS:000666885300001}, + keywords = {country::Morocco,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using propensity score matching on the employment subsidy program 'Idmaj' in Morocco to analyze its impact on earnings and employment probability. \textbf{It finds that, while there is a marginally positive effect on employment probability through the program, there is a more significant negative impact on earnings of beneficiaries.\textbf{There is also a large heterogeneity with the program having a larger positive employment effect on young people (18-24 years old) and women, but also having a larger negative earnings effect on women and people aged 25-34 years.\textbf{In both cases, the collateral tends to exceed positive gains, and may be caused due to a stigmatizing effect under which employers consider beneficiaries less productive due to receiving the subsidy and thus less likely to consider beneficiaries for higher wages.\textbf{Lastly, there is also less likelihood for being covered by social security for men and beneficiaries of the program aged 25-34 years.\textbf{Thereby, the program can also not be considered a stepping stone toward higher-skill jobs and higher wages, which was one of its original objectives.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/7UE8QSY9/Chatri2021_Micro-econometric_evaluation_of_subsidized_employment_in_morocco.pdf} +} + @article{Chatterjee2017, title = {Getting {{Girls}} to {{Schools}}! {\textendash} {{Assessing}} the {{Impacts}} of a {{Targeted Program}} on {{Enrollment}} and {{Academic Performance}}}, author = {Chatterjee, Somdeep}, @@ -9650,6 +10372,28 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Chaure2021, + ids = {WOS:000694637500001}, + title = {The Right to Work and to Live: {{The}} Implications of {{India}}'s {{NREGS}} Program for Missing Women}, + author = {Chaure, Trupti and Hicks, Daniel}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Social Science Quarterly}, + volume = {102}, + number = {6}, + pages = {2528--2551}, + issn = {0038-4941}, + doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12993}, + abstract = {Objective Limited economic opportunity for women reduces their household bargaining power and the economic value of daughters, amplifying son preference. This paper studies India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), the largest workfare program in the world. Methods In a setting where the gender gap in employment and wages are sizeable, NREGS represented both an income shock and a large relative improvement in the labor market for women. We use the staggered rollout of NREGS to show that districts that implemented the program earlier experienced an improvement in child sex ratios in favor of girls. Results We find that impacts exist only in rural areas, not in the urban counterparts of the same district, where NREGS did not operate. Furthermore, effects are larger in middle-income and upper income districts and districts with the most skewed initial sex ratios, results which are inconsistent with an alternative selection story. Finally, the effects appear only for rural youth sex ratios, not for adult sex ratios, suggesting endogenous migration is not driving the results. Conclusion Our results suggest that the adoption of NREGS may have decreased pressures associated with sex selection in India, lessening skewed sex ratios in rural areas.}, + earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2021}, + eissn = {1540-6237}, + orcid-numbers = {Hicks, Daniel/0000-0002-1722-4970}, + unique-id = {WOS:000694637500001}, + keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of India's employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on gender discrimination by looking at sex ratio preferences in affected areas.\textbf{The study argues limited economic opportunity for women also reduces their household bargaining power and thus, and with it the economic value of daughters, which may be affected through NREGS.\textbf{It finds a significant improvement in child sex ratios towards females in districts affected by the NREGS rollout, however, only in urban districts was the effect significant.\textbf{Possible channels of affecting the outcome were decreased sex selection pressures through improved female labor market opportunities given by NREGS, as well as a reduction in income constraints, more resilience toward external shock events, or an impacted attitude towards daughters.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DIQS6FNX/Chaure2021_The_right_to_work_and_to_live.pdf} +} + @article{Checcucci2021, type = {Article}, title = {Employment of Older People across Italian Regions: An Exploration of Drivers and Barriers Based on the Active Ageing Index}, @@ -9677,6 +10421,20 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BU8U9N8Z/Checcucci et al_2021_Employment of older people across italian regions.pdf} } +@techreport{cheema2014good, + title = {Do Good Intentions Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on How Citizens Respond to Promises of Government Service Delivery}, + author = {Cheema, Ali and Khwaja, Asim I. and Naseer, Farooq and Shapiro, Jacob N.}, + year = {2014}, + series = {{{CID Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {280}, + address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + institution = {{Harvard University}}, + abstract = {Can government programs that fail to deliver still influence citizen behavior? Large literatures in political science and economics study the effect of various government programs on how citizens engage with the state. A tacit assumption in many of these papers is that citizens value government programs proportionally to the amount of money spent. Yet there is tremendous heterogeneity in the mapping between spending and how much value citizens actually get from a program. And even programs that do not work may still reflect substantial government investments, thereby informing citizens' beliefs about how much weight the government places on their welfare. Using a large-scale randomized evaluation of a vocational training program in southern Punjab we provide evidence that good intentions might matter; citizens offered a program that almost no one used voted for the ruling party at higher rates in subsequent elections if offered multiple training vouchers than if only offered one. Men who received the training offer became more socially engaged and used government services at higher rates. Women had the opposite reaction. These results have implications for theories of civic engagement.}, + keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevance::unsure,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of a vocational training subsidy in Pakistan which, by participation rate should be seen as a failed intervention, on the perception of its target population, as well as their political participation and future use of government services.\textbf{It finds that even for ostensibly failed ALMPs the societal outcome can still be significant, with higher political voting favor for the ruling party, as well as additionally increased pro-social engagement and government service use.\textbf{While these findings apply to men in the study, women had the opposite outcome, with a decrease in both.\textbf{The study suggests this gender heterogeneity may stem from the value of courses on offer during the failed ALMP program being primarily targeted, designed for and by, men and (inadvertently or otherwise) proving inadequate for women's welfare.\textbf{Thus, the perception of attempts to meet social welfare goals by the government might be as important as the actual outcomes of its programs, in people's perception.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Chehimi2011, type = {Article}, title = {In the First Place: Community Prevention's Promise to Advance Health and Equity}, @@ -10177,6 +10935,25 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Cho2013, + ids = {Cho2013a}, + title = {Gender {{Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Training}}: {{Constraints}} on {{Women}} and {{Drop-Out Behavior}}}, + shorttitle = {Gender {{Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Training}}}, + author = {Cho, Yoonyoung and Kalomba, Davie and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq and Orozco, Victor}, + year = {2013}, + month = jul, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {6545}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6545}, + abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs{\textemdash}a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature{\textemdash}and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Malawi,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on a vocational training and internship program in Malawi targeting poor, mostly rural, youth as a vulnerable group, trying to analyze its effects on participants' post-program earnings, hours worked, but also skill acquisition and individual welfare assessments.\textbf{Generally, there were no significant impacts on either earnings or hours worked after the program, which is an issue with the foregone earnings opportunity costs of participating in the program itself.\textbf{Any earnings effect measured could be attributed to the increased skills imparted by the program, as well as increased awareness of higher paying job opportunities through the internship network of employers.\textbf{It finds a stark heterogeneity between the genders, with women dropping out more often and being generally more constrained in the conditions they are participating under and less likely to receive financial support during or a paid job offer after training from their trainers or master-craftspersons.\textbf{The program increased individual welfare assessments, but much larger increase for men than for women. \textbf{Men were also more likely to receive more training due to taking training time from their hours in self-employment, whereas women were more constrained primarily due to family obligations.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:08:33Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XB2L4E8A/Cho2013_Gender_Differences_in_the_Effects_of_Vocational_Training.pdf} +} + @article{Cho2019, title = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{HIV}}/{{HSV-2}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{School Support Randomized Controlled Trial Among Orphaned Adolescents}} in {{Kenya}}}, shorttitle = {Gender {{Differences}} in {{HIV}}/{{HSV-2}}}, @@ -10194,6 +10971,46 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Choe2015, + ids = {Choe2011,Choe2015a,WOS:000350031200015,flores2011dropouts}, + title = {Do Dropouts with Longer Training Exposure Benefit from Training Programs? {{Korean}} Evidence Employing Methods for Continuous Treatments}, + author = {Choe, Chung and {Flores-Lagunes}, Alfonso and Lee, Sang-Jun}, + year = {2015}, + month = mar, + journal = {Empirical Economics}, + volume = {48}, + pages = {849--881}, + publisher = {{IZA Discussion Paper}}, + issn = {0377-7332}, + doi = {10.1007/s00181-014-0805-y}, + abstract = {Failure of participants to complete training programs is pervasive in existing active labor market programs, both in developed and developing countries. From a policy perspective, it is of interest to know if dropouts benefit from the time they spend in training since these programs require considerable resources. We shed light on this issue by estimating the average employment effects of different lengths of exposure by dropouts in a Korean job training program, and contrasting it to the ones by program completers. To do this, we employ methods to estimate effects from continuous treatments using the generalized propensity score, under the assumption that selection into different lengths of exposure is based on a rich set of observed covariates. We find that dropouts with longer exposures exhibit higher employment probabilities one year after receiving training, but only after surpassing a threshold of exposure of about 12-15 weeks. In contrast, program completers exhibit higher returns from their time of exposure to the program than dropouts, but these tend to decline for longer program durations.}, + eissn = {1435-8921}, + orcid-numbers = {Choe, Chung/0000-0002-5173-9644}, + unique-id = {WOS:000350031200015}, + keywords = {country::South Korea,program::training,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AYNSINLI/Choe2015_Do_dropouts_with_longer_training_exposure_benefit_from_training_programs.pdf} +} + +@article{Chong2008, + ids = {WOS:000261463900001}, + title = {Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market in {{Peru}}}, + author = {Chong, Alberto and Galdo, Jose and Saavedra, Jaime}, + year = {2008}, + journal = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform}, + volume = {11}, + number = {PII 906419804}, + pages = {229--245}, + issn = {1748-7870}, + doi = {10.1080/17487870802543480}, + abstract = {This article analyzes the evolution of informal employment in Peru from 1986 to 2001. Contrary to what one would expect, the informality rates increased steadily during the 1990s despite the introduction of flexible contracting mechanisms, a healthy macroeconomic recovery, and tighter tax codes and regulation. We explore different factors that may explain this upward trend including the role of labor legislation and labor allocation between/within sectors of economic activity. Finally, we illustrate the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the Youth Training PROJOVEN Program that offers vocational training to disadvantaged young individuals. We find significant training impacts on the probability of formal employment for both males and females.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000261463900001}, + keywords = {country::Peru,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study following multiple rounds of the 'PROJOVEN' youth vocational training program in Peru to find out if increases in productivity are associated with levels of informality on a labor market.\textbf{Uses panel data to look for program outcomes of percentage of formal employment, overall employment probability and several job quality proxies.\textbf{Understands definition of formal employment for its purposes ultimately as agglomeration of multiple job quality indices: firm size, health benefits, accident insurance, social security and, not least, a formal contract.\textbf{In this interpretation, while employment probability was not significantly impacted for men, it was significantly positive for women.\textbf{Additionally, the study found strong positive impacts on all job quality proxies and probability of formality, though all measured impacts subsides over the medium-term.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IYHC8QJL/Chong2008_Informality_and_productivity_in_the_labor_market_in_Peru.pdf} +} + @article{Chou2010, title = {Parental {{Education}} and {{Child Health}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Natural Experiment}} in {{Taiwan}}}, shorttitle = {Parental {{Education}} and {{Child Health}}}, @@ -11206,7 +12023,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} issn = {0018-7267, 1741-282X}, doi = {10.1177/0018726718809158}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests `no' {\ldots} and `yes.' It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women's integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S\&P 500 from 2009{\textendash}2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.}, + abstract = {Will adding women to the board of directors reduce firm gender pay disparities? Our research suggests `no' {\dots} and `yes.' It is not a matter of simply adding more women to the board or integrating women into key board committees that moves the needle. If firms really want to stimulate change through board diversity, then they need to empower female directors and place them in key leadership roles. We find that women's integration on the board of directors and on the compensation committee has no significant impact on lessening the compensation gap within the top executive team. However, when women influence compensation decisions through service as the chair of the compensation committee, the top executive compensation gap is diminished. Our analysis relies on a dataset built by the authors of all top management team executives and board members from the S\&P 500 from 2009{\textendash}2013. We test three mechanisms that may enable women to overcome limitations with respect to pay equity: (i) integration, (ii) direct decision making and (iii) influence. Our findings suggest that not all types of power are equal; the more direct influence women have over compensation decisions, the smaller the compensation gap.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -11483,7 +12300,7 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} } @article{Coulibaly2007, - title = {Une M{\'e}decine Rurale de Proximit{\'e}: L{${'}$}exp{\'e}rience Des M{\'e}decins de Campagne Au {{Mali}}}, + title = {Une M{\'e}decine Rurale de Proximit{\'e}: L{$\prime$}exp{\'e}rience Des M{\'e}decins de Campagne Au {{Mali}}}, shorttitle = {Une M{\'e}decine Rurale de Proximit{\'e}}, author = {Coulibaly, S and Desplats, D and Kone, Y and Nimaga, K and Dugas, S and Farnarier, G and Sy, M and Balique, H and Doumbo, OgobaraK and Van Dormael, M}, year = {2007}, @@ -11714,6 +12531,19 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{crepon2019direct, + title = {Direct and Indirect Effects of Subsidized Dual Apprenticeships}, + author = {Cr{\'e}pon, Bruno and Premand, Patrick}, + year = {2019}, + series = {Discussion {{Paper Series}}}, + number = {12793}, + institution = {{Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)}}, + abstract = {Traditional apprenticeships based on private arrangements are widespread in developing countries. Public interventions have attempted to address failures in the apprenticeship markets to expand access or improve training quality. Subsidized dual apprenticeships have the potential to address financial constraints for youths and firms' inability to commit to provide general skill training. This paper analyzes the impact of subsidized dual apprenticeships combining on-the-job and theoretical training in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire. We set up an experiment that simultaneously randomized whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship, and whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled with formal apprentices. We document direct effects for youths and indirect effects for firms, such as whether they substitute between traditional and subsidized apprentices. In the short run, youths increase their human capital investments and we observe a net entry of apprentices into firms. Substitution effects are limited: the intervention creates 0.74 to 0.77 new position per subsidized apprentice. The subsidy offsets forgone labor earnings. Four years after the start of the experiment, treated youths perform more complex tasks and their earnings are higher by 15 percent. We conclude that subsidized dual apprenticeships expand access to training, upgrade skills and improve earnings for youths without crowding out traditional apprentices.}, + keywords = {country::Ivory Coast,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of dual apprenticeships (internship, vocational training and subsidy component) on earnings and job creation for youth in C{\^o}te d'Ivoire.\textbf{It finds that subsidized apprenticeships overall create new job positions, as well as being able to offset foregone earnings for participating youth.\textbf{After 4 years participants had a significant positive impact on earnings, as well as on the complexity of tasks they pursued.\textbf{The study suggests this is due to allowing a quicker return on participants' increased human capital by removing apprenticeship opportunity costs through the subsidy.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Crone2006, title = {Sustainability of the {{Prevention}} of {{Passive Infant Smoking Within Well-Baby Clinics}}}, author = {Crone, M. R. and Verlaan, M. and Willemsen, M. C. and Van Soelen, P. and Reijneveld, S. A. and Sing, R. A. Hira and Paulussen, T. G. W. M.}, @@ -12265,6 +13095,25 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UC6N6U8R/Damelang et al_2020_Foreign credential recognition and immigrants' chances of being hired for.pdf} } +@article{Dammert2015, + ids = {Dammert2015a}, + title = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation: {{A}} Multi-Treatment Experimental Design}, + shorttitle = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation}, + author = {Dammert, Ana C. and Galdo, Jose and Galdo, Virgilio}, + year = {2015}, + month = dec, + journal = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {2193-9020}, + doi = {10.1186/s40175-015-0033-7}, + abstract = {Abstract This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Peru,program::job market services,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {The study experimentally investigates the role of two axes of labor market intermediation and matching on employment probability: information channels (between digital and non-digital) and information sets (between public and private) in Lima, Peru.\textbf{It creates 3 treatment groups from people receiving traditional labor market intermediation information digitally and non-digitally, people receiving unrestricted (additional) labor market information digitally, and a control group.\textbf{The digital channel chosen was primarily an SMS system which would inform participants of job offerings. \textbf{The information set provided to participants was either the traditional job matching information of the Lima public intermediation service, for which employers specifically had to sign up, or an unrestricted set which consisted both of the previous set and additional job vacancies which employers did not have to specifically sign up.\textbf{The treatment group receiving an unrestricted information set digitally had a significant short-term increase in employment probability, which disappeared long-term (3 months) after the control group received access to labor market intermediation as well.\textbf{The other treatment groups had no significant impact on employment probability short-term or long-term, and there was no significant impact on job matching efficiency for any of the treatments.\textbf{The study argues this finding signifies that the most important factor for employment probability is thus the scope and novelty of information delivered through digital means,\textbf{as well as the feasibility of using digital channels for information distribution, while acknowledging a smaller role of the information channel alone than often assumed.}}}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:14:27Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6TA2P7F6/Dammert2015_Integrating_mobile_phone_technologies_into_labor-market_intermediation.pdf} +} + @article{Dang2021a, type = {Article}, title = {Gender Inequality during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: {{Income}}, Expenditure, Savings, and Job Loss}, @@ -12320,6 +13169,26 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::disability,inequality::income,inequality::spatial,out::abstract,region::EU,sample::database} } +@article{Darkwah2013, + ids = {WOS:000338705200003}, + title = {Keeping Hope Alive: {{An}} Analysis of Training Opportunities for {{Ghanaian}} Youth in the Emerging Oil and Gas Industry}, + author = {Darkwah, Akosua K.}, + year = {2013}, + journal = {International Development Planning Review}, + volume = {35}, + number = {2}, + pages = {119--134}, + issn = {1474-6743}, + doi = {10.3828/idpr.2013.9}, + abstract = {Over the last decade-and-a-half, African youth have been the target of much scholarly attention. Faced with poor access to education and high levels of unemployment, many researchers have explored the ways in which they make sense of these dual realities. Relatively little attention has been paid to the ways in which the introduction of active labour market policies, specifically labour market targeted skills training, fundamentally reconfigures the lived experience of African youth. This paper seeks to fill that gap. It draws on interviews with both training officials and participants in a specific training programme, which has been set up to provide youth with oil-related skills training, so as to interrogate its place in terms of youth transitions to employment. In the tradition of Robert Merton (1968) and others, I argue that this training programme serves the latent function of keeping hope alive in a context where the prospects for decent jobs in the oil and gas industry are, at best, slim. While blighted hope - in the words of Bourdieu (1984) - gives these youth a reason for living, ultimately, the government needs to do more to ensure that citizens reap the benefits, as far as employment in the oil and gas industry is concerned.}, + eissn = {1478-3401}, + unique-id = {WOS:000338705200003}, + keywords = {country::Ghana,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study using long-form interviews to analyze the outcomes for participants of a vocational training program in Ghana.\textbf{It finds that generally while the training creates some hope in its recipients, as well as increases in future expectations for the actual labor market outcomes there was no increase in employment probability for its interview partners.\textbf{The main argument thus rests on Bourdieu's theory of unfulfilled wishes over time transforming into 'frustrated promise' before the training then makes this frustration useful potential by substituting it with a 'blighted hope'.\textbf{It provides this to its trainees who, on this hope-lead basis work hard toward reaching training goals but, looking at the broader picture, are not guaranteed any employment after through factors outside their control such as training quality and, perhaps even more important, existing labor demand.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/K8AMWKFK/Darkwah2013_Keeping_hope_alive.pdf} +} + @article{Darling2007, title = {Ecological {{Systems Theory}}: {{The Person}} in the {{Center}} of the {{Circles}}}, shorttitle = {Ecological {{Systems Theory}}}, @@ -12397,6 +13266,25 @@ does NOT look at inequalities affected} keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Das2021, + ids = {WOS:000624897400004}, + title = {Training the Disadvantaged Youth and Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Bangladesh}}}, + author = {Das, Narayan}, + year = {2021}, + month = mar, + journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {149}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102585}, + abstract = {This paper estimates the effects of a youth training program in Bangladesh on labor market outcomes. The program, organized as a randomized controlled trial , provides on-the-job and classroom training to disadvantaged unemployed youth. ITT results show that six months after the intervention, on-the-job training increases labor market participation by 16 percentage points and earnings by 23\%. The effect on employment declines in the long-run, after 22 months, but the effect on earnings is sustained as the program induces a shi f t from casual work to wage employment. Adding classroom training over on-the-job training has no short term effect on aggregate employment and earnings but it has more sustained effect .}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + unique-id = {WOS:000624897400004}, + keywords = {country::Bangladesh,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study for a randomized control trial of vocational training effects on the earnings and employment probability of youth in Bangladesh.\textbf{The study focuses on differentiating between the effects of classroom and on-the-job training, with on-the-job training providing significant short-term effects for both employment and earnings but with employment effects dropping off over long-term (22 months after program end).\textbf{This, the study contends, implies an overall increase of productivity due to on-the-job training, and a sustained shift from casual to formal work.\textbf{On-the-job training also had a stronger employment effect for women and a stronger earnings effect for men, due to women generally shifting from casual to self-employment work and men from casual to formal wage employment.\textbf{Classroom training did not have significant short-term effect on employment, and while no statistically significant difference between treatments is found, it did lead to a slightly more sustained effect on aggregate earnings and employment long-term.\textbf{Short-term, classroom training had a slight detrimental effect on male employment due to a generally lower uptake of the combined program by men.\textbf{It concluded in a cost-benefit analysis that combined training was deemed cost-inefficient while on-the-job training could be scaled up cost-efficiently.}}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2S4FC3P2/Das2021_Training_the_disadvantaged_youth_and_labor_market_outcomes.pdf} +} + @article{Dasgupta2004, title = {Seeing Is Believing: {{Exposure}} to Counterstereotypic Women Leaders and Its Effect on the Malleability of Automatic Gender Stereotyping}, shorttitle = {Seeing Is Believing}, @@ -12958,6 +13846,18 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Delajara2006, + title = {An Evaluation of Training for the Unemployed in {{Mexico}}}, + author = {Delajara, Marcelo and Freije, Samuel and Soloaga, Isidro}, + year = {2006}, + number = {OVE/WP-09/06}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + keywords = {country::Mexico,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {Report analyzing a training program 'PROBECAT-SICAT' for unemployed in Mexico, to find the impact on earnings for those treated utilizing data from a variety of different administrative surveys from 2000-2004.\textbf{Generally, the study finds significant but small positive impacts on earnings for wage workers and a varying but positive impact on self-employed workers (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller).\textbf{The earnings effect is generally larger for formal employment specifically.\textbf{They find evidence of a hidden bias in the study, so take care not to just select on observables and ensure robustness.\textbf{The program itself also underwent large changes in 2002, with a larger focus on on-the-job training suddenly changing this to the most effective program by definition.\textbf{Lastly, the cost-benefit analysis resulted in negative net results except for selection on unobservables which resulted in positive results for 2000 and 2002.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:18:58Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/C3MYAKV6/Delajara2006_An_evaluation_of_training_for_the_unemployed_in_Mexico.pdf} +} + @article{DelBoca2009, title = {Motherhood and Market Work Decisions in Institutional Context: A {{European}} Perspective}, shorttitle = {Motherhood and Market Work Decisions in Institutional Context}, @@ -13051,6 +13951,47 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{deMel2012, + title = {One-Time Transfers of Cash or Capital Have Long-Lasting Effects on Microenterprises in {{Sri Lanka}}}, + author = {{de Mel}, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher}, + options = {useprefix=true}, + year = {2012}, + journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)}, + volume = {335}, + number = {6071}, + pages = {962--966}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1212973}, + keywords = {country::Sri Lanka,program::cash grant,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study in Sri Lanka which evaluates the effects of cash grants on the long-term earnings of micro-entrepreneurs. +\par +It finds that, for male-owned microenterprises, continued increased earnings could still be seen 5 years after the initial cash grant. +\par +It also finds a large gender heterogeneity however, with female-owned microenterprises showing similar earnings to the control group. +\par +The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the business to the household and female-lead microenterprises being more likely situated in industries with low economies of scale.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:12:02Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EW8EZPIX/deMel2012_One-time_transfers_of_cash_or_capital_have_long-lasting_effects_on.pdf} +} + +@article{deMel2019, + title = {Labor Drops: {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Return to Additional Labor in Microenterprises}, + author = {{de Mel}, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher}, + options = {useprefix=true}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {11}, + number = {1}, + pages = {202--235}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, + issn = {19457782, 19457790}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20170497}, + abstract = {A field experiment in Sri Lanka provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor benefits such firms and whether a short-term subsidy can have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics 4 years after treatment, we find that firms increased employment during the subsidy period. Treated firms were more likely to survive, but there was no lasting impact on employment and no effect on profitability or sales either during or after the subsidy period. There is some heterogeneity in effects; the subsidies have a more durable effect on manufacturers.}, + jstor = {26565519}, + keywords = {country::Sri Lanka,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CX3UAAFI/deMel2019_Labor_drops.pdf} +} + @article{Demerath2010, type = {Article}, title = {Decoding Success: {{A}} Middle-Class Logic of Individual Advancement in a {{US}} Suburb and High School}, @@ -13092,6 +14033,23 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Denisova2010, + title = {Are {{Retraining Programs}} a {{Panacea}} for the {{Russian Labor Market}}?}, + author = {Denisova, I. and Kartseva, M.}, + year = {2010}, + month = may, + journal = {Problems of Economic Transition}, + volume = {53}, + number = {1}, + pages = {5--16}, + issn = {1061-1991}, + doi = {10.2753/PET1061-1991530101}, + keywords = {country::Russia,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment probability outcomes of a vocational (re)training program targeted at unemployed in two regions of Russia.\textbf{The study finds no significant impacts on either earnings or employment probability overall.\textbf{However, there was quite some heterogeneity within those results, with disabled people in one of the two regions having significant increases to both employment and earnings.\textbf{Also in the same region, older beneficiaries that were aged over 45 years had a marginally positive impact on employment probability, while younger beneficiaries under 25 had a marginally negative impact on employment probabilities.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:20:49Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SD9N25IK/Denisova2010_Are_Retraining_Programs_a_Panacea_for_the_Russian_Labor_Market.pdf} +} + @article{Denissen2010, title = {The Right Tools for the Job: {{Constructing}} Gender Meanings and Identities in the Male-Dominated Building Trades}, shorttitle = {The Right Tools for the Job}, @@ -13645,6 +14603,30 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, keywords = {inequality::gender,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Diaz2006, + title = {An Evaluation of the {{Peruvian}} "{{Youth Labor Training Program}}" - {{Projoven}}}, + author = {D{\'i}az, Juan Jos{\'e} and Jaramillo, Miguel}, + year = {2006}, + number = {OVE/WP-10/06}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + keywords = {country::Peru,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:24:53Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YHRJR2BW/Diaz2006_An_evaluation_of_the_Peruvian_Youth_Labor_Training_Program_-_Projoven.pdf} +} + +@techreport{Diaz2016, + title = {Impact {{Evaluation}} of the {{Job Youth Training Program Projoven}}}, + author = {Diaz, Juan Jose and Rosas, David}, + year = {2016}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {693}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + abstract = {Abstract: This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training. Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with administrative data from the country's Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electr{\'o}nica), allowing for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socio- emotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal employment vary depending on the beneficiaries' gender and age, with different patterns of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills.}, + keywords = {country::Peru,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:26:12Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TWMAY8PJ/Diaz2016_Impact_Evaluation_of_the_Job_Youth_Training_Program_Projoven.pdf} +} + @article{Dickerson2004, title = {Acute {{Stressors}} and {{Cortisol Responses}}: {{A Theoretical Integration}} and {{Synthesis}} of {{Laboratory Research}}.}, shorttitle = {Acute {{Stressors}} and {{Cortisol Responses}}}, @@ -13948,6 +14930,27 @@ does not do impact analysis for single policy}, keywords = {cite::channels,country::Vietnam,inequality::education,inequality::ethnicity,inequality::migration,method::qualitative,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} } +@article{Do2020, + ids = {WOS:000542060800052}, + title = {Impact of Vocational Training on Wages of Ethnic Minority Labors in {{Vietnam}}}, + author = {Do, Ha Thi Hai and Mai, Cuong Ngoc and Mai, Anh Ngoc and Nguyen, Nui Dang and Pham, Toan Ngoc and Le, Huong Thi Thu and Tran, Manh Dung and Vu, Tri Tuan}, + year = {2020}, + month = jun, + journal = {Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business}, + volume = {7}, + number = {6}, + pages = {551--560}, + issn = {2288-4637}, + doi = {10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.551}, + abstract = {This research investigates the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in emerging countries; Vietnam is the case study. The study uses secondary data from 2014 to 2018 collected through Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS) conducted by the General Statistics Office. In order to analyze the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority areas in Vietnam, this research creates ethnic area variables. According to Vietnamese regulations, ethnic areas are communes of 51 different provinces, inhabited by ethnic minority people. The statistics from VHLSS in 2018, show that the proportion of labors of working age with a certificate was 22.5\%. The research employs Heckman Sample Selection Model to estimate the impact of vocation training on wage of labors in ethnic minority areas. The results show that vocational training plays a crucial role in improving the wages of ethnic minorities and has a positive impact. However, apart from the achieved outcomes, vocational training and job creation for ethnic minorities are not without limitations and shortcomings. Based on the findings, some recommendations to ethnic minority labors, enterprises and the Government are proposed to encourage participation in vocational training for the purpose of promoting the efficiency of the labor market.}, + eissn = {2288-4645}, + unique-id = {WOS:000542060800052}, + keywords = {country::Vietnam,inequality::ethnicity,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of vocational training in ethnic minority areas in Vietnam on workers' earnings.\textbf{It finds that generally vocational training brings an increase in higher wage opportunities for workers due to increasing the general technical qualifications of workers.\textbf{Compared between the genders, the same vocational training level brought more wages to female workers than to male workers, which is explained due to male workers preferring temporary labor over more permanent factory work which female workers engage in more prominently.\textbf{The study makes the caveat, however, that vocational training in the minority areas may not be meeting market demand, which leads to a stark reduction in the potential productivity increases and vocational training more associated with regional practices is a recommendation to increase its effectiveness.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/W9MWSN2W/Do2020_Impact_of_vocational_training_on_wages_of_ethnic_minority_labors_in_Vietnam.pdf} +} + @article{Dobbin1993, title = {Equal {{Opportunity Law}} and the {{Construction}} of {{Internal Labor Markets}}}, author = {Dobbin, Frank and Sutton, John R. and Meyer, John W. and Scott, Richard}, @@ -14904,7 +15907,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} urldate = {2023-11-24}, abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of three major expansions in maternity leave coverage in Germany on children's long-run outcomes. To identify the causal impact of the reforms, we use a difference-indifference design that compares outcomes of children born shortly before and shortly after a change in maternity leave legislation in years of policy changes, and in years when no changes have taken place. We find no support for the hypothesis that the expansions in leave coverage improved children's outcomes, despite a strong impact on mothers' return to work behavior after childbirth. (JEL J13, J16, J22, J32)}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {country::Germany,december,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,region::EU,relevant,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text,type::maternity\_benefit}, + keywords = {country::Germany,done::extracted,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,region::EU,relevant,sample::snowballing,type::maternity\_benefit}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q2X23YEW/Dustmann_Schönberg_2012_Expansions in Maternity Leave Coverage and Children's Long-Term Outcomes.pdf} } @@ -15319,6 +16322,29 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Ebuenyi2020, + ids = {WOS:000586015500008}, + title = {Challenges of Inclusion: {{A}} Qualitative Study Exploring Barriers and Pathways to Inclusion of Persons with Mental Disabilities in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Programmes in {{East Africa}}}, + author = {Ebuenyi, Ikenna D. and Rottenburg, Esther S. and {Bunders-Aelen}, Joske F. G. and Regeer, Barbara J.}, + year = {2020}, + month = feb, + journal = {Disability and Rehabilitation}, + volume = {42}, + number = {4}, + pages = {536--544}, + issn = {0963-8288}, + doi = {10.1080/09638288.2018.1503729}, + abstract = {Purpose: To explore barriers and pathways to the inclusion of persons with mental and intellectual disabilities in technical and vocational education and training programmes in four East African countries, in order to pave the way to greater inclusion. Materials and methods: An explorative, qualitative study including 10 in-depth interviews and a group discussion was conducted with coordinators of different programmes in four East African countries. Two independent researchers coded the interviews inductively using Atlas.ti. The underlying framework used is the culture, structure, and practice model. Results: Barriers and pathways to inclusion were found in the three interrelated components of the model. They are mutually reinforcing and are thus not independent of one another. Barriers regarding culture include negative attitudes towards persons with mental illnesses, structural barriers relate to exclusion from primary school, rigid curricula and untrained teachers and unclear policies. Culture and structure hence severely hinder a practice of including persons with mental disabilities in technical and vocational education and training programmes. Pathways suggested are aiming for a clearer policy, more flexible curricula, improved teacher training and more inclusive attitudes. Conclusions: In order to overcome the identified complex barriers, systemic changes are necessary. Suggested pathways for programme coordinators serve as a starting point.}, + eissn = {1464-5165}, + orcid-numbers = {Ebuenyi, Ikenna/0000-0002-3329-6296 Bunders, Joske/0000-0002-0007-6430 Regeer, Barbara/0000-0002-9044-9367}, + researcherid-numbers = {Regeer, Barbara/M-1207-2018}, + unique-id = {WOS:000586015500008}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,country::Kenya,country::Rwanda,country::Uganda,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study on the barriers to inclusion of mentally disabled persons in technical and vocational training in Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda, to see what is hindering them being a stronger target group for the programs.\textbf{It uses a three pillar model of culture, structure and practice as well as their interrelations as its framework of integration or exclusion.\textbf{It finds that there are interrelated barriers along all three pillars, with negative attitude toward persons with disabilities being a cultural barrier, the resulting legislative exclusion from primary school, confrontation with untrained teachers and rigid curricula posing a structural barrier, and both coming together to exclude them from the practice of technical/vocational education.\textbf{It suggests more up-to-date information on mental disability, an implementation of affirmative action and policy of inclusion, as well as a combination of tailor-made curricula and more specific teacher training.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BCPTGSN9/Ebuenyi2020_Challenges_of_inclusion.pdf} +} + @article{Echevarria2012, type = {Article}, title = {Income Tax Progressivity, Physical Capital, Aggregate Uncertainty and Long-Run Growth in an {{OLG}} Economy}, @@ -15341,7 +16367,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {28}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {country::US,december,inequality::income,region::NA,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::taxation}, + keywords = {country::US,december,inequality::income,issue::empirical,out::full-text,region::NA,sample::database,type::taxation}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/BI8LECQV/Echevarria_2012_Income tax progressivity, physical capital, aggregate uncertainty and long-run.pdf} } @@ -15446,7 +16472,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {26}, web-of-science-categories = {Family Studies}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::trade\_liberalization}, + keywords = {cite::channels,country::US,inequality::income,issue::policy,out::full-text,sample::database,type::trade\_liberalization}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5ZH9KQ2V/Edgell2012_Making_ends_meet.pdf} } @@ -15699,7 +16725,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {00472727}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.001}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Abstract Many governments are making attempts to increase fathers' share of parental leave in order to correct for unequal labor market outcomes. Using Swedish data, we ask whether fathers can be encouraged to take more parental leave in order to mitigate the negative consequences of mothers' career interruptions. The unique data stem from a reform of parental leave, resulting in a clean natural experiment. Data comprise all children born before (control group) and after (treatment group) the date of implementation of the reform, in cohorts of up to 27,000 newborns, mothers and fathers. We find strong short-term effects of the incentives on male parental leave, but no behavioral effects in the household. Fathers in the treatment group do not take larger shares of the leave taken for care of sick children, which is our measure for household work. We also investigate a second data set on fathers' and mothers' long-term wages and employment, without finding evidence for substantial effects of the reform. Highlights {$\blackpointerright$} The parental leave reform in Sweden increased men's parental leave. {$\blackpointerright$} The reform did not affect intra-household human capital specialization. {$\blackpointerright$} The reform had little if any effect on gender gaps in wages and employment.}, + abstract = {Abstract Many governments are making attempts to increase fathers' share of parental leave in order to correct for unequal labor market outcomes. Using Swedish data, we ask whether fathers can be encouraged to take more parental leave in order to mitigate the negative consequences of mothers' career interruptions. The unique data stem from a reform of parental leave, resulting in a clean natural experiment. Data comprise all children born before (control group) and after (treatment group) the date of implementation of the reform, in cohorts of up to 27,000 newborns, mothers and fathers. We find strong short-term effects of the incentives on male parental leave, but no behavioral effects in the household. Fathers in the treatment group do not take larger shares of the leave taken for care of sick children, which is our measure for household work. We also investigate a second data set on fathers' and mothers' long-term wages and employment, without finding evidence for substantial effects of the reform. Highlights ► The parental leave reform in Sweden increased men's parental leave. ► The reform did not affect intra-household human capital specialization. ► The reform had little if any effect on gender gaps in wages and employment.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Denmark,december,inequality::gender,inequality::income,region::EU,relevant,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text,type::maternity\_benefit}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UYR6T7KF/Ekberg et al_2013_Parental leave — A policy evaluation of the Swedish “Daddy-Month” reform.pdf} @@ -15753,6 +16779,25 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{El-Hamidi2006, + ids = {WOS:000243025500004}, + title = {General or Vocational Schooling? {{Evidence}} on School Choice, Returns, and `sheepskin' Effects from {{Egypt}} 1998}, + author = {{El-Hamidi}, Fatma}, + year = {2006}, + month = jun, + journal = {Journal of Policy Reform}, + volume = {9}, + number = {2}, + pages = {157--176}, + issn = {1384-1289}, + doi = {10.1080/13841280600772861}, + abstract = {In general, vocational education does not lead to higher wages. However, in some countries, labor markets are characterized by employment growth and skill shortages. In these, vocational schooling has produced higher wages and returns on investment than general education. Using 1998 Egyptian household survey, the study adds evidence to the debate on relative benefits of vocational education and of general education at the secondary level. The findings suggest that providing general education to the workforce followed by on-the-job training would provide the most benefit.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000243025500004}, + keywords = {country::Egypt,program::training,region::MENA,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8CHYACWU/El-Hamidi2006_General_or_vocational_schooling.pdf} +} + @article{El-Nimr2021, title = {Intimate Partner Violence among {{Arab}} Women before and during the {{COVID-19}} Lockdown}, author = {{El-Nimr}, Nessrin A. and Mamdouh, Heba M. and Ramadan, Amal and El Saeh, Haider M. and Shata, Zeinab N.}, @@ -15986,6 +17031,23 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {inequality::spatial,issue::age,out::year,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Elsayed2021, + ids = {WOS:000689512800002}, + title = {Empowering Women in Conservative Settings: {{Evidence}} from an Intervention in Rural {{Egypt}}}, + author = {Elsayed, Ahmed and Namoro, Soiliou Daw and Roushdy, Rania}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Review of Economics of the Household}, + issn = {1569-5239}, + doi = {10.1007/s11150-021-09576-5}, + abstract = {We evaluate the impact of a large-scale intervention in the conservative setting of rural Egypt which attempts to relax human capital constraints for women by offering vocational, business and life skills training across 30 villages in the south of the country. Relative to women in the control villages, the intervention increased women's labor force participation and their likelihood to engage in self-employment and formal wage employment. Moreover, business knowledge and future business aspirations increased for treated women. We find positive spillover effects within treated villages for the intentions to set up businesses but no similar effects on actual labor market outcomes.}, + earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2021}, + eissn = {1573-7152}, + unique-id = {WOS:000689512800002}, + keywords = {area::rural,country::Egypt,inequality::gender,program::training,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PIDYXMTI/Elsayed2021_Empowering_women_in_conservative_settings.pdf} +} + @article{Elstad2011, title = {Does the Socioeconomic Context Explain Both Mortality and Income Inequality? {{Prospective}} Register-Based Study of {{Norwegian}} Regions}, shorttitle = {Does the Socioeconomic Context Explain Both Mortality and Income Inequality?}, @@ -16208,7 +17270,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} issn = {0902-0063, 1399-0012}, doi = {10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. 
Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. 
{\textcopyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S. Abstract:\hspace{0.6em} Background:\hspace{0.6em} Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:\hspace{0.6em} A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}= {$\quad$} 0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.003] or some college [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.002]), live donor recipient (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation. Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.}, + abstract = {Eng M, Zhang J, Cambon A, Marvin MR, Gleason J. Employment outcomes following successful renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01441.x. {\textcopyright} 2011 John Wiley \& Sons A/S. Abstract:\hspace{0.6em} Background:\hspace{0.6em} Data on employment outcomes after successful renal transplantation are few. We conducted this study to identify favorable factors for employment after transplantation. Methods:\hspace{0.6em} Adult patients {$<$}65{$\quad$}yr of age who underwent renal transplantation between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2007 were surveyed. Patients with graft survival {$<$}1{$\quad$}yr were excluded. We also tested their knowledge of Medicare coverage after transplantation. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. p-Value {$<$}0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:\hspace{0.6em} A 55\% response rate was obtained where 56\% of respondents were employed after transplantation. Race, marital status, previous transplant, and complicated post-operative course did not influence employment. Favorable factors include male gender (p{$\quad$}= {$\quad$} 0.04), younger age ({$<$}40 [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.0003] or {$<$}50{$\quad$}yr [p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001]), having {$\geq$}1 dependent (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), higher education (minimum high school degree [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.003] or some college [p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.002]), live donor recipient (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.004), wait time {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.03), dialysis {$<$}2{$\quad$}yr (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001) or pre-dialysis (p {$\quad$} = {$\quad$} 0.04), and pre-transplantation employment (p {$\quad$} {$<$} {$\quad$} 0.0001). Mean time for employment was 4.9{$\quad\pm\quad$}6.3{$\quad$}months (median three{$\quad$}months). Common reasons for unemployment were disability (59\%) and retirement (27\%). Finally, 7\% correctly responded that Medicare benefits end 36{$\quad$}months following transplantation. Conclusions:\hspace{0.6em} Potentially modifiable factors to improve employment are earlier referral and better education regarding Medicare eligibility.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {cite::channels,inequality::health,out::abstract,sample::snowballing} } @@ -16547,6 +17609,25 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Escudero2020, + ids = {WOS:000554926900002}, + title = {Joint Provision of Income and Employment Support: {{Evidence}} from a Crisis Response in {{Uruguay}}}, + author = {Escudero, Veronica and Mourelo, Elva Lopez and Pignatti, Clemente}, + year = {2020}, + month = oct, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {134}, + number = {105015}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105015}, + abstract = {Integrated approaches providing assistance to jobless individuals through the combination of income support and active labour market policies have been increasingly advocated in the policy debate, both by policy makers and international organizations. By helping people tackle immediate needs while promoting labour market reinsertion, these combined approaches are expected to improve labour market and social conditions in a sustainable manner. However, evidence on the effectiveness of this policy approach is extremely scant in emerging and developing economies. This paper studies a pivotal example of this policy trend through the evaluation of a public works programme provided alongside a cash transfer as part of a comprehensive social assistance programme that reached around 10 per cent of households in Uruguay between 2005 and 2007. We use rich administrative data of panel nature to study the effects of (i) participating in the public works programme (active component), (ii) receiving the cash transfer (income-support component), and (iii) benefiting jointly of the active and income-support programmes. Results on measures of labour market participation, employment quality, and civil society participation are non-significant across the board. Point estimates are nevertheless of the expected sign and of reasonable magnitude, suggesting that the programme came close to achieving its objective. Possible reasons of the limited effectiveness of the programme could include limited treatment intensity and lack of human capital accumulation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000554926900002}, + keywords = {country::Urugay,lmp::active,lmp::passive,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An impact study comparing the outcomes of a Uruguayan public works component ('Trabajo por Uruguay'), income support component ('Plan de Asistencia Nacional a la Emergencie Social') and their combination on any of resulting employment probability, employment quality or civil society participation.\textbf{It uses administrative household-level survey panel data to find, even though all outcomes trended slightly positively, no statistically significant effect for most of the outcomes in any combination of the respective programs.\textbf{The only marginally significant outcome was on employment probability by the public work program on its own.\textbf{Reasons for the insignificance of these positive impact trends stipulated are the relatively limited intensity of treatment of the public works program (short time-span of work program), as well as limited accumulation of human capital (qualitatively insufficient accompanying training).\textbf{It concludes that the public work program was on the cusp of being beneficent and did help toward the objective of reducing extreme poverty, but lacked in sustained intensity, most importantly in its allotted time-frame, to be able to fulfill any long-term objectives.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ADH2KFIS/Escudero2020_Joint_provision_of_income_and_employment_support.pdf} +} + @article{Esquivel2017, type = {Article}, title = {The Rights-Based Approach to Care Policies: {{Latin American}} Experience}, @@ -18018,7 +19099,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {42}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Public Administration}, - keywords = {cite::channels,country::Canada,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + keywords = {cite::channels,country::Canada,inequality::disability,inequality::gender,inequality::income,sample::database,TODO::review}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZBBGLH6E/Fortin2012_Canadian_inequality.pdf} } @@ -18273,6 +19354,23 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IX7X472E/Francis_Valodia_2021_Inequality in the South African labour market.pdf} } +@article{Franklin2018, + ids = {franklin2014job}, + title = {Location, {{Search Costs}} and {{Youth Unemployment}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Transport Subsidies}}}, + author = {Franklin, Simon}, + year = {2018}, + journal = {The Economic Journal}, + volume = {128}, + number = {614}, + pages = {2353--2379}, + doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12509}, + abstract = {Do high search costs affect the labour market outcomes of jobseekers living far away from jobs? I randomly assign transport subsidies to unemployed youth in urban Ethiopia. Treated respondents increase job search intensity and are more likely to find good, permanent, jobs. Subsidies also induce a short-term reduction in temporary work. I use a high-frequency phone call survey to track the trajectory of search behaviour over time to show that the subsidies significantly increased job search intensity and the use of formal search methods. The evidence suggests that cash constraints cause young people to give up looking for good jobs too early.}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,program::transport subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the impact of a transport subsidy for urban job searchers in Ethiopia, to analyze its impacts on employment probability and job quality of beneficiaries.\textbf{It splits its sample into two treatment groups, with one being sampled from people already looking for vacancies at a job board in the city center (active searchers, and on average more highly skilled) and people living in the periphery of the city (fewer active searchers, on average less highly skilled).\textbf{It finds that for both groups, the program significantly increased the short-term job quality, but with a more lasting effect on lower-skilled job searchers.\textbf{For the lower-skilled group it also finds a significant increase in employment probability and formal employment.\textbf{The results largely dissipate over time, but do show some persistence.\textbf{The study suggests that youth often gives up its job search early due to cash constraints, often resulting from prior location constraints.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/S6SFESQK/Franklin2018_Location,_Search_Costs_and_Youth_Unemployment.pdf} +} + @article{Franzini2001, title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Income Inequality}} and {{Income Level}} on {{Mortality Vary}} by {{Population Size}} in {{Texas Counties}}}, author = {Franzini, Luisa and Ribble, John and Spears, William}, @@ -18383,6 +19481,28 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Freire2018, + ids = {WOS:000454066800002}, + title = {Wage Subsidies and the Labor Supply of Older People: {{Evidence}} from {{Singapore}}'s Workfare Income Supplement Scheme}, + author = {Freire, Tiago}, + year = {2018}, + month = dec, + journal = {Singapore Economic Review}, + volume = {63}, + number = {5}, + pages = {1101--1139}, + issn = {0217-5908}, + doi = {10.1142/S0217590815500964}, + abstract = {An increasing body of literature considers population aging and labor markets, focusing on the dynamics of older workers' labor market participation. Singapore introduced the Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) scheme in 2007, targeting low-income, older workers. Previous studies show that labor force participation drops significantly after the age of 45. We examine whether a wage subsidy program can increase the labor supply of these older workers. Using Hong Kong as a control group in a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach, we find that this program increased labor force participation for women aged 60-64 by 3.1-5.5\% points, but had no statistically significant impact on the labor supply of men.}, + eissn = {1793-6837}, + orcid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/0000-0001-7840-7431}, + researcherid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/C-1035-2018}, + unique-id = {WOS:000454066800002}, + keywords = {country::Singapore,inequality::age,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YRPTYSZI/Freire2018_Wage_subsidies_and_the_labor_supply_of_older_people.pdf} +} + @article{Freund2016, title = {Inequities in {{Academic Compensation}} by {{Gender}}: {{A Follow-up}} to the {{National Faculty Survey Cohort Study}}}, shorttitle = {Inequities in {{Academic Compensation}} by {{Gender}}}, @@ -18620,6 +19740,48 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Galasso2004, + ids = {Galasso2004a}, + title = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}: {{A Randomized Experiment}}}, + shorttitle = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}}, + author = {Galasso, Emanuela and Ravallion, Martin and Salvia, Agustin}, + year = {2004}, + month = oct, + journal = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review}, + volume = {58}, + number = {1}, + pages = {128--142}, + issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, + doi = {10.1177/001979390405800107}, + abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998{\textendash}2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,program::training,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy voucher and training program 'Proempleo' in Argentina which tries to analyze its impacts on employment probabilities and earnings.\textbf{Generally, the takeup of both the partial (voucher) and the full (voucher and training) treatment were low, but even so the voucher had significant positive impact on employment probabilities.\textbf{The training on top overall had no significant impact, and neither of the treatments significantly affected earnings of participants.\textbf{There was quite some heterogeneity in the outcomes, with training having some positive impact for people with already higher education, and the overall treatments having much larger effect for women.\textbf{Most employments found were in temporary/informal work, which means that while the program allowed some to make a transition into waged employment, the study finds the results to be evidence of the program ultimately not succeeding in its objectives.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T09:39:59Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WK6I9KI2/Galasso2004_Assisting_the_Transition_from_Workfare_to_Work.pdf} +} + +@article{Galdo2012, + ids = {Galdo2012a}, + title = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter? {{Evidence}} from Bidding Processes Data}, + shorttitle = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter?}, + author = {Galdo, Jose and Chong, Alberto}, + year = {2012}, + month = dec, + journal = {Labour Economics}, + volume = {19}, + number = {6}, + pages = {970--986}, + issn = {09275371}, + doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.001}, + abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose{\textendash}response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Peru,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study of administrative survey data on the youth training program 'PROJOVEN' in Peru, to analyze the difference of effect between high-quality and low-quality training offerings on participants' earnings, employment probability and job quality outcomes.\textbf{It finds significant heterogeneity in its outcomes for men and women, with only high-quality training increasing men's earnings and formal employment in the short-term, but a significant positive impact on women's earnings, employment probability and formal employment both short- and long-term for all training.\textbf{For training quality, the study uses an array of proxies, from which it finds that expenditure per trainee is the most important attribute, with small marginal significance of class sizes, infrastructure and institutional market demand knowledge for some outcomes, but no relationship at all between curricular structure and teacher experience for the outcomes.\textbf{It concludes that high-quality training is cost effective for both men and very highly effective for women, whereas lower quality training is not cost effective for men.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:30:51Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3A2GI4WL/Galdo2012_Does_the_quality_of_public-sponsored_training_programs_matter.pdf} +} + @article{Galic2011, type = {{Article}}, title = {{Women and Work in Modern Society - the Importance of ``Gendered'' Work}}, @@ -19218,6 +20380,28 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Ghosh2019, + ids = {WOS:000495889900001}, + title = {Paid Work, Unpaid Care Work and Women's Empowerment in {{Nepal}}}, + author = {Ghosh, Anweshaa and Chopra, Deepta}, + year = {2019}, + month = oct, + journal = {Contemporary South Asia}, + volume = {27}, + number = {4}, + pages = {471--485}, + issn = {0958-4935}, + doi = {10.1080/09584935.2019.1687646}, + abstract = {Employment and work surveys in Nepal have shown a high concentration of women in certain occupations, being flexible, low paid and requiring low skill. In the far-western region (Jumla District, Karnali Zone), the Government of Nepal provides employment to women and men through a public works programme, the Karnali Employment Programme (KEP). This paper assesses the empowerment potential of the KEP and similar employment programmes, and questions whether paid work leads to economic empowerment for women. It provides a glimpse into work patterns in low-income families in Nepal, and juxtaposes the goal of women's economic empowerment through entry into the labour market with their lived realities and needs. The paper uses ILO's Decent Work framework to argue that two key aspects are critical for women's empowerment through paid work: firstly, quality; and secondly, a positive balance between paid work, unpaid work and care work.}, + earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2019}, + eissn = {1469-364X}, + unique-id = {WOS:000495889900001}, + keywords = {country::Nepal,inequality::gender,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study on the impact of the 'Karnali Employment Programme', a public works program in Nepal on female empowerment, specifically through the improvement of job quality and remuneration available to women.\textbf{At its basis it uses the ILO Decent Work framework to argue for a direct relationship between job quality, balance of paid, unpaid and care work, and individual empowerment.\textbf{It finds that, ultimately the program does not provide significant increase in job quality, or resulting empowerment, due to the type of work not enhancing human capital, general workplace conditions, missing social protection, and no regard being taken for additional unpaid carework (i.e. no childcare provisions).\textbf{The concrete channels these issues become noticeable are the lack of flexible work timings, lighter work for pregnant women, childcare facilities and any possibilities for organization, to enact coherent social changes.\textbf{Lastly, there are too few hours of work paid through the program for the formal wage equality to significantly impact earnings, especially with the additional hours of unpaid care work still required of the women.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JD4CXR4X/Ghosh2019_Paid_work,_unpaid_care_work_and_women's_empowerment_in_Nepal.pdf} +} + @article{Gibbs2020, title = {Stepping {{Stones}} and {{Creating Futures Intervention}} to {{Prevent Intimate Partner Violence Among Young People}}: {{Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial}}}, shorttitle = {Stepping {{Stones}} and {{Creating Futures Intervention}} to {{Prevent Intimate Partner Violence Among Young People}}}, @@ -19574,6 +20758,26 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Gine2014, + title = {Money or Ideas? {{A}} Field Experiment on Constraints to Entrepreneurship in Rural {{Pakistan}}}, + author = {Gin{\'e}, Xavier and Mansuri, Ghazala}, + year = {2014}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {6959}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + keywords = {country::Pakistan,program::cash grant,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental control trial on the effect of either business training or a large cash grant on the earnings potential of micro-entrepreneurs in rural Pakistan. +\par +It finds that the business training has significant positive impacts on earnings as well as business knowledge and firm survival, while the large cash grant carries no significant impact. +\par +The authors suggest that this shows that possible borrowing constraints may already be satisfied through the normal credit loan possibility in the country. +\par +While the business training has positive effects, it is overall still not cost-effective, which may be one reason why few microfinance institutions are offering it. +\par +Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their business knowledge similarly to men but not seeing the same significant positive impacts on earnings, which the authors suggest in turn depends more on their ability to exercise independent agency.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T10:11:13Z} +} + @article{Ginja2020, title = {Parental {{Leave Benefits}}, {{Household Labor Supply}}, and {{Children}}'s {{Long-Run Outcomes}}}, author = {Ginja, Rita and Jans, Jenny and Karimi, Arizo}, @@ -19738,6 +20942,25 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Go2010, + ids = {WOS:000283552200001}, + title = {Wage Subsidy and Labour Market Flexibility in South Africa}, + author = {Go, Delfin S. and Kearney, Marna and Korman, Vijdan and Robinson, Sherman and Thierfelder, Karen}, + year = {2010}, + journal = {Journal of Development Studies}, + volume = {46}, + number = {PII 928635542}, + pages = {1481--1502}, + issn = {0022-0388}, + doi = {10.1080/00220380903428456}, + abstract = {We use a general equilibrium model to analyse the employment effects and fiscal cost of a wage subsidy in South Africa. We capture the structural characteristics of the labour market with several labour categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences. The employment impact depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labour are complements in production. The impact is improved by supporting policies, but the gains remain modest if the labour market is rigid.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000283552200001}, + keywords = {program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using a general equilibrium labor market model as well as a more micro-level household impact modeling to estimate the impact of an employment subsidy on South African unemployment reduction probabilities, as well as general earnings effects.\textbf{It predicts a positive but modest impact on employment with an increase in employment primarily for low-/semi-skilled labor, accompanied by reductions in poverty and inequality.\textbf{It also finds that the employment impacts majorly depend on the elasticity of substitution of the factors of production, primarily the relationship of skilled and unskilled labor.\textbf{If both are rigid complements in production, which the study suggests they are due to South Africa's lack of labor market flexibility, it may lead to an overall labor demand/supply rigidity which greatly hinders the impact of such an employment subsidy.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HRCKMFUU/Go2010_Wage_subsidy_and_labour_market_flexibility_in_south_africa.pdf} +} + @article{Gobillon2015, title = {Estimating {{Gender Differences}} in {{Access}} to {{Jobs}}}, author = {Gobillon, Laurent and Meurs, Dominique and Roux, S{\'e}bastien}, @@ -20871,6 +22094,43 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Groh2015, + title = {Testing the Importance of Search Frictions and Matching through a Randomized Experiment in {{Jordan}}}, + author = {Groh, Matthew and McKenzie, David and Shammout, Nour and Vishwanath, Tara}, + year = {2015}, + month = dec, + journal = {IZA Journal of Labor Economics}, + volume = {4}, + number = {7}, + issn = {2193-8997}, + doi = {10.1186/s40172-015-0022-8}, + abstract = {Abstract We test the role of search and matching frictions in explaining the high unemployment of tertiary-educated youth in Jordan through a randomized experiment. Firms and job candidates were provided with a job-matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity of an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. The results suggest voluntary unemployment in this context arises from preferences over non-wage job attributes.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Jordan,program::job market services,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on job matching for university graduates through an intermediary after a psychometric pre-secreening process in Jordan wants to analyze its effects on the resulting employment probability and earnings.\textbf{Although over 1000 successful matches were made the resulting number of mediated jobs kept was very small (9), with employers rejecting to offer an interview in 55\% of matched cases but also offering a job to 54\% of people interviewed.\textbf{Candidates rejected 28\% of invitation offers and either rejected job offers or quit within the first month 83\% of the time.\textbf{While the study theorized that the job matching would lower search costs on both sides, it finds that employers might not profit majorly from lowered search costs (already easily filling vacancies) and candidates having a high reservation utility with many offered jobs ultimately deemed undesirable for the following characteristics: \textbf{considered monotonous/hard work/tiring, conflicting with gender norms, carrying prestige/social costs.\textbf{With no significant impact on employment probability or earnings, the study therefore finds job matching for its university educated sample not positively impactful.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:35:06Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NTKCEIW4/Groh2015_Testing_the_importance_of_search_frictions_and_matching_through_a_randomized.pdf} +} + +@article{Groh2016, + title = {Do {{Wage Subsidies Provide}} a {{Stepping-Stone}} to {{Employment}} for {{Recent College Graduates}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}} in {{Jordan}}}, + author = {Groh, Matthew and Krishnan, Nandini and McKenzie, David and Vishwanath, Tara}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics}, + volume = {98}, + number = {3}, + pages = {488--502}, + publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, + issn = {00346535, 15309142}, + doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00584}, + abstract = {This study examines the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were assigned to receive a wage subsidy voucher. The wage voucher led to a 38 percentage point increase in employment in the short run, but the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant after the voucher period has expired. The extra job experience gained as a result of the wage subsidy does not provide a stepping-stone to new jobs for these recent graduates, which appears to be due to productivity levels not rising above a binding minimum wage.}, + jstor = {24917030}, + keywords = {country::Jordan,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the impact of employment subsidy for female graduates of community colleges in Jordan to analyze the effects on employment probability and earnings.\textbf{While there was a significant impact on short-term employment probability and earnings, this effect dropped of medium-term (survey 4 months after voucher period end) to insignificant impact levels and stays insignificant long-term.\textbf{The study finds that after expiry of the vouchers the employees, though gaining on-the-job experience through their subsidized work period, are not found productive enough by employers to be kept on, with a binding minimum wage which prevents employment at wage levels that would be commensurate with their productivity.\textbf{The voucher use itself, however, is substantially higher than in similar wage subsidy studies, with 50\% of vouchers handed out used and the larger relative portion of those used outside the capital city.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/M5FZC9NG/Groh2016_Do_Wage_Subsidies_Provide_a_Stepping-Stone_to_Employment_for_Recent_College.pdf} +} + @article{Gronn2002, title = {Distributed Leadership as a Unit of Analysis}, author = {Gronn, Peter}, @@ -21354,7 +22614,7 @@ does NOT look at LM adjacency} urldate = {2023-11-20}, abstract = {Abstract Selective garbage collection and separation involves many of the urban poor. For them solid waste means resources and recycling becomes a survival strategy. In Brazil, almost a million recyclers perform the service of collecting, separating and commercializing recyclable material. Their work is considered mostly informal and is subject to health risks, accidents and exploitation. Some recyclers are organized in cooperatives, associations or social enterprises. These collective forms of organization provide important spaces for social inclusion and human development, by promoting meaningful work, increasing the workers' self-esteem and improving their living and working conditions. Resource recovery and recycling also generate net carbon credits, which need to be redirected towards this sector. The recent introduction of waste to energy technology is perceived as a threat to the recyclers' livelihoods. Incineration does not generate income, produces environmental contamination and competes with other forms of waste management. Action oriented, participatory research with recycling groups in Brazil supports the argument that organized recycling generates social, economic and environmental benefits and radically addresses poverty reduction. Remunerating the recyclers for their service and considering the environmental gains of their work ( Clean Development Mechanism ) tackles the Millennium Development Goal of poverty alleviation. Finally, participatory waste management has an important role to play in promoting necessary drastic changes towards a closed looped economies and more sustainable communities on a global scale.}, langid = {english}, - keywords = {country::Brazil,inequality::poverty,relevant,sample::snowballing,TODO::full-text,type::work\_programme}, + keywords = {cite::further\_reading,country::Brazil,inequality::poverty,out::full-text,relevant,sample::snowballing,type::work\_programme}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WTHSXGIZ/Gutberlet2012_Informal_and_Cooperative_Recycling_as_a_Poverty_Eradication_Strategy.pdf} } @@ -23362,6 +24622,22 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Hernani-Limarino2011, + title = {Unemployment in {{Bolivia}}: {{Risks}} and Labor Market Policies}, + shorttitle = {Unemployment in Bolivia}, + author = {{Hernani-Limarino}, Werner L. and Villegas, Mar{\'i}a and Y{\'a}{\~n}ez, Ernesto}, + year = {2011}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {271}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + urldate = {2022-03-09}, + abstract = {This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Bolivia's labor market institutions, particularly the Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE). It is found that unemployment as conventionally defined may not be the most important problem in Bolivia's labor market, as the non-salaried market is always an alternative. While unemployment durations and unemployment scarring consequences are relatively low, labor market regulations and labor market programs do not help to increase the size of the formal market, apparently as a result of Bolivia's rigid labor markets and labor policies based mainly on temporary employment programs. Such programs, however, may have helped to smooth consumption. Given the country's high level of informality, protection policies are second best to active policies specifically designed to increase the productivity/employability of vulnerable populations.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Bolivia,program::public works,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp,social protection}, + note = {A study on the effects of the 'Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE)' public works program in Bolivia on earnings, employment probability and consumption of participating households between 2002 and 2004.\textbf{It finds significant positive effects on household consumption after the program, indicating a success for the program's objective of being a consumption-smoothing scheme in times of recession.\textbf{It also finds no significant effects on employment probability and a lower bound of no significance and an upper bound of significant negative effects on monthly earnings of a household after having participated in the program.\textbf{Negative significant effects of the program may be attributed to a negative impact of the program, or negative self-selection which it was largely based on.\textbf{This negative self-selection results from the program targeting unemployed people in a highly informal economy with no way of directly monitoring (or enforcing) prior unemployment for participants.\textbf{Thus, the authors conclude that while such public works programs are useful social protection measures short-term during times of recession, they are not a good alternative for improving the employability of vulnerable populations which requires other targeted active programs.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:39:21Z} +} + @article{Herrera2019, title = {Teen {{Fertility}} and {{Female Employment Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Madagascar}}}, shorttitle = {Teen {{Fertility}} and {{Female Employment Outcomes}}}, @@ -23554,6 +24830,26 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/E5IL8V5Z/Heymann2019_Improving_health_with_programmatic,_legal,_and_policy_approaches_to_reduce.pdf} } +@techreport{Hicks2013, + title = {Vocational Education in {{Kenya}}: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation among Youth}, + author = {Hicks, Joan Hamory and Kremer, Michael and Mbiti, Isaac and Miguel, Edward}, + year = {2013}, + institution = {{International Growth Centre}}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in the 'Technical and Vocational Vouchers Program' in Kenya, analyzing its effects on participants' earnings, employment probability and resulting job quality. +\par +Participants were randomly assigned either to receive a voucher to receive training in a public institution or free choice of training in a public or private institution, with a control group receiving no vouchers. +\par +The study also included a cross-cutting sampling of providing future labour market information to training participants, though there were no significant outcomes of this cross-cutting intervention. +\par +Overall it finds limited evidence for an increase in earnings, but for workers engaged in wage work it finds a significant increase in wage earnings. +\par +On the other hand, there are no significant changes on employment probability itself and no significant impacts on participants' job quality, except for a lower probability of carrying a full time employment. +\par +The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some participants the duration between training end and data collection was only a few months, so some impacts may not have developed past the possibility for short term evaluation.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:03:52Z} +} + @article{Hidalgo2010, title = {Can {{Provision}} of {{Free School Uniforms Harm Attendance}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Ecuador}}}, shorttitle = {Can {{Provision}} of {{Free School Uniforms Harm Attendance}}?}, @@ -23767,6 +25063,25 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {inequality::income,sample::database} } +@article{Hirshleifer2016, + ids = {Hirshleifer2016a,almeida2012impact}, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Vocational Training}} for the {{Unemployed}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Turkey}}}, + author = {Hirshleifer, Sarojini and McKenzie, David and Almeida, Rita and {Ridao-Cano}, Cristobal}, + year = {2016}, + journal = {The Economic Journal}, + volume = {126}, + number = {597}, + pages = {2115--2146}, + publisher = {{[Oxford University Press, Royal Economic Society, Wiley]}}, + issn = {00130133, 14680297}, + doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12211}, + abstract = {We use a randomised experiment to evaluate Turkey's vocational training programmes for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. The average impact of training on employment is positive but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than programme officials and applicants expected. Over the first year, training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and these positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated.}, + keywords = {country::Turkey,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial studying the short- and medium-term impacts of vocational training for the unemployed in Turkey, analyzing its effects on employment probability and job quality.\textbf{In general it finds that the programs, short-term (first year), have a positive impact on both employment probability and the job quality of participants, but this effect dissipates after roughly three years.\textbf{The study also suggests that private courses may offer better results due to being more responsive to labor market and employer demands, and operating with more competition which requires a quality increase in their program.\textbf{A cost-benefit analysis deems the programs' benefits not exceeding their costs with the dissipating medium-term impacts.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AYLXCUM8/Hirshleifer2016_The_Impact_of_Vocational_Training_for_the_Unemployed.pdf} +} + @article{Ho2012, title = {Labels and Leaders: {{The}} Influence of Framing on Leadership Emergence}, shorttitle = {Labels and Leaders}, @@ -24109,6 +25424,22 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{honorati2015impact, + ids = {Honorati2015}, + title = {The Impact of Private Sector Internship and Training on Urban Youth in {{Kenya}}}, + author = {Honorati, Maddalena}, + year = {2015}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {7404}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-7404}, + abstract = {This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank's Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). The results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. The evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program's benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. The program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants' opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).}, + keywords = {area::urban,country::Kenya,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {An experimental study on the 'Kenya Youth Empowerment Program' which combines vocational training and internships, trying to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability of participants.\textbf{The study created two treatment groups, one only receiving 2 weeks of life skills training, another receiving the same training, vocational training and on-the-job training through an internship, and a control group receiving no training.\textbf{It finds that solely participating in the life skills training had no significant impacts on any outcomes.\textbf{Participating in the full treatment, however, significantly increased participants' employment probability and earnings.\textbf{It finds some heterogeneity, with larger earnings effects for women and older men, as well as that the program selected for a more highly educated target group than its ostensible goal.\textbf{The program was cost effective for both men and women.\textbf{While the female sample has to be taken with some caution due to a possible bias through its high attrition rate, it suggested that women finishing the program are more likely to open a bank account and accumulate savings.}}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5VB8R6K5/honorati2015impact_The_impact_of_private_sector_internship_and_training_on_urban_youth_in_Kenya.pdf} +} + @article{Hoobler2011, title = {Women's Underrepresentation in Upper Management}, author = {Hoobler, Jenny M. and Lemmon, Grace and Wayne, Sandy J.}, @@ -24481,6 +25812,23 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {country::US,inequality::gender,inequality::health,inequality::racial,issue::wow,out::abstract,sample::database} } +@article{Hoy2019, + ids = {Hoy2019b,RePEc:vrs:izajdm:v:10:y:2019:i:1:p:1839-59:n:3}, + title = {The Marginal Benefit of an Active Labor Market Program Relative to a Public Works Program: {{Evidence}} from Papua New Guinea}, + author = {Hoy, Christopher and Darian, Naidoo}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {IZA Journal of Development and Migration}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1839--1859}, + doi = {10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003}, + abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9{\textendash}12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, + keywords = {country::Papa New Guinea,lmp::active,program::public works,region::AP,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of a variety of ALMP (public works, vocational training, job matching and an employment subsidy) on both employment probability and job quality of youth in Papua New Guinea versus solely providing them with the public works opportunity.\textbf{It finds that completion of the more comprehensive ALMP had a significant positive impact on being formally employed within 9-12 months as opposed to only participating in the public works, but no other changes in job quality were measurable.\textbf{The channel this difference manifested itself through was entirely 20\% of participants of ALMP staying with the employer they were placed at through the measures.\textbf{Those not staying at their assigned employer had no significant increase in employment probability, which suggests that employers use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk and low-effort way of hiring new employees.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IC92EUJE/Hoy2019_The_marginal_benefit_of_an_active_labor_market_program_relative_to_a_public.pdf} +} + @techreport{Hoynes2012, title = {Long {{Run Impacts}} of {{Childhood Access}} to the {{Safety Net}}}, author = {Hoynes, Hilary and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore and Almond, Douglas}, @@ -24876,7 +26224,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {4}, web-of-science-categories = {Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science \& Technology}, - keywords = {country::US,inequality::income,inequality::spatial,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::infrastructure}, + keywords = {cited::channels,country::US,inequality::income,inequality::spatial,out::full-text,sample::database,type::infrastructure}, note = {83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board, Washington, DC, JAN 11-15, 2004}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MV6PI2TS/Hunt2004_Regional_transit_program_for_welfare_to_work_in_Chicago,_Illinois_-_Three_years.pdf} } @@ -24995,6 +26343,55 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Ibarraran2007, + title = {Impact Evaluation of a Labor Training Program in {{Panama}}}, + author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Rosas, David}, + year = {2007}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + keywords = {country::Panama,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {Study analyzes effect of 'PROCAJOVEN' vocational training program on population of Panama regarding their earnings, employment probability and hours worked.\textbf{It generally finds only marginally significant positive changes, though a more significant effect for women, especially those people living in urban environments.\textbf{For monthly earnings it does not find any significant impact.\textbf{However, even with the marginal impacts found there is a generally positive cost-benefit analysis, with the program costs recovered in about one year (for men) and already after three months (for women).}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:45:44Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CQZA9KKI/Ibarraran2007_Impact_evaluation_of_a_labor_training_program_in_Panama.pdf} +} + +@article{Ibarraran2014, + ids = {Ibarraran2014a}, + title = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation Design}, + shorttitle = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth}, + author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Ripani, Laura and Taboada, Bibiana and Villa, Juan Miguel and Garcia, Brigida}, + year = {2014}, + month = dec, + journal = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development}, + volume = {3}, + number = {10}, + issn = {2193-9020}, + doi = {10.1186/2193-9020-3-10}, + abstract = {This paper presents an impact evaluation of a revamped version of the Dominican Republic's youth training program Juventud y Empleo. The paper analyzes the impact of the program on traditional labor market outcomes and on outcomes related to youth behavior and life style, expectations about the future and socio-emotional skills. In terms of labor market outcomes, the program has a positive impact on job formality for men of about 17 percent and there is also a seven percent increase in monthly earnings among those employed. However, there are no overall impacts on employment rates. Regarding non-labor market outcomes, the program reduces teenage pregnancy by five percentage points in the treatment group (about 45 percent), which is consistent with an overall increase in youth expectations about the future. The program also has a positive impact on non-cognitive skills as measured by three different scales. Scores improve between 0.08 and 0.16 standard deviations with the program. Although recent progress noted in the literature suggests that socio-emotional skills increase employability and quality of employment, the practical significance of the impacts is unclear, as there is only weak evidence that the life skills measures used are associated to better labor market performance. This is an area of growing interest and relevance that requires further research.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control experiment of the youth training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic which analyzes the employment probability, earnings and formal employment outcomes of a treatment group receiving vocational training and on-the-job experience through an internship.\textbf{There is no overall significant impact on employment probability. \textbf{However, for men there is a significant positive impact on job formality (measured through provided health insurance) and for participants already employed a significant positive impact on earnings.\textbf{For people living in urban areas, the majority of the sample, the effects were larger.\textbf{Aside from labor market outcomes it measured the impact on life skill from the program on which it had a slight positive impact, and determined an overall reduction in teenage pregnancies, which it found consistent with the individual increasing youth expectations for the future.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:47:02Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CNJLF6SU/Ibarraran2014_Life_skills,_employability_and_training_for_disadvantaged_youth.pdf} +} + +@article{Ibarraran2019, + ids = {Ibarraran2015a}, + title = {Experimental {{Evidence}} on the {{Long-Term Impacts}} of a {{Youth Training Program}}}, + author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Kluve, Jochen and Ripani, Laura and Rosas, David}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {ILR Review}, + volume = {71}, + number = {1}, + pages = {185--222}, + doi = {10.1177/0019793918768260}, + abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training {\textendash} including long-term labor market trajectories of young people {\textendash} and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Dominican Republic,group::youth,inequality::age,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A long-term follow-up (6 years) to previous short-term experimental studies for the training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic, looking for the long-term outcomes on employment probability, earnings, and formal employment for a vocational training with on-the-job (internship) component.\textbf{The study finds that, over long-term, initial gains in formal employment, after overtaking the control near the end of the program, steadily increase and become significant over long-term for men and for participants living in urban environments, suggesting a lock-in effect for them.\textbf{For women living in urban environments there are medium-term positive increases in earnings but they vanish long-term.\textbf{For men there are no significant impacts either on overall employment probability or earnings.\textbf{Aside from labor market outcomes, there are significant positive impacts on participants' future expectations and welfare perceptions, with more larger impacts for women.\textbf{The study suggests the program is thus working especially well in dynamic local contexts and where the trained skills match labor demand.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T14:26:43Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8LMDQMXX/Ibarraran2019_Experimental_Evidence_on_the_Long-Term_Impacts_of_a_Youth_Training_Program.pdf} +} + @article{Ibourk2022, type = {Article}, title = {Impact of Cooperative Entrepreneurship on Territorial Human Development in {{Morocco}} - {{Spatial}} Analysis}, @@ -25737,6 +27134,46 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {out::title,sample::database} } +@article{Jain2019, + ids = {WOS:000453497900021}, + title = {Barriers to Skill Acquisition: {{Evidence}} from {{English}} Training in {{India}}}, + author = {Jain, Tarun and Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha}, + year = {2019}, + month = feb, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {114}, + pages = {314--325}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.011}, + abstract = {Skill development is viewed as an escape from the low education - high unemployment trap in developing countries. Despite investments in skill development programs, participation and completion rates in many programs remain low. We investigate factors that prevent individuals from acquiring spoken English, a skill with potentially high returns in the labour market. Using data from a field experiment in India, we find that offering subsidies increases the probability of participating in a spoken English training program. Simultaneously, distance to the training center, pre-existing knowledge of spoken English, and past enrolment in a similar course act as significant barriers to take-up. These findings suggest that multidimensional policy solutions are required to overcome barriers to skill development in developing countries. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + orcid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/0000-0003-0247-4069}, + researcherid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/R-9003-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000453497900021}, + keywords = {country::India,region::AP,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {take-up of English courses was lower if individuals spoke Urdu at home but family characteristics (religion, gender, caste, household size or assets) had no influence\textbf{Annotation\textbf{A study on college undergraduate population living in Hyderabad, India, who were selected, based on self-reported ability to speak English and their ambitions to improve English skills, to randomly receive full (100\%), partial (50\%), or no (0\%) subsidy towards the cost of a spoken English language program. \textbf{The distance to training centers posed a significant barrier to take-up, as did a previous enrolment in a similar course.\textbf{People receiving a subsidy were significantly more likely to participate in the program with the effect of the full subsidy also being significantly different from partial subsidy, indicating an economic barrier to program participation as well.\textbf{Policy recommendations center around the location of skill training centers in close proximity of an individual's radius of daily routine (in this case, close to the college), creating efficient program targeting through prior skill screening to filter out pre-existing high quality skills or prior participation in training programs.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZUCNNJNH/Jain2019_Barriers_to_skill_acquisition.pdf} +} + +@article{Jalan2003, + title = {Estimating the {{Benefit Incidence}} of an {{Antipoverty Program}} by {{Propensity-Score Matching}}}, + author = {Jalan, Jyotsna and Ravallion, Martin}, + year = {2003}, + month = jan, + journal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics}, + volume = {21}, + number = {1}, + pages = {19--30}, + issn = {0735-0015, 1537-2707}, + doi = {10.1198/073500102288618720}, + abstract = {We apply recent advances in propensity-score matching (PSM) to the problem of estimating the distribution of net income gains from an Argentinean workfare program. PSM has a number of attractive features in this context, including the need to allow for heterogeneous impacts, while optimally weighting observed characteristics when forming a comparison group. The average direct gain to the participant is found to be about half the gross wage. Over half of the beneficiaries are in the poorest decile nationally, and 80\%\% are in the poorest quintile. Our PSM estimator is reasonably robust to a number of changes in methodology.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A propensity score matching study on the antipoverty public works program 'Trabajar' in Argentina, using administrative survey data for 1997 to analyze the program's targeting and impacts on earnings.\textbf{It finds significant positive impacts for participants, and a generally well pro-poor targeting through the program using simple self-selection through its temporary provision of low wages.\textbf{There are larger earnings impacts for a younger cohort (15-24y), but generally a more pro-poor earnings distribution in the older cohort (25-64y).\textbf{Restricting the sample to women, who had a very low participation rate, shows generally larger earnings impacts but also a less pro-poor distribution, suggestive of overall lower wages for women in other work making the program more attractive to the non-poor.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:50:32Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/86PY8MFW/Jalan2003_Estimating_the_Benefit_Incidence_of_an_Antipoverty_Program_by_Propensity-Score.pdf} +} + @article{Jamil2021, title = {Centering the {{Margins}}: {{The Precarity}} of {{Bangladeshi Low-Income Migrant Workers During}} the {{Time}} of {{COVID-19}}}, shorttitle = {Centering the {{Margins}}}, @@ -25756,7 +27193,7 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c } @article{Janak2000, - title = {Haiti's ``{{Restavec}}'' Slave Children: {{Difficult}} Choices, Difficult Lives {\ldots} yet {\ldots} {{Lespwa}} Fe {{Viv}}}, + title = {Haiti's ``{{Restavec}}'' Slave Children: {{Difficult}} Choices, Difficult Lives {\dots} yet {\dots} {{Lespwa}} Fe {{Viv}}}, shorttitle = {Haiti's ``{{Restavec}}'' Slave Children}, author = {{Janak}}, year = {2000}, @@ -26098,6 +27535,25 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Jensen2012, + title = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{India}}}, + shorttitle = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions?}, + author = {Jensen, Robert}, + year = {2012}, + month = may, + journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, + volume = {127}, + number = {2}, + pages = {753--792}, + issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650}, + doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs002}, + abstract = {Do labor market opportunities for women affect marriage and fertility decisions? We provided three years of recruiting services to help young women in randomly selected rural Indian villages get jobs in the business process outsourcing industry. Because the industry was so new at the time of the study, there was almost no awareness of these jobs, allowing us in effect to exogenously increase women's labor force opportunities from the perspective of rural households. We find that young women in treatment villages were significantly less likely to get married or have children during this period, choosing instead to enter the labor market or obtain more schooling or postschool training. Women also report wanting to have fewer children and to work more steadily throughout their lifetime, consistent with increased aspirations for a career.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::India,inequality::gender,inequality::spatial,program::job market services,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:51:19Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RMUKV7IJ/Jensen2012_Do_labor_market_opportunities_affect_young_women's_work_and_family_decisions.pdf} +} + @article{Jetelina2021, title = {Changes in Intimate Partner Violence during the Early Stages of the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in the {{USA}}}, author = {Jetelina, Katelyn K and Knell, Gregory and Molsberry, Rebecca J}, @@ -27359,8 +28815,8 @@ main facilitators: legislation and disability policies; support from people in c } @article{Karim2020, - title = {{{COVID-19}}{${'}$}s Impacts on Migrant Workers from {{Bangladesh}}: {{In}} Search of Policy Intervention}, - shorttitle = {{{COVID-19}}{${'}$}s Impacts on Migrant Workers from {{Bangladesh}}}, + title = {{{COVID-19}}{$\prime$}s Impacts on Migrant Workers from {{Bangladesh}}: {{In}} Search of Policy Intervention}, + shorttitle = {{{COVID-19}}{$\prime$}s Impacts on Migrant Workers from {{Bangladesh}}}, author = {Karim, Mohammad Rezaul and Islam, Mohammad Tarikul and Talukder, Bymokesh}, year = {2020}, month = dec, @@ -29138,6 +30594,26 @@ policy recc: keywords = {inequality::racial,out::abstract,sample::database} } +@article{Klinger2011, + title = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught? {{Quasi-experimental}} Evidence from {{Central America}}}, + shorttitle = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught?}, + author = {Klinger, Bailey and Sch{\"u}ndeln, Matthias}, + year = {2011}, + month = sep, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {39}, + number = {9}, + pages = {1592--1610}, + issn = {0305750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.021}, + abstract = {Business training is a widely used development tool, yet little is known about its impact. We study the effects of such a business training program held in Central America. To deal with endogenous selection into the training program, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the fact that a fixed number of applicants are taken into the training program based on a pre-training score. Business training significantly increases the probability that an applicant to the workshop starts a business or expands an existing business. Results also suggest gender heterogeneity as well as the presence of financial constraints.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::El Salvador,country::Guatemala,country::Nicaragua,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on a business training program by TechnoServe for entrepeneurial participants from Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua to find out its effects on self-employment probability (business start) and number of employees (business expansion).\textbf{The program consisted of an initial round of classroom training, and a second round of more individual training with competitions possible granting participants prize money.\textbf{It finds that the classroom training part of the program had a significant positive effect on business expansion, but no significant effect on business starts.\textbf{The full training including more individually 1-on-1 training, however, had a significant effect both on business starts and business expansions, with won prize money having a large significant impact on both, especially for women.\textbf{This suggests an overall constraint on business start and expansion through financial barriers, with the constraint being larger for women.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:52:03Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CY4FD5CA/Klinger2011_Can_entrepreneurial_activity_be_taught.pdf} +} + @article{Kluegel1978, title = {The {{Causes}} and {{Cost}} of {{Racial Exclusion}} from {{Job Authority}}}, author = {Kluegel, James R.}, @@ -29906,6 +31382,25 @@ policy recc: keywords = {sample::database} } +@article{Kuchakov2021, + ids = {WOS:000736377000001}, + title = {{{COVID-19}} Wage Subsidies and {{SME}} Performance: {{Evidence}} from {{Russia}}}, + author = {Kuchakov, Ruslan and Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {Applied Economics Letters}, + issn = {1350-4851}, + doi = {10.1080/13504851.2021.2020209}, + abstract = {We study the effects of COVID-19 wage subsidies offered to Russian SMEs. This programme disbursed over USD400m of monthly grants to cover wage bills to firms in COVID-affected industries under the condition of retaining employment in 2020. In a triple difference design we find no effects of such grants on survival, employment, or profitability of firms in the affected industries by early 2021.}, + earlyaccessdate = {DEC 2021}, + eissn = {1466-4291}, + orcid-numbers = {Ruslan, Kuchakov/0000-0001-5757-410X}, + researcherid-numbers = {Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy/AAG-4908-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000736377000001}, + keywords = {country::Russia,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects on the employer side of employment subsidies in Russia, analyzing the resulting employment, profitability and firm survival.\textbf{It is done in the wake of the economic shock of COVID-19, under which a program in Russia was started subsidizing SMEs ({$<$}250 employees) with a minimum wage grant for retaining 90\% of their work force.\textbf{It finds that there are no significant effects on either of firm survival or profitability and it also did not affect employee's probability of remaining employed.\textbf{The study argues an optimal subsidy should incentivize firms toward the socially optimal decision of shutting down or remaining open, depending on the shadow price of labor, shock permanence and re-opening costs and subsidy targeting should follow this logic to off-set shocks just enough to stay in business.\textbf{However, with the limited amount of information available to policy implementers (program used primary industry code) and the overall limited scope possible for the Russian subsidy program this was not able to be done here, for example targeting firms that were not planning to reduce employment in the first place.\textbf{The study authors instead recommend to implement a universal wage subsidy program which is not targeted by being conditioned on being in specific affected industries.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Kuiper2007, type = {Article; Proceedings Paper}, title = {Poverty Targeting, Resource Degradation and Heterogeneous Endowments - {{A}} Micro-Simulation Analysis of a Less-Favored {{Ethiopian}} Village}, @@ -30614,7 +32109,7 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas } @article{Larson2016, - title = {10 {{Best}} Resources On{\ldots} Intersectionality with an Emphasis on Low- and Middle-Income Countries}, + title = {10 {{Best}} Resources On{\dots} Intersectionality with an Emphasis on Low- and Middle-Income Countries}, author = {Larson, Elizabeth and George, Asha and Morgan, Rosemary and Poteat, Tonia}, year = {2016}, month = oct, @@ -30902,6 +32397,27 @@ policy recc: changes to FLFP require replacement of traditional value system bas keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Lee2019, + ids = {WOS:000486322100008}, + title = {The Effects and Challenges of Vocational Training in {{Korea}}}, + author = {Lee, Jong-Wha and Han, Jong-Suk and Song, Eunbi}, + year = {2019}, + month = jul, + journal = {International Journal of Training Research}, + volume = {17}, + number = {1}, + pages = {96--111}, + issn = {1448-0220}, + doi = {10.1080/14480220.2019.1639272}, + abstract = {This paper explores whether training programs were effective in improving labor market performance of individuals, in particular wages and employment probability, in South Korea. The regression analyses using the data from Korean respondents in the Program for the International Assessment of Adults Competencies (PIAAC) survey show the strong positive effects of vocational training programs on earnings as well as on employment probability of individuals, while controlling for education, experience, and literacy skills as a proxy for unobserved ability, as well as occupation and industry. Moreover, the effects of job-training tend to be larger in older cohorts. These results suggest that against challenges posed by rapidly aging population and emergence of technological breakthroughs, Korea should promote vocational training activities and life-long learning programs, especially to the elderly.}, + orcid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/0000-0002-3152-4961 Song, Eunbi/0000-0002-7659-5878}, + researcherid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/I-1076-2016 Song, Eunbi/AAW-6340-2021}, + unique-id = {WOS:000486322100008}, + keywords = {country::South Korea,program::training,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CZ39B8ZA/Lee2019_The_effects_and_challenges_of_vocational_training_in_Korea.pdf} +} + @article{Lehman1995, title = {Vocational {{Rehabilitation}} in {{Shizophrenia}}}, author = {Lehman, A. F.}, @@ -31212,6 +32728,41 @@ policy recc: keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Levinsohn2014, + ids = {WOS:000338001900012}, + title = {Prospective Analysis of a Wage Subsidy for {{Cape Town}} Youth}, + author = {Levinsohn, James and Pugatch, Todd}, + year = {2014}, + month = may, + journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {108}, + pages = {169--183}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.02.006}, + abstract = {Persistently high youth unemployment is one of the most pressing problems in South Africa. We prospectively analyze an employer wage subsidy targeted at youth, a policy recently enacted by the South African government to address the issue. Recognizing that a credible estimate of the policy's impact requires a model of the labor market that itself generates high unemployment in equilibrium, we estimate a structural search model that incorporates both observed heterogeneity and measurement error in wages. Using the model to simulate the policy, we find that a R1000/month wage subsidy paid to employers leads to an increase of R596 in mean accepted wages and a decrease of 12 percentage points in the share of youth experiencing long-term unemployment. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Pugatch, Todd/0000-0003-0127-2289}, + researcherid-numbers = {Pugatch, Todd/Q-3757-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000338001900012}, + keywords = {country::South Africa,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CAMWZ3UU/Levinsohn2014_Prospective_analysis_of_a_wage_subsidy_for_Cape_Town_youth.pdf} +} + +@techreport{Levinsohn2014a, + title = {Wage Subsidies and Youth Employment in {{South Africa}}: {{Evidence}} from a Randomised Control Trial}, + author = {Levinsohn, James and Rankin, Neil and Roberts, Gareth and Sch{\"o}er, Volker}, + year = {2014}, + series = {Stellenbosch {{Economic Working Papers}}}, + number = {02}, + institution = {{University of Stellenbosch}}, + abstract = {{\textbullet} Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. {\textbullet} A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. {\textbullet} Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. {\textbullet} In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups {\textendash} one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. {\textbullet} The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large {\textendash} those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. {\textbullet} This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. {\textbullet} Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. {\textbullet} However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. {\textbullet} Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. {\textbullet} The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. {\textbullet} Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. {\textbullet} We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. {\textbullet} These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. {\textbullet} However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners {\textendash} they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.}, + keywords = {country::South Africa,group::youth,inequality::age,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy for youth in South Africa, with an analysis of its impacts on earnings, employment probability and overall employment length.\textbf{It finds that beneficiaries were significantly more likely to be employed after both one and two years, as well as positive but insignificant impacts on earnings. \textbf{Additionally, it found a significant increase in accumulated employment length of around 1 month for the treatment cohort after 2 years.\textbf{The results suggest that the usual theory of lowered search costs for firms is a valid channel here, but it also finds responses on the supply side after receiving the voucher.\textbf{While beneficiaries did no change their search behavior, move for employment or increase their overall search intensity, there were comparatively fewer job offers turned down in the treatment group.\textbf{The study suggests this could be due to a potential removal of transport cost barriers to interviews or workplaces, an increased perception of success probabilities, household pressures or more access to job information during voucher provision.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:57:03Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XRMBWZRX/Levinsohn2014a_Wage_subsidies_and_youth_employment_in_South_Africa.pdf} +} + @article{Lewin2003, type = {Article}, title = {Immigration, State Support, and the Economic Well-Being of the Elderly in {{Israel}}}, @@ -31450,6 +33001,24 @@ policy recc: keywords = {cite::channels,country::China,inequality::income,inequality::migration,issue::policy,out::abstract,sample::database} } +@article{Li2022, + ids = {WOS:000744879800001}, + title = {Land Inequality and Workfare Policies}, + author = {Li, Yanan and Sunder, Naveen}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Journal of Development Studies}, + issn = {0022-0388}, + doi = {10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362}, + abstract = {This paper contributes to the relatively scant literature on the impacts of inequality on the efficacy of public works programmes. We study this in the context of India. In particular, we examine the effect of land inequality on the implementation of the world's largest workfare programme - the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Our OLS estimates demonstrate that the concentration of land ownership reduces the efficacy of NREGA. An instrumental variable (IV) analysis, where we use the historical land tenure system as an IV for contemporaneous land inequality, further corroborates our findings. This negative relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that public work schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labour market, thereby incentivising big landlords to use their political power to oppose such programmes. We exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs or by caste or religious differences. This study suggests that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for power asymmetries, could hinder effective implementation of development policies.}, + earlyaccessdate = {JAN 2022}, + eissn = {1743-9140}, + unique-id = {WOS:000744879800001}, + keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of land ownership concentration on the employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in India, by analyzing the resulting earnings and proliferation of NREGS itself.\textbf{It looks at this concentration in more general terms as a proxy for power asymmetry between potential employers and employees.\textbf{It finds that a concentration of land ownership in a region generally decreases or impedes the proliferation of NREGS since landlords use their political power to oppose the program.\textbf{It suggests this is primarily due the potential of NREGS to impact wages which is opposed by landlords to minimize rural bargaining power.\textbf{The channel that NREGS have to affect rural earnings in this way is through a de-facto enforcement of minimum wages laws, by providing an alternative to more informal work if no minimum wages are obeyed.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/FN529XF4/Li2022_Land_inequality_and_workfare_policies.pdf} +} + @article{Liberati2009, title = {The {{PRISMA Statement}} for {{Reporting Systematic Reviews}} and {{Meta-Analyses}} of {{Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions}}: {{Explanation}} and {{Elaboration}}}, shorttitle = {The {{PRISMA Statement}} for {{Reporting Systematic Reviews}} and {{Meta-Analyses}} of {{Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions}}}, @@ -32919,6 +34488,23 @@ policy recc: keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Macours2013, + ids = {Macours2013a}, + title = {Demand versus {{Returns}}? {{Pro-Poor Targeting}} of {{Business Grants}} and {{Vocational Skills Training}}}, + shorttitle = {Demand versus {{Returns}}?}, + author = {Macours, Karen and Premand, Patrick and Vakis, Renos}, + year = {2013}, + month = mar, + series = {Impact {{Evaluation Series}}}, + number = {88}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6389}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Nicaragua,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:59:31Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AMJQ8BPL/Macours2013_Demand_versus_Returns.pdf} +} + @article{Madero-Cabib2016, type = {Article}, title = {Gendered Work-Family Life Courses and Financial Well-Being in Retirement}, @@ -32942,6 +34528,20 @@ policy recc: keywords = {inequality::age,inequality::gender,issue::policy,issue::wow,out::abstract,sample::database,type::pension} } +@article{Madrid2006, + title = {Revisiting the {{Employability Effects}} of {{Training Programs}} for the {{Unemployed}} in {{Developing Countries}}}, + author = {Madrid, Angel Calderon}, + year = {2006}, + journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal}, + issn = {1556-5068}, + doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1815898}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Mexico,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of a training program for the unemployed in Mexico, analyzing its impacts on employment probability and employment length.\textbf{It finds that generally participants are more likely to keep a longer employment at the job they find after the training.\textbf{Generally, there is little change in the speed of job take-up after the program, but due to the longer employments, there is still a positive outcome visible after the program.\textbf{It thus argues that, for evaluations solely concentrating on participants' transition out of unemployment, there is a bias in estimating the program's effectiveness which is corrected upwards by including the length of employments.\textbf{Additionally, women find employment significantly faster after participating in the training.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T15:11:16Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CX2C9YGR/Madrid2006_Revisiting_the_Employability_Effects_of_Training_Programs_for_the_Unemployed_in.pdf} +} + @article{Maertens2013, type = {Article}, title = {Horticultural Exports, Female Wage Employment and Primary School Enrolment: {{Theory}} and Evidence from {{Senegal}}}, @@ -33101,6 +34701,25 @@ policy recc: keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Maitra2017, + title = {Learning and Earning: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation in {{India}}}, + shorttitle = {Learning and Earning}, + author = {Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha}, + year = {2017}, + month = apr, + journal = {Labour Economics}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {116--130}, + issn = {09275371}, + doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.007}, + abstract = {Our paper presents the economic returns from participating in a subsidized vocational education program for women residing in low-income households in India. We combine pre-intervention data with two rounds of post-intervention data in an experimental framework to quantify the 6- and 18-month treatment effects of the program. The 6-month treatment effects indicate that women who were offered the vocational education program are 6\% points more likely to be employed, 4\% points more likely to be self-employed, work 2.5 additional hours per week, and earn 150\% more per month than women in the control group. Using a second round of follow-up data collected 18 months after the intervention, we find that the 6-month treatment effects are all sustained over the medium run. Finally, cost-benefit analysis indicates that the program costs can be recovered with less than four years of employment. Overall our findings suggest that vocational education may serve to be a promising avenue through which young women can contribute to their household welfare.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::India,inequality::gender,program::training,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial studying the impacts of, and the barriers to, vocational training participation for women in urban India, evaluating the effects on earnings, employment probability, the probability of being self-employed and hours worked.\textbf{It finds that a subsidized vocational training significantly positively impacted employment probability and hours worked, and had a large significant impact on earnings for the women.\textbf{The results of this occurred short-term and sustained over the medium-term as well (6 and 18 months after the program ended).\textbf{It suggests that primarily direct skill accumulation lead to the necessary knowledge and productivity for improved labor force participation and neither a strong change in behavior nor a certificate effect for employers were the primary changes.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:01:18Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/E9UDUUFP/Maitra2017_Learning_and_earning.pdf} +} + @article{Maji2021, type = {Article}, title = {Incomplete Transitions to Clean Household Energy Reinforce Gender Inequality by Lowering Women's Respiratory Health and Household Labour Productivity}, @@ -33574,6 +35193,27 @@ policy recc: keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Marouani2010, + ids = {WOS:000279633400002}, + title = {More Jobs for University Graduates: {{Some}} Policy Options for {{Tunisia}}}, + author = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali}, + year = {2010}, + journal = {Applied Economics Letters}, + volume = {17}, + number = {PII 912347703}, + pages = {933--937}, + issn = {1350-4851}, + doi = {10.1080/13504850802599466}, + abstract = {The combination of demographic factors and an increase in education has caused a significant rise of university graduates' unemployment in the Middle-East and North Africa regions. This article provides a prospective cost-effectiveness analysis of the impact of alternative labour market policies using a dynamic general equilibrium model. The model allows for an endogenous determination of unemployment through a multisectoral efficiency wage setting mechanism. The main finding is that a wage subsidy targeted at highly skilled intensive sectors is more effective than tax reductions or investment subsidies. However, wage subsidies are not enough to reduce unemployment significantly. Other policy options need to be considered.}, + orcid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/0000-0002-9052-1517}, + researcherid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/AAV-5017-2020}, + unique-id = {WOS:000279633400002}, + keywords = {country::Tunisia,group::youth,inequality::age,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,sample::almp}, + note = {A modeling of the effect of wage subsidies versus tax reductions or investment subsidies with the help of a dynamic general equilibrium model.\textbf{It finds that, between the three options, an employment subsidy is the optimum choice.\textbf{However even so, employment subsidies alone do not produce a significantly positive impact in the model and are recommended to be supported by other policy choices.\textbf{On the increasing labor demand side, the policy recommendations are an increased research-development, public or private, or the promotion of more highly skilled labor intensive service exports.\textbf{On the decreasing labor supply side, the recommendations are increasing skilled laborers study time to counteract the recent introduction of shorter study periods in Tunisia, or encouraging skilled laborers to migrate.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5P8DYPYY/Marouani2010_More_jobs_for_university_graduates.pdf} +} + @article{Marshall2000, title = {Unpublished Rating Scales: {{A}} Major Source of Bias in Randomised Controlled Trials of Treatments for Schizophrenia}, shorttitle = {Unpublished Rating Scales}, @@ -34725,6 +36365,19 @@ does NOT look at results of specific policy interventions} keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Medina2005, + title = {The Impact of Public Provided Job Training in Colombia}, + author = {Medina, Carlos and Nu{\~n}ez, Jairo}, + year = {2005}, + series = {Research {{Network Working Papers}}}, + number = {484}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + abstract = {The authors present matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. They estimate propensity scores by controlling for the variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. The effect of training, measured by the mean impact of the treatment on the treated, shows that: (i) for youths, no institution has a significant impact in the short or long run except private institutions for males; the scope of the data, however, limits the reliability of the result; (ii) for adult males, neither SENA nor the other public institutions have a significant impact in the short or long run; (iii) for SENA-trained adult females there are positive but not significant impacts in the short run and greater and close to significant effects in the long run. All other public institutions have a higher impact that is significant in the long-run; (iv) for adults trained at private institutions there are large and significant effects in both the short and long run, but for adult males in the short run the effects are smaller and only barely significant. In addition, neither short nor long courses provided by SENA seem to have a significant impact on earnings. In general, females benefit more from both short and long courses than males. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis shows that under the assumption of direct unitary costs equal to SENA, private institutions are more profitable than public institutions, which are in turn more profitable than SENA.}, + keywords = {country::Colombia,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study using a nationally undertaken population survey of 1997 to analyze the impact differences on earnings between private and public training institutions for Colombian men, women, youths and adults respectively. \textbf{It splits off those trained privately, those trained publically and those trained under SENA, the largest public provider in the country, since they underlie different foci and training qualities.\textbf{It arrives at the conclusion that generally private training provides better cost-benefit potential, with public institutions aside from SENA providing better potential than SENA itself.\textbf{Public training had no significant impact on men, provided insignificant impact for women trained at SENA but significant long-term impact on all other women.\textbf{Private training had significant long-term impacts for all adults, though significant impact only for male youths and significant short-term impact only for women.\textbf{Training length made no significant difference, though gender-based differences were significant, with women profiting more off all offered training variations than men except for private youth training.}}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{Meerman2001, title = {Poverty and {{Mobility}} in {{Low-status Minorities}}: {{The Cuban Case}} in {{International Perspective}}}, shorttitle = {Poverty and {{Mobility}} in {{Low-status Minorities}}}, @@ -34834,7 +36487,7 @@ does NOT look at results of specific policy interventions} \par Summary \par -"...I saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles, and I saw all kinds of inequalities{\ldots}." [Joseph Stiglitz, June 5, 2012] +"...I saw discrimination lead to poverty, I saw episodic high levels of unemployment, I saw business cycles, and I saw all kinds of inequalities{\dots}." [Joseph Stiglitz, June 5, 2012] \par Most of the Post Soviet countries and among them Georgia shows a fast growing asymmetry in the distribution of income and wealth during transition period. In the paper, it is analyzed the determinants of inequality in Georgia starting with the factors influencing the changing distribution of wages and income being at the core of economic inequality. \par @@ -34925,6 +36578,26 @@ Conclusions: keywords = {cite::channels,country::Australia,inequality::disability,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::database} } +@article{Mengistae2001, + ids = {WOS:000169648900001}, + title = {Skill Formation and Job Matching Effects in Wage Growth in {{Ethiopia}}}, + author = {Mengistae, Taye}, + year = {2001}, + month = mar, + journal = {Journal of African Economies}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1--36}, + issn = {0963-8024}, + doi = {10.1093/jae/10.1.1}, + abstract = {This paper analyses production and labour market data on manufacturing firms in Ethiopia in order to test for skill formation and job-matching effects in wage growth. Estimated age and job seniority profiles of relative marginal productivity and relative wages indicate that both on-the-job skill formation and job matching are significant sources of the growth of productivity and wages with time in the labour market. However, there is also evidence that job matching is by far the more important of the two sources.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000169648900001}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,program::job market services,program::training,region::SSA,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the possibility and eventual outcome of on-the-job learning and job matching on workers' productivity and earnings.\textbf{It finds that both on-the-job learning and job matching have a significant positive impact on both earnings and productivity over time, with specific skill increases being the primary learning source of within-job increases but a smaller fraction on increases than job matching overall.\textbf{Both skill increases and job-matching account at least for some of the in-between jobs earnings increases over a workers' labor market experience.\textbf{Job-matching may however be significantly more important to both earnings and productivity of a worker over time. \textbf{It also finds that the rate of improvement for both outcomes increases until 15 years of experience and slowly decreases above 16 years, though still keeping consistently higher than baseline estimations.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MGVP4H5E/Mengistae2001_Skill_formation_and_job_matching_effects_in_wage_growth_in_Ethiopia.pdf} +} + @article{Menon2018, title = {`{{Ring}}' Your Future, without Changing Diaper {\textendash} {{Can}} Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Address Child Marriage in {{Zambia}}?}, author = {Menon, J. A. and Kusanthan, T. and Mwaba, S. O. C. and Juanola, L. and Kok, M. C.}, @@ -34961,6 +36634,25 @@ Conclusions: keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Merfeld2018, + ids = {WOS:000453623400009}, + title = {Spatially Heterogeneous Effects of a Public Works Program}, + author = {Merfeld, Joshua D.}, + year = {2018}, + journal = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {136}, + pages = {151--167}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.10.007}, + abstract = {Most research on labor market effects of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme focuses on outcomes at the district level. This paper shows that such a focus masks substantial spatial heterogeneity: treated villages located near untreated areas see smaller increases in casual wages than treated villages located farther from untreated areas. Spatial differences in implementation or program leakages do not appear to drive this spatial heterogeneity. The effects of the program on private-sector employment display similar intra-district heterogeneity and these effects on employment are highly correlated with the effect on wages. Overall, these results suggest that worker mobility leads a district-level focus to underestimate the true effect of the program on wages. Quantifying this underestimate using two separate methods produces very similar results; the overall effect on wages appears to be approximately twice as large as district-level estimates suggest.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + unique-id = {WOS:000453623400009}, + keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment impacts of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in multiple rural districts, focusing especially on the spatial distribution of possible spill-over effects and the effects of surrounding areas on the treated zone.\textbf{It finds a large spatial heterogeneity between such outcomes with treated villages that are located closer to untreated areas having smaller positive impacts on earnings than treated villages that are located farther from untreated areas.\textbf{It suggests that since NREGS acts as a de-facto minimum wage enforcement, it increases labor bargaining power and this effect is not limited to directly treated zones.\textbf{Thus, on the other hand, wage in untreated districts increases more when they are closer to treated districts, an effect which may lead many studies that focus on the district level to underestimate the true effects of the Indian NREGS.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AGJJ5H6A/Merfeld2018_Spatially_heterogeneous_effects_of_a_public_works_program.pdf} +} + @article{Meschi2009, type = {Article}, title = {Trade and Income Inequality in Developing Countries}, @@ -36006,6 +37698,25 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} keywords = {out::title,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Mourelo2017, + ids = {LopezMourelo2017,WOS:000399269800030}, + title = {Effectiveness of Active Labor Market Tools in Conditional Cash Transfers Programs: {{Evidence}} for Argentina}, + author = {Mourelo, Elva L{\'o}pez and Escudero, Ver{\'o}nica}, + year = {2017}, + month = jun, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {94}, + pages = {422--447}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.006}, + abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the program Seguro de Capacitation y Empleo (SCE) implemented to provide support in skills upgrading, job seeking, and job placement to eligible beneficiaries of the Argentinian conditional cash transfer program Plan Ales. The SCE is an example of a growing trend observed in Latin America, where labor activation components have been increasingly included into cash transfers programs to support beneficiaries in finding more stable income opportunities. Despite this growing trend, not enough is known regarding the effectiveness of these components, especially on job quality. In this context, this paper sheds light on whether the provision of a comprehensive package of active labor market measures contributes to a successful labor market integration of cash transfers beneficiaries. Taking advantage of the panel structure of the Permanent Household Survey and exploiting the time variation in the assignment of the program as identification strategy, we apply difference-in-difference estimators to measure the impact on a number of labor market indicators. We find that the program affects positively the job quality of participants by increasing the probability of having a formal job and raising hourly wages. Moreover, the intervention is associated with a lower probability of having a low-paid job and working an excessive number of hours. These effects are, however, not homogeneous across all groups of participants. While the program is more successful among the younger beneficiaries, it does not contribute to an improvement in the labor market conditions of female beneficiaries, who in fact are the majority of SCE participants. Our results suggest that reducing dependency on monetary transfers through programs, such as the SCE, that are rich in activation components is beneficial for participants' labor market trajectories and therefore, it constitutes a satisfactory exit strategy to more universal cash transfer programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000399269800030}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,lmp::active,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the integration of active labor market programs (vocational training, internships, labor market services and employment subsidies) with conditional cash transfers in Argentina's 'Seguro de Capacitaci{\'o}n y Empleo' program to analyze the impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\textbf{It relies on administrative survey panel data on mostly urban households receiving the conditional cash transfer.\textbf{Generally finds no significant impact in employment probability but significant positive short-term impacts on earnings and job quality, especially the tendency to be employed formally.\textbf{There is a large heterogeneity in the findings in that, first, younger beneficiaries generally have more significantly positive impacts, however, second, women see no significant improvements at all for their employment outcomes.\textbf{The article stipulates that, due to correcting for observable heterogeneity, this could be due to different ALMP components generally participated in by genders or underlying structural gender gap in Argentinian labor market.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/D7I2M9UY/Mourelo2017_Effectiveness_of_active_labor_market_tools_in_conditional_cash_transfers.pdf} +} + @techreport{Moynihan2020, type = {Preprint}, title = {Pandemic Impacts on Healthcare Utilisation: A Systematic Review}, @@ -36400,8 +38111,8 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} } @article{Muraya2019, - title = {`{{Gender}} Is Not Even a Side Issue{\ldots}it's a Non-Issue': Career Trajectories and Experiences from the Perspective of Male and Female Healthcare Managers in {{Kenya}}}, - shorttitle = {`{{Gender}} Is Not Even a Side Issue{\ldots}it's a Non-Issue'}, + title = {`{{Gender}} Is Not Even a Side Issue{\dots}it's a Non-Issue': Career Trajectories and Experiences from the Perspective of Male and Female Healthcare Managers in {{Kenya}}}, + shorttitle = {`{{Gender}} Is Not Even a Side Issue{\dots}it's a Non-Issue'}, author = {Muraya, Kelly W and Govender, Veloshnee and Mbachu, Chinyere and Uguru, Nkoli P and Molyneux, Sassy}, year = {2019}, month = may, @@ -36771,7 +38482,7 @@ NO LM adjacency for outcomes} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {15}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {december,inequality::generational,inequality::income,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + keywords = {december,inequality::generational,inequality::income,issue::empirical,issue::inequality,issue::policy,out::full-text,relevant,sample::database}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZQDE9AEQ/Naito_2012_Two-sided intergenerational transfer policy and economic development.pdf} } @@ -37446,6 +39157,28 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CP9LILE2/Niño-Zarazúa et al_2017_Global Inequality.pdf} } +@article{Nivorozhkin2005, + ids = {10.2307/23601613,WOS:000233415700014}, + title = {An Evaluation of Government-Sponsored Vocational Training Programmes for the Unemployed in Urban {{Russia}}}, + author = {Nivorozhkin, Anton}, + year = {2005}, + month = nov, + journal = {Cambridge Journal of Economics}, + volume = {29}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1053--1072}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, + issn = {0309-166X}, + doi = {10.1093/cje/bei087}, + abstract = {This is the first study on the effects of active labour market programs such as training in Russia. We use the data from the official unemployment register combined with information from the follow-up survey in a large industrial city in the year 2000. The method of propensity score matching was applied to learn whether participation in the training programmes increased the monthly salaries of participants. The findings suggest that individuals tend to benefit from the participation in the training programmes. However, one year later, this effect disappeared.}, + eissn = {1464-3545}, + unique-id = {WOS:000233415700014}, + keywords = {country::Russia,lmp::active,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study in on a vocational re-training program in Russia, analyzing its impact on earnings for participants.\textbf{The program is aimed at workers having become displaced after labor market restructuring in Russia made their skills as state-enterprise workers obsolete and now aims to allow them to reallocate their labor back into the new market environment.\textbf{It finds that the program generally positively impacted participants' earnings short-term but the effects disappeared after one year.\textbf{It suggests this is due to a certificate effect, with the training helping workers signify their skills to new employers better than those that did not receive training, but after beginning employment non-participants also reveal their skills and the difference in wages diminishes.\textbf{Lastly, the sample comes from a single city with predominantly industrial sectors and the heterogeneity in the sample is significant with women having less positive earnings impact than men.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Y3T6U4AU/Nivorozhkin2005_An_evaluation_of_government-sponsored_vocational_training_programmes_for_the.pdf} +} + @article{Njamnshi2009, title = {Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of {{Cameroonian}} Medical Students and Graduating Physicians with Respect to Epilepsy}, author = {Njamnshi, Alfred K. and Angwafor, Samuel A. and Baumann, Fritz and Angwafo Iii, Fru F. and Jallon, Pierre and Muna, Walinjom F.T.}, @@ -37683,6 +39416,23 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Nopo2008, + title = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation: {{The}} Impacts of {{Projoven}}}, + shorttitle = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation}, + author = {Nopo, Hugo and {Saavedra-Chanduv{\'i}}, Jaime and Robles, Luis Miguel}, + year = {2008}, + journal = {Econom{\'i}a (Pontificia Universidad Cat{\'o}lica del Per{\'u}. Departamento de Econom{\'i}a)}, + volume = {31}, + number = {62}, + pages = {33--54}, + issn = {1556-5068}, + urldate = {2022-02-10}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Peru,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the gendered effects of the youth training program 'ProJoven' in Peru, with a focus on the outcomes of earnings, employment probability but also (occupational) gender segregation.\textbf{There are significant positive impacts on women's employment probability and large impacts on their earnings, while for men, though having smaller positive impacts on earnings as well, there are negative impacts on employment probability.\textbf{Short-term, the employment probabilities decreased (6, 12 months survey) but then increased and surpassed the control group at the 18 month follow-up survey for women, while they stayed below the control group for men.\textbf{As part of the program, subsidies were given through special subsidies for young women with children, which generated incentives for those to participate in the labor market and allowed a less segregated labor market entry.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:12:09Z} +} + @article{Norman2017, type = {Article}, title = {``{{Teachers}} amongst Their Own People'': {{Kanyen}}'keha:Ka (Mohawk) Women Teachers in Nineteenth-Century Tyendinaga and Grand River, Ontario}, @@ -37743,6 +39493,42 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@techreport{Novella2019, + title = {Active Labor Market Policies in a Context of High Informality: {{The}} Effect of {{PAE}} in Bolivia}, + author = {Novella, Rafael and Valencia, Horacio}, + year = {2019}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {1062}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + abstract = {Information asymmetries and limited skills are two main factors affecting jobseekers' chances to access quality jobs in developing countries. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a job intermediation and wage subsidy program in Bolivia, a country with one of the highest levels of informality in Latin-America. Using administrative and survey, we find that the program substantially increases employment, formality, and earnings. These effects are heterogeneous across different subsamples of interest. Our results suggest that Active Labor Market Policies might be an effective solution for improving access to quality jobs in the context of high informality.}, + keywords = {country::Bolivia,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings, employment probability and formal employment outcomes for 'Programa de Apoyo al Empleo', an employment subsidy and job market service program in Bolivia, where, while unemployment was relatively low, labor market informality is very high.\textbf{The study sees significant positive impacts on employment probability and formal employment for the short-term, with earnings impacts increasing over long-term.\textbf{Generally, larger effects on the earnings and chances of formal employment of women were observed, as well as larger impacts on the earnings of older beneficiaries.\textbf{A cost-benefit analysis sees positive returns of the program over future individual labor outcomes.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + +@article{Novotny2013, + ids = {WOS:000325987700004}, + title = {A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Impacts of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: {{A}} Tale from Tamil Nadu}, + author = {Novotn{\'y}, Josef and Kubelkov{\'a}, Jana and Joseph, Vanishree}, + year = {2013}, + month = nov, + journal = {Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography}, + volume = {34}, + number = {3}, + pages = {322--341}, + issn = {0129-7619}, + doi = {10.1111/sjtg.12037}, + abstract = {This paper provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme using a case study from rural Tamil Nadu. Drawing on structured interviews in households and semi-structured interviews with local employers and officials, we analyse the effects of the workfare scheme when it is widely and properly implemented. We distinguish between different conceptualizations of the work scheme as a means of welfare provision, labour market policy and intervention directed towards other objectives. We found that the goals of the scheme were fulfilled unevenly in the given context. Among other findings, we show that positive effects on the welfare of participating and non-participating households were accompanied by adverse effects on the local economy and negligible impact on out-migration for work.}, + eissn = {1467-9493}, + orcid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/0000-0001-9556-7162 Joseph, Vanishree/0000-0002-0017-4751}, + researcherid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/B-2691-2013 Novotny, Josef/D-8499-2013}, + unique-id = {WOS:000325987700004}, + keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Tamil Nadu, a single region in south India, on earnings and the local economy.\textbf{It finds generally positive impacts on welfare both of participating and non-participating households in the region, however also some adverse effects on the local economy.\textbf{First, the wages from NREGS constitute a notable part of household budgets in the first round which then puts upward pressure on private sector wages in a second round, also positively affecting non-participating household earnings.\textbf{However, the private sector wage hikes may adversely affect local farmers, especially small-scale farmers in the region.\textbf{Lastly, the scheme, due to the prevalence of its use by women, also significantly decreases relative gender wage disparity in the region.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GQLPTZ7C/Novotny2013_A_multi-dimensional_analysis_of_the_impacts_of_the_mahatma_gandhi_national.pdf} +} + @article{Nowatzki2012, title = {Wealth {{Inequality}} and {{Health}}: {{A Political Economy Perspective}}}, shorttitle = {Wealth {{Inequality}} and {{Health}}}, @@ -37951,7 +39737,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {97}, web-of-science-categories = {Psychology, Social; Sociology}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + keywords = {cited::channels,inequality::gender,issue::policy,out::full-text,sample::database}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/M33ERCT6/Ochsenfeld2012_Glass_ceiling_or_golden_cage.pdf} } @@ -38108,7 +39894,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {21}, web-of-science-categories = {Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health}, - keywords = {country::Brazil,december,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,issue::language,region::LAC,relevant,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::training}, + keywords = {country::Brazil,december,inequality::gender,inequality::generational,issue::language,language::portuguese,out::language,region::LAC,relevant,sample::database,type::training}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/A4BSU3UT/Ogido_Schor_2012_The Young Mother and the Labor Market.pdf} } @@ -38185,6 +39971,29 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Okumu2019, + ids = {WOS:000479949200001}, + title = {Technical and Vocational Education and Training in {{Uganda}}: {{A}} Critical Analysis}, + author = {Okumu, Ibrahim Mike and Bbaale, Edward}, + year = {2019}, + month = nov, + journal = {Development Policy Review}, + volume = {37}, + number = {6}, + pages = {735--749}, + issn = {0950-6764}, + doi = {10.1111/dpr.12407}, + abstract = {This article undertakes a diagnostic study of the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sub-sector in Uganda, with a view to characterizing the sub-sector and identifying its potential strengths and weakness. We undertook a cross-sectional pre-survey of purposively selected key stakeholders in the TVET sub-sector. We selected performance indicators following their importance in influencing the TVET reform process. Both qualitative and quantitative data was solicited from the stakeholders. Quantitative data was collected through stakeholder-specific structured questionnaires, whilst qualitative data was collected through desk review and field visits, individual focused interviews and focus group discussions. Our findings indicate that financing and planning constraints have resulted in poor quality equipment, under- and ill-trained staff, limited adoption of a competence-based education and training (CBET) curriculum, not to mention the supervision inadequacies of TVET institutions. Besides, the limited TVET sub-sector interaction with the private sector has incapacitated TVET curriculum development to nurture skills demanded by the private sector. Furthermore, backward technology use in the private sector has equally inhibited the success of student attachment programmes. Finally, legal ambiguities have perpetuated a qualification jungle and overlapping curricula.}, + earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2019}, + eissn = {1467-7679}, + orcid-numbers = {Okumu, Ibrahim/0000-0001-9652-675X}, + unique-id = {WOS:000479949200001}, + keywords = {country::Uganda,program::training,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A qualitative study with a small quantitative component in a questionnaire reviewing the quality of existing vocational training offerings in Uganda. \textbf{It finds that generally, there is little adaptation to private sector labor skill demands.\textbf{Training effectiveness is hampered by poor quality equipment, under- or ill-trained staff and limited adoption of competence-based curricula.\textbf{In the country there is also an inadequate supervision of the individual training institutions since TVET institutions are splintered and operate semi-autonomously from any centralized state offering.\textbf{Lastly, moving into the offering of on-the-job components of a training it finds again that such internship possibilities are generally hampered by poor quality equipment in the private sector not being able to prepare trainees for working with the required technology.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZSWRBXZW/Okumu2019_Technical_and_vocational_education_and_training_in_Uganda.pdf} +} + @article{Okurut2015, title = {Examining the {{Effect}} of {{Automatic Promotion}} on {{Students}}' {{Learning Achievements}} in {{Uganda}}'s {{Primary Education}}}, author = {Okurut, Jeje Moses}, @@ -39013,6 +40822,30 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Ozdamar2021, + ids = {WOS:000631520900001}, + title = {The Effect of the 2008 Employment Support Programme on Young Men's Labour Market Outcomes in {{Turkey}}: {{Evidence}} from a Regression Discontinuity Design}, + author = {Ozdamar, Oznur and Giovanis, Eleftherios and Da{\u g}l{\i}o{\u g}lu, Cansu and Gerede, Cemaleddin}, + year = {2021}, + month = jun, + journal = {Manchester School}, + volume = {89}, + number = {3}, + pages = {276--296}, + issn = {1463-6786}, + doi = {10.1111/manc.12362}, + abstract = {Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021}, + eissn = {1467-9957}, + orcid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/0000-0002-7492-7461}, + researcherid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/AAX-5634-2020}, + unique-id = {WOS:000631520900001}, + keywords = {country::Turkey,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the effects of an employment subsidy program in Turkey evaluating its impact on earnings, employment probability and the probability of a formal or permanent contract.\textbf{It finds a positive but not significant impact on employment probabilities with a more significant impact for younger men, while there was no impact on earnings and no impact on the prevalence of permanent contracts.\textbf{Since it finds its most significant impact on being formally employed full time, the study suggests that the subsidy program rather increased the formalization of existing jobs than create new employment opportunity and economic activity.}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/54BB6PSY/Ozdamar2021_The_effect_of_the_2008_employment_support_programme_on_young_men's_labour.pdf} +} + @article{Ozler2020, title = {Girl {{Empower}} {\textendash} {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing: {{Impact}} Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in {{Liberia}}}, shorttitle = {Girl {{Empower}} {\textendash} {{A}} Gender Transformative Mentoring and Cash Transfer Intervention to Promote Adolescent Wellbeing}, @@ -39083,7 +40916,7 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o issn = {1756-1833}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.i6473}, urldate = {2023-11-20}, - abstract = {For four years in the mid-1970s an unusual experiment took place in the small Canadian town of Dauphin. Statistically significant benefits for those who took part included fewer physician contacts related to mental health and fewer hospital admissions for ``accident and injury.'' Mental health diagnoses in Dauphin also fell. Once the experiment ended, these public health benefits evaporated.1 What was the treatment being tested? It was what has become known as a basic income{\textemdash}a regular, unconditional payment made to each and every citizen. This ground breaking experiment, an early randomised trial in the social policy sphere, ran out of money before full statistical analysisafter a loss of political interest. The link between inequality and poor health outcomes is long established.2 The actual mechanisms behind that link are less understood. The data from the Dauphin study, re-examined by a team from the University of Manitoba in the 2000s, suggest {\ldots}}, + abstract = {For four years in the mid-1970s an unusual experiment took place in the small Canadian town of Dauphin. Statistically significant benefits for those who took part included fewer physician contacts related to mental health and fewer hospital admissions for ``accident and injury.'' Mental health diagnoses in Dauphin also fell. Once the experiment ended, these public health benefits evaporated.1 What was the treatment being tested? It was what has become known as a basic income{\textemdash}a regular, unconditional payment made to each and every citizen. This ground breaking experiment, an early randomised trial in the social policy sphere, ran out of money before full statistical analysisafter a loss of political interest. The link between inequality and poor health outcomes is long established.2 The actual mechanisms behind that link are less understood. The data from the Dauphin study, re-examined by a team from the University of Manitoba in the 2000s, suggest {\dots}}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Canada,inequality::income,out::abstract,region::NA,sample::snowballing,type::ubi} } @@ -39526,6 +41359,28 @@ barrier/facilitators: self-advocacy, support of employer and community, amount o keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{Patel2020, + ids = {WOS:000580051200012}, + title = {Evidence of Non-Economic Indicators as Markers of Success for Youth in Youth Employability Programs: {{Insights}} from a {{South African}} Study}, + author = {Patel, Leila and Graham, Lauren and Chowa, Gina}, + year = {2020}, + month = nov, + journal = {Children and Youth Services Review}, + volume = {118}, + number = {105404}, + issn = {0190-7409}, + doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105404}, + abstract = {Evaluation studies of youth employment programs prioritize employment and earnings outcomes and use these indicators to determine what labor market interventions are most successful. Evidence from pre and post data of a cluster randomized controlled longitudinal study, consisting of 1 892 youth between 18 and 25 years who participated in Youth Employability Programs (YEPs) in South Africa, confirms the importance of the inclusion of non-economic indicators to measure success for youth. This study provides evidence that non-economic markers of success such as job-search resilience, self-esteem, self-efficacy and future orientation are potentially important in the transition to employment in the longer term and points to the need for more evaluations that use these markers to predict youth's success in employment. The findings further suggest that these non-economic outcomes, which were conceptualized as intermediary outcomes, can influence how young people manage the increasingly protracted and difficult transition to work. The study enlarges our understanding of the non-linear and protracted pathways of youth transitions to work in a development context, and how to best support youth in this transition period. These findings have implications for rethinking YEP evaluation outcomes that could lead to adaptive programming and management of interventions.}, + eissn = {1873-7765}, + orcid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/0000-0002-7125-9859}, + researcherid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/A-9329-2017}, + unique-id = {WOS:000580051200012}, + keywords = {country::South Africa,group::youth,inequality::age,region::SSA,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the non-economic outcomes of youth training programs in South Africa, focusing on the effects on participants' individual welfare (with self-esteem and self-efficacy measurements), skills acquisition and job-search resilience.\textbf{It finds that the programs had a significant sustained positive impact on self-efficacy and self-esteem and a positive but insignificant increase in the future orientation of participants, as well as a significantly increased job-search resilience after the program.\textbf{It also finds that including a financial capability component into the training was correlated with larger positive personal outcomes overall, but the study design did not allow for causal explanation of the training components on their own.\textbf{It argues that such a nurturing role of youth employment programs as 'critical delivery systems' is an important empowering resource for the complexity of youth transition to work, especially in high unemployment environments.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/PZWZHHQ5/Patel2020_Evidence_of_non-economic_indicators_as_markers_of_success_for_youth_in_youth.pdf} +} + @article{Paul2022, type = {Article}, title = {Using Wireless Technology to Support Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Vocational Settings: {{A}} Focus Group Study}, @@ -41085,6 +42940,28 @@ migration.}, keywords = {country::India,inequality::education,inequality::gender,out::abstract,region::AP,sample::snowballing} } +@article{premand2012entrepreneurship, + title = {Entrepreneurship Training and Self-Employment among University Graduates: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Trial in {{Tunisia}}}, + author = {Premand, Patrick and Brodmann, Stefanie and Almeida, Rita and Grun, Rebekka and Barouni, Mahdi}, + year = {2012}, + journal = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper}, + number = {6285}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6285}, + abstract = {In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills, expanded networks, and affected a range of behavioral skills. Participation in the entrepreneurship track also heightened graduates optimism toward the future shortly after the Tunisian revolution.}, + keywords = {country::Tunisia,program::training,region::MENA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in an entrepreneurship training programme track for university graduate students, to analyse its effects on participants' employment probability, earnings, job quality, and self-employment probability. +\par +It finds, foremost, that self-employment has been significantly increased after the intervention, though the change remains small (1-4pct.) in absolute terms. +\par +The overall employment rate remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from waged employment to self-employment, and there was no change in job quality registered (firm size, earnings, formality). +\par +The channels through which this self-employment change takes place are an increase in business skills, networking effects, a changed mindset toward entrepreneurial activities and a stronger individual outlook to the future. +\par +Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for entering the private sector, but not the public sector which the study suggests may be due to the job security and earnings offered by the public sector, and sees as potentially important for future labour market policy considerations.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IBT9CH65/premand2012entrepreneurship_Entrepreneurship_training_and_self-employment_among_university_graduates.pdf} +} + @article{Press2006, title = {Taking {{Pressure Off Families}}: {{Child}}-{{Care Subsidies Lessen Mothers}}' {{Work}}-{{Hour Problems}}}, shorttitle = {Taking {{Pressure Off Families}}}, @@ -41587,7 +43464,7 @@ migration.}, issn = {0269-9052, 1362-301X}, doi = {10.3109/02699052.2013.766929}, urldate = {2023-11-24}, - abstract = {Background: Returning to work (RTW) in the UK is problematic following TBI. Vocational rehabilitation (VR) is limited and efficacy or costs seldom reported. This study aimed to determine whether a TBI specialist VR intervention (TBI VR) was more effective at work return and retention 12 months after injury than usual care (UC). Secondary aims were to explore the feasibility of collecting economic data to inform a definitive trial. Method: Work outcomes of TBI-VR were compared to UC. Ninety-four participants (40 TBI-VR) with TBI resulting in hospitalization {$\geq$}48 hours, who were working at injury were followed up by postal questionnaire at 3, 6 and 12 months post-hospital discharge. Primary outcome was RTW. Secondary outcomes were functional ability, mood and quality-of-life. Health resource use was measured by self-report. Results: At 12 months, 15\% more TBI-VR participants (27\% more with moderate/severe TBI) were working than UC (27/36, 75\% vs. 27/45, 60\%). Mean TBI-VR health costs per person (consultant, GP, therapy, medication) were only {\textsterling}75 greater at 1 year. Secondary outcomes showed no significant baseline differences between groups. Discussion: More TBI-VR participants returned to work than UC. People with moderate/severe TBI benefitted most. This positive trend was achieved without greatly increased health costs, suggesting cost-effectiveness. This study justifies the need for and can inform a definitive Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)}, + abstract = {Background: Returning to work (RTW) in the UK is problematic following TBI. Vocational rehabilitation (VR) is limited and efficacy or costs seldom reported. This study aimed to determine whether a TBI specialist VR intervention (TBI VR) was more effective at work return and retention 12 months after injury than usual care (UC). Secondary aims were to explore the feasibility of collecting economic data to inform a definitive trial. Method: Work outcomes of TBI-VR were compared to UC. Ninety-four participants (40 TBI-VR) with TBI resulting in hospitalization {$\geq$}48 hours, who were working at injury were followed up by postal questionnaire at 3, 6 and 12 months post-hospital discharge. Primary outcome was RTW. Secondary outcomes were functional ability, mood and quality-of-life. Health resource use was measured by self-report. Results: At 12 months, 15\% more TBI-VR participants (27\% more with moderate/severe TBI) were working than UC (27/36, 75\% vs. 27/45, 60\%). Mean TBI-VR health costs per person (consultant, GP, therapy, medication) were only {\pounds}75 greater at 1 year. Secondary outcomes showed no significant baseline differences between groups. Discussion: More TBI-VR participants returned to work than UC. People with moderate/severe TBI benefitted most. This positive trend was achieved without greatly increased health costs, suggesting cost-effectiveness. This study justifies the need for and can inform a definitive Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)}, langid = {english}, keywords = {country::Britain,december,inequality::disability,issue::inequality,out::full-text,region::EU,sample::snowballing,type::training}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LS5BKHTN/Radford et al_2013_Return to work after traumatic brain injury.pdf} @@ -41813,6 +43690,41 @@ migration.}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } +@article{ramgutty2021study, + title = {A Study into the Effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme ({{YEP}}) in {{Mauritius}}}, + author = {Ramgutty, Harsha Toshini and Sanmukhiya, Chintamanee}, + year = {2021}, + journal = {The European Journal of Social \& Behavioural Sciences}, + publisher = {{European Publisher}}, + doi = {10.15405/ejsbs.304}, + abstract = {Youth employment programmes are used as a means of developing employability skills through a wage subsidy strategy. This study examines the effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme (YEP) in Mauritius in terms of the trainee's satisfaction of YEP, his/her belief that YEP would help him/her to get a job and the odds of actually being employed once the programme is over. The Human Capital Theory is used to describe the transformation process through which YEP increases youth employability. Data was randomly collected among 214 individuals who were either currently or had previously been on the programme. All logistic models fitted the data well with correct classifications ranging from 70\% to 92.5\%. None of the demographic factors predicted the effectiveness of YEP. Trainees' satisfaction was predicted by the sector of work placement, quality of programme, field of study and recommendations. Trainees' beliefs were predicted by the number of interviews, duration of unemployment prior to the programme, whether internship matched their fields of study, nature of employment and quality of the programme. However, the nature of employment and salary were the only factors that predicted the odds of actually being employed. The YEP in Mauritius may require major restructuration to cater for trainees outside the field of social sciences. Although the YEP has failed to provide the adequate support and a satisfying experience, its contribution cannot be underestimated. An evaluation of the programme should be carried out at shorter intervals to detect major loopholes so that these may be resolved in time.}, + keywords = {country::Mauritius,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A questionnaire study on the effects of vocational training and an internship under the 'Youth Employment Programme' of Mauritius, to analyze the impacts on employment probability and a participants' individual welfare.\textbf{It finds that the most significant factors of the training satisfaction of the participants and their estimation of their own employability are the quality of the program, sector of work placement and the nature of work.\textbf{All except those in field of social science had an overall lower satisfaction with the program, lower still for those previously unemployed.\textbf{There is no significant impact of program quality on employability.\textbf{It suggests that there is a too large focus on administrative and clerical jobs, but the program can also work as a facilitator through the number of interviews participated in by a participant, increasing the interview experience.}}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5L96FE35/ramgutty2021study_A_study_into_the_effectiveness_of_the_youth_employment_programme_(YEP)_in.pdf} +} + +@article{Ranchhod2016, + ids = {WOS:000378424600002}, + title = {Estimating the Short Run Effects of {{South Africa}}'s Employment Tax Incentive on Youth Employment Probabilities Using a Difference-in-Differences Approach}, + author = {Ranchhod, Vimal and Finn, Arden}, + year = {2016}, + month = jun, + journal = {South African Journal of Economics}, + volume = {84}, + number = {2}, + pages = {199--216}, + issn = {0038-2280}, + doi = {10.1111/saje.12121}, + abstract = {South Africa's Employment Tax Incentive (ETI) came into effect on the 1st of January 2014, with the objective of reducing the substantial national youth unemployment rate. Under the ETI, firms are eligible to claim a deduction from their taxes due, for the portion of their wage bill that is paid to certain groups of youth employees. We utilise several waves of nationally representative data and implement a difference-in-differences methodology at the individual level, in order to identify the effects of the ETI on youth employment probabilities in the short run. Our primary finding is that the ETI did not have any statistically significant and positive effects on youth employment probabilities. The point estimate from our preferred regression is -0.005 and the 95\% confidence interval is from -0.017 to 0.006. We also find no evidence that the ETI has resulted in an increase in the level of churning in the labour market for youth. Thus, any decrease in tax revenues that arise from the ETI are effectively accruing to firms which, collectively, would have employed as many youth even in the absence of the ETI.}, + eissn = {1813-6982}, + unique-id = {WOS:000378424600002}, + keywords = {country::South Africa,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the employment subsidy program of South Africa trying to analyze the impact of the tax incentives on youth employment probabilities and 'churn' in the labor market, proxied through employment length.\textbf{It finds no significant positive effects on employment probability or on job turnover in the youth labor market, in fact almost all outcomes on employment probability are consistently negative but not significant.\textbf{The results suggest no impact on the employment rate for youth, with subsidies possibly accruing to firms which did not change their hiring patterns.\textbf{Some suggested reasons for this are the value of the subsidy being too low to significantly alter search costs for firms, the program's targeting at medium to large sized formal sector firms decreasing potential, people making decisions over hiring not being affected by the subsidy's value, or potential outcomes only manifesting after a longer time-frame.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SGDHL42Y/Ranchhod2016_Estimating_the_short_run_effects_of_South_Africa's_employment_tax_incentive_on.pdf} +} + @article{Randel2018, title = {Inclusive Leadership: {{Realizing}} Positive Outcomes through Belongingness and Being Valued for Uniqueness}, shorttitle = {Inclusive Leadership}, @@ -42378,6 +44290,26 @@ Innovative aspects of the research: \ding{108} It proposes an articulated strategy with the responsible parts for children and teenager education and upbringing: families, State, educators, social organizations, schools, and companies.} } +@article{Reis2015, + ids = {WOS:000346599800014}, + title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil}, + author = {Reis, Mauricio}, + year = {2015}, + month = jan, + journal = {B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis \& Policy}, + volume = {15}, + number = {1}, + pages = {377--405}, + issn = {1935-1682}, + doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2013-0023}, + abstract = {This paper examines the effect of vocational training on labor market outcomes in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Estimates based on difference-indifferences matching indicate that vocational training increases monthly and hourly labor earnings, as well as the probability of getting a job. However, evidence does not indicate that this kind of training improves access to jobs in the formal sector. Also according to the results, vocational training in Brazil seems to be more effective for workers with more labor market experience and for those with a higher level of formal education than for individuals in disadvantaged groups.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000346599800014}, + keywords = {country::Brazil,program::training,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment outcomes of a variety of vocational training programs in Brazil (both public and private) using administrative panel data in mostly urban areas.\textbf{It finds a significant positive impact on earnings and employment probability after one year but no impact on entering into formal employment.\textbf{Furthermore there is heterogeneity in the results along experience and education, with more educated workers and workers with more labor market experience receiving larger positive impacts from the programs.\textbf{While it does not directly analyze a difference in on-the-job training and classroom training, it does point out potential advantages to the former as a way of providing additional labor market experience.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3DLIEJMI/Reis2015_Vocational_training_and_labor_market_outcomes_in_brazil.pdf} +} + @article{Remnant2022, type = {Article}, title = {Disability Inclusive Employment in Urban {{Malawi}}: {{A}} Multi-Perspective Interview Study}, @@ -42519,7 +44451,7 @@ Innovative aspects of the research: issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.335}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {{$\blacksquare$} Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter reviews research on the determinants and consequences of race and sex composition of organizations. Determinants include the composition of the qualified labor supply; employers' preferences, including the qualifications they require; the response of majority groups; and an establishment's attractiveness, size, and recruiting methods. The race and sex composition of an establishment affects workers' cross-group contact; stress, satisfaction, and turnover; cohesion; stereotyping; and evaluation. Composition also affects organizations themselves, including their performance, hiring and promotion practices, levels of job segregation, and wages and benefits. Theory-driven research is needed (a) on the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationships between organizational composition and its determinants and consequences and (b) on the form of the relationships between organizational composition and workers outcomes (e.g., cross-group contact, cohesion, turnover, etc). Research is needed on race and ethnic composition, with a special focus on the joint effects of race and sex.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter reviews research on the determinants and consequences of race and sex composition of organizations. Determinants include the composition of the qualified labor supply; employers' preferences, including the qualifications they require; the response of majority groups; and an establishment's attractiveness, size, and recruiting methods. The race and sex composition of an establishment affects workers' cross-group contact; stress, satisfaction, and turnover; cohesion; stereotyping; and evaluation. Composition also affects organizations themselves, including their performance, hiring and promotion practices, levels of job segregation, and wages and benefits. Theory-driven research is needed (a) on the causal mechanisms that underlie the relationships between organizational composition and its determinants and consequences and (b) on the form of the relationships between organizational composition and workers outcomes (e.g., cross-group contact, cohesion, turnover, etc). Research is needed on race and ethnic composition, with a special focus on the joint effects of race and sex.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -42649,6 +44581,25 @@ Innovative aspects of the research: file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2ATA868N/Riekhoff_Jarnefelt_2018_Retirement trajectories and income redistribution through the pension system in.pdf} } +@article{Rijkers2010, + ids = {WOS:000275993200007}, + title = {Who Benefits from Promoting Small Enterprises? {{Some}} Empirical Evidence from {{Ethiopia}}}, + author = {Rijkers, Bob and Laderchi, Caterina Ruggeri and Teal, Francis}, + year = {2010}, + month = apr, + journal = {World Development}, + volume = {38}, + number = {4}, + pages = {523--540}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.007}, + abstract = {The Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Development Program (AAIHDP) aims to tackle the housing shortage and unemployment that prevail in Addis Ababa by deploying and supporting small enterprises to construct low-cost housing using technologies novel for Ethiopia. The motivation for such support is predicated on the view that small firms create more jobs per unit of investment by virtue of being more labor intensive and that the jobs so created are concentrated among the low-skilled and hence the poor. To assess whether the program has succeeded in biasing technology adoption in favor of labor and thereby contributed to poverty reduction, the impact of the program on technology usage, labor intensity, and earnings is investigated using a unique matched workers-firms dataset, the Addis Ababa Construction Enterprise Survey (AACES), collected specifically for the purpose of analyzing the impact of the program. We find that program firms do not adopt different technologies and are not more labor intensive than nonprogram firms. There is an earnings premium for program participants, who tend to be relatively well educated, which is heterogeneous and highest for those at the bottom of the earnings distribution. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000275993200007}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,program::public works,region::SSA,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NT9TCU4A/Rijkers2010_Who_benefits_from_promoting_small_enterprises.pdf} +} + @article{Rijs2012, title = {The Effect of Retirement and Age at Retirement on Self-Perceived Health after Three Years of Follow-up in {{Dutch}} 55{\textendash}64-Year-Olds}, author = {Rijs, Kelly J. and Cozijnsen, Rabina and Deeg, Dorly J. H.}, @@ -43006,6 +44957,22 @@ does NOT directly look at LM adjacency markers (but education outcomes)}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Y2ECXS96/Roksa_Velez_2010_When studying schooling is not enough.pdf} } +@techreport{Ronconi2006, + ids = {Ronconi2006a}, + title = {Poverty and {{Employability Effects}} of {{Workfare Programs}} in {{Argentina}}}, + author = {Ronconi, Lucas and Sanguinetti, Juan and Fachelli Oliva, Sandra and Casazza, Virginia and Franceschelli, Ignacio}, + year = {2006}, + series = {{{PMMA Working Papers}}}, + number = {2006-14}, + institution = {{Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network}}, + urldate = {2022-02-10}, + abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment {\textendash} particularly for women {\textendash} indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that {\textendash} for a large fraction of participants {\textendash} the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Argentina,region::LAC,relevant,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:27:50Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QIDHM3PJ/Ronconi2006_Poverty_and_Employability_Effects_of_Workfare_Programs_in_Argentina.pdf} +} + @article{Ronsen2002, title = {[{{No}} Title Found]}, author = {R{\o}nsen, Marit and Sundstr{\"o}m, Marianne}, @@ -43258,7 +45225,7 @@ does NOT directly look at LM adjacency markers (but education outcomes)}, usage-count-last-180-days = {1}, usage-count-since-2013 = {43}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics; Women's Studies}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,inequality::migration,sample::database,TODO::full-text,type::remittances}, + keywords = {cited::channels,inequality::gender,inequality::migration,out::full-text,sample::database,type::remittances}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6CDJFBD6/Rosewarne2012_Temporary_international_labor_migration_and_development_in_south_and_southeast.pdf} } @@ -44397,6 +46364,27 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} keywords = {inequality::disability,sample::snowballing} } +@article{Scandizzo2009, + ids = {WOS:000265235300006}, + title = {Option Values, Switches, and Wages: {{An}} Analysis of the Employment Guarantee Scheme in India}, + author = {Scandizzo, Pasquale and Gaiha, Raghav and Imai, Katsushi}, + year = {2009}, + month = may, + journal = {Review of Development Economics}, + volume = {13}, + number = {2}, + pages = {248--263}, + issn = {1363-6669}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9361.2008.00484.x}, + abstract = {Consistent with real option theory, the authors argue that the value of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in rural India and its impact on workers' behavior does not depend so much on its income supplementation as on enlargement of opportunities in the uncertain local labor market. The choice between the EGS and other activities is modeled in a dynamic optimization framework, taking into account a fixed wage rate and certainty of employment under the EGS and a stochastic wage rate under other activities. Specifically, volatility of wages in the rural labor markets has important implications for switches into the EGS and for concomitant welfare effects. Under such conditions, the higher the EGS wage, the greater is its attractiveness to relatively skilled and affluent workers, and for those already in it to continue. These and related predictions of the model are validated by panel data estimation.}, + orcid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/0000-0001-7989-8914 Scandizzo, Pasquale/0000-0002-8824-3589}, + researcherid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/I-3595-2015}, + unique-id = {WOS:000265235300006}, + keywords = {country::India,program::public works,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2UGUE6T5/Scandizzo2009_Option_values,_switches,_and_wages.pdf} +} + @article{Schaller2006, title = {Transition-{{Age Adults}} with {{ADHD}}: {{Gender}} and {{Predictors}} of {{Vocational Rehabilitation Outcomes}}}, shorttitle = {Transition-{{Age Adults}} with {{ADHD}}}, @@ -46269,7 +48257,7 @@ does NOT look at inequality outcomes} issn = {0360-0572, 1545-2115}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141048}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {{$\blacksquare$} Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern the racial and gender demography of the workplace and the tendency on the part of authority elites to reproduce themselves through both exclusionary and inclusionary processes. Suggestions for future research include additional delineation of these processes based on samples of multiple racial/ethnic groups of men and women and studies that synthesize quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the effects of employer and employee attitudes/preferences and practices on the authority attainment process.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern the racial and gender demography of the workplace and the tendency on the part of authority elites to reproduce themselves through both exclusionary and inclusionary processes. Suggestions for future research include additional delineation of these processes based on samples of multiple racial/ethnic groups of men and women and studies that synthesize quantitative and qualitative approaches to understanding the effects of employer and employee attitudes/preferences and practices on the authority attainment process.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -46837,8 +48825,8 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} } @article{Stanford1995, - title = {Women{${'}$}s Leadership Styles: A Heuristic Analysis}, - shorttitle = {Women{${'}$}s Leadership Styles}, + title = {Women{$\prime$}s Leadership Styles: A Heuristic Analysis}, + shorttitle = {Women{$\prime$}s Leadership Styles}, author = {Stanford, Jane H. and Oates, Barbara R. and Flores, Delfina}, year = {1995}, month = mar, @@ -46849,7 +48837,7 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} issn = {0964-9425}, doi = {10.1108/09649429510077421}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {Poses the question: do women have different leadership styles from those of men? With the current and projected impact of women-led business on the world{${'}$}s economies, this question is an important one. Surprisingly, however, there is an insignificant amount of empirical research into this leadership-gender debate {\textendash} most of the contemporary literature is purely conceptual. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to initiate scientific inquiry of this topic. An exploratory investigation of a sample of women business owners and managers was conducted to examine their leadership styles. From this preliminary study, utilizing the qualitative research methodology of content analysis, a heuristic model of female leadership is developed.}, + abstract = {Poses the question: do women have different leadership styles from those of men? With the current and projected impact of women-led business on the world{$\prime$}s economies, this question is an important one. Surprisingly, however, there is an insignificant amount of empirical research into this leadership-gender debate {\textendash} most of the contemporary literature is purely conceptual. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to initiate scientific inquiry of this topic. An exploratory investigation of a sample of women business owners and managers was conducted to examine their leadership styles. From this preliminary study, utilizing the qualitative research methodology of content analysis, a heuristic model of female leadership is developed.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -47458,6 +49446,27 @@ does NOT look at policy impacts (but theories behind it)} keywords = {sample::database} } +@article{Stuken2020, + ids = {WOS:000609243300005}, + title = {Evaluating the Effectiveness of Employment Assistance Measures: {{Case}} of {{Russian}} State Employment Centers}, + author = {Stuken, Tatiana and Korzhova, Olga}, + year = {2020}, + journal = {Strategic Management}, + volume = {25}, + number = {4}, + pages = {44--53}, + issn = {1821-3448}, + doi = {10.5937/StraMan2004044S}, + abstract = {Russia is currently implementing the national project ``Labor productivity and employment support'', which is a set of measures aimed at developing employment infrastructure and introducing organizational and technological innovations to support employment, including standard solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of state employment centers. This project defines the strategic directions of state regulation of the Russian labor market. This article deals with the issues of the population's demand for the services of employment centers, including not only registering as unemployed but also receiving public services to assist in finding a suitable job, vocational training, psychological support, etc. The study is based on the Russian labor force survey and microdata of employment centers for 2019 (more than 24,000 observations). Based on the data from the labor force survey, conclusions are drawn about the demand for the state employment centers' services among various groups of the population and about typical combinations of applying to the employment service with other job search channels. The analysis of regional microdata made it possible to evaluate the performance of employment centers based on information about the socio-demographic characteristics of the unemployed, the duration of the unemployment status, the fact of receiving benefits, the services received and the reasons for de-registration. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are made about the ways to improve the work of the state employment centers.}, + eissn = {2334-6191}, + orcid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/0000-0001-6005-9678}, + researcherid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/H-6777-2016 Korzhova, Olga/G-2441-2017}, + unique-id = {WOS:000609243300005}, + keywords = {country::Russia,lmp::active,region::AP,sample::almp}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UDCIIAQT/Stuken2020_Evaluating_the_effectiveness_of_employment_assistance_measures.pdf} +} + @article{Stutzman2020, title = {Support for Rural Practice: Female Physicians and the Life{\textendash}Career Interface}, shorttitle = {Support for Rural Practice}, @@ -49646,6 +51655,25 @@ inequality: file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MJGEFIWP/van Damme_Kalmijn_2014_The dynamic relationships between union dissolution and women's employment.pdf} } +@article{Vandenberg2021, + ids = {WOS:000710338800002}, + title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in the {{Philippines}}}, + author = {Vandenberg, Paul and Laranjo, Jade}, + year = {2021}, + month = nov, + journal = {International Journal of Educational Development}, + volume = {87}, + number = {102501}, + issn = {0738-0593}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102501}, + abstract = {The paper analyzes the labor market outcomes of graduates of post-secondary technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Philippines. Using household data for 2015-2016, the results show significantly higher wages for TVET graduates relative to those who entered the job market with a secondary school education or below. However, individuals who both trained in TVET and pursued tertiary (university) education tend to have a lower wage than those with secondary school education or below. This counterintuitive result may be partly explained by the tendency for such dual-level individuals to complete the lowest level of TVET. Graduates of TVET are found more likely to be employed compared to individuals who only studied at secondary school or below as well as those who studied at the tertiary level.}, + eissn = {1873-4871}, + unique-id = {WOS:000710338800002}, + keywords = {country::Philippines,lmp::active,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure,sample::almp}, + note = {A study on vocational training in the Philippines, analyzing its impact on earnings and employment probability of participants.\textbf{It finds that training graduates had a positive impact on their employment probability and received higher wages compared to only having a secondary education without the training.\textbf{However, it also finds that training graduates with previous tertiary education tended to have lower wages than graduates with only secondary previous education.\textbf{The study suggests this is due to graduates with tertiary education having a tendency to only complete a short period of tertiary training and the lowest level of their vocational training, also suggesting a link between training duration and graduate earnings.}}}}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z} +} + @article{VanDenBrink2010, title = {Transparency in {{Academic Recruitment}}: {{A Problematic Tool}} for {{Gender Equality}}?}, shorttitle = {Transparency in {{Academic Recruitment}}}, @@ -50665,7 +52693,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093}, doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.543}, urldate = {2024-01-10}, - abstract = {{$\blacksquare$} Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature on the apparently negative effects of income inequality on population health. Various hypotheses are identified and described that explain the empirically observed association between measures of income inequality and population health. We have concluded that data from aggregate-level studies of the effect of income inequality on health, i.e. studies at the population and community (e.g. state) levels, are largely insufficient to discriminate between competing hypotheses. Only individual-level studies have the potential to discriminate between most of the advanced hypotheses. The relevant individual-level studies to date, all on U.S. population data, provide strong support for the ``absolute-income hypothesis,'' no support for the ``relative-income hypothesis,'' and little or no support for the ``income-inequality hypothesis.'' Results that provide some support for the income-inequality hypothesis suggest that income inequality at the state level affects mainly the health of the poor. There is only indirect evidence for the ``deprivation hypothesis,'' and no evidence supports the ``relative-position hypothesis.'' Overall, the absolute-income hypothesis, although {$>$}20 years old, is still the most likely to explain the frequently observed strong association between population health and income inequality levels.}, + abstract = {▪ Abstract\hspace{0.6em} This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature on the apparently negative effects of income inequality on population health. Various hypotheses are identified and described that explain the empirically observed association between measures of income inequality and population health. We have concluded that data from aggregate-level studies of the effect of income inequality on health, i.e. studies at the population and community (e.g. state) levels, are largely insufficient to discriminate between competing hypotheses. Only individual-level studies have the potential to discriminate between most of the advanced hypotheses. The relevant individual-level studies to date, all on U.S. population data, provide strong support for the ``absolute-income hypothesis,'' no support for the ``relative-income hypothesis,'' and little or no support for the ``income-inequality hypothesis.'' Results that provide some support for the income-inequality hypothesis suggest that income inequality at the state level affects mainly the health of the poor. There is only indirect evidence for the ``deprivation hypothesis,'' and no evidence supports the ``relative-position hypothesis.'' Overall, the absolute-income hypothesis, although {$>$}20 years old, is still the most likely to explain the frequently observed strong association between population health and income inequality levels.}, langid = {english}, keywords = {sample::snowballing} } @@ -51794,7 +53822,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} @article{Weziak-Bialowolska2020, title = {The Impact of Workplace Harassment and Domestic Violence on Work Outcomes in the Developing World}, - author = {{W{\k{e}}ziak-Bia{\l}owolska}, Dorota and Bia{\l}owolski, Piotr and McNeely, Eileen}, + author = {{W{\k e}ziak-Bia{\l}owolska}, Dorota and Bia{\l}owolski, Piotr and McNeely, Eileen}, year = {2020}, month = feb, journal = {World Development}, @@ -52217,7 +54245,7 @@ does NOT look at specific policy interventions} usage-count-last-180-days = {4}, usage-count-since-2013 = {94}, web-of-science-categories = {Sociology; Women's Studies}, - keywords = {inequality::gender,method::qualitative,sample::database,TODO::full-text}, + keywords = {cited::channels,inequality::gender,method::qualitative,out::full-text,sample::database}, file = {/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I9A7Q3GA/Williams2012_Gendered_organizations_in_the_new_economy.pdf} } @@ -65766,7 +67794,7 @@ no LM adjacency} usage-count-last-180-days = {0}, usage-count-since-2013 = {7}, web-of-science-categories = {Economics}, - keywords = {sample::database,TODO::abstract} + keywords = {out::abstract,sample::database,TODO::abstract} } @article{WOS:000603073600002, diff --git a/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ap.bib b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ap.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef7efe9 --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ap.bib @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ + +@report{Adhvaryu2018, + ids = {Adhvaryu2018a}, + title = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}: {{Returns}} to {{On-the-job Soft Skills Training}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Skills}} to {{Pay}} the {{Bills}}}, + author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Kala, Namrata and Nyshadham, Anant}, + date = {2018-02}, + number = {24313}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + location = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + doi = {10.3386/w24313}, + abstract = {We evaluate the causal impacts of on-the-job soft skills training on the productivity, wages, and retention of female garment workers in India. The program increased women’s extraversion and communication, and spurred technical skill upgrading. Treated workers were 20 percent more productive than controls post-program. Wages rise very modestly with treatment (by 0.5 percent), with no differential turnover, suggesting that although soft skills raise workers’ marginal products, labor market frictions are large enough to create a substantial wedge between productivity and wages. Consistent with this, the net return to the firm was large: 258 percent eight months after program completion.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the benefits of an on-the-job soft skills training for female garment workers in India.\\ +The study finds that there are significant increases in productivity after the training program, but those do not translate into increased earnings or job retention.\\ +The productivity increases stem from soft-skill upgrading which also furthers positive increases in technical skills, and there are spillover effects for untreated workers on the same production line.\\ +However, the study argues the productivity increases translate to negligible effects on earnings and job retention due to market imperfections allowing most gains to be captured by the firm instead.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Adhvaryu2018_The Skills to Pay the Bills.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VDH653HW/Adhvaryu2018_The Skills to Pay the Bills.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ahmed2019, + ids = {WOS:000480793100007}, + title = {Impacts of Vocational Training for Socio-Economic Development of Afghan Refugees in Labor Markets of Host Societies in Baluchistan}, + author = {Ahmed, Aziz}, + date = {2019-08}, + journaltitle = {Journal of International Migration and Integration}, + volume = {20}, + number = {3}, + pages = {751--768}, + issn = {1488-3473}, + doi = {10.1007/s12134-018-0627-4}, + abstract = {Afghan refugees have been living for 35 years, since the start of the imposed war on Afghanistan in 1979, in host societies of Baluchistan and other parts of Pakistan. Repatriation has been started, yet no study has been conducted to explore their labor market skill acquisition for impacting their socio-economic status in the host communities. This paper examines vocational training of Afghan refugees impacting upon their socio-economics of earnings, employability, labor market-evolved perceptions about livelihood earnings, discrimination, and working aptitude in local markets of selected districts of Baluchistan. Field survey from a sample of 157 vocationally trained individuals has been conducted through a full-fledged questionnaire by using two-stage stratified sampling techniques to produce the first ever labor market data for Afghan refugees. Descriptive analysis shows cascading impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of Afghan refugees. The findings of frequency distribution highlight that vocational skills have positive impacts upon earnings, employment status, and working aptitudes. The results also show discrimination, constraints in earnings and employability, career counseling, lower educational level, and tough competition for Afghan refugees for getting socio-economic benefits in the labor markets of host communities. The findings may be helpful for giving insights to policy formulation and recommendations for Afghans' repatriation program to Afghanistan and recent waves of immigrants and refugee influx and accommodations faced by South Asian and European countries these days.}, + eissn = {1874-6365}, + unique-id = {WOS:000480793100007}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Pakistan,done,region::AP}, + note = {A study on the impacts of vocational training for Afghan refugees living in Baluchistan, to analyze the effects on earnings and employment status.\\ +Generally, it finds the outcomes of vocational training to increase the employment of the refugees, as do the earned wages for those employed.\\ +Additionally, the study finds vocational training lead to an increase in start-up creation and, important for a minority population, also increased socio-economic cohesion.\\ +The second stage questionnaire was undertaken after the participants had received between one and 24 months of vocational training.\\ +There have been no attempts to go beyond the findings of the questionnaire answers itself in the study, so no evaluation can be made on the impacts outside of the participants self-perception and demographic status.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ahmed2019_Impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of afghan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EFVS9CEG/Ahmed2019_Impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of afghan.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ajefu2019, + ids = {WOS:000461483600007}, + title = {Impact of Shocks on Labour and Schooling Outcomes and the Role of Public Work Programmes in Rural India}, + author = {Ajefu, Joseph Boniface and Abiona, Olukorede}, + date = {2019-06-03}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies}, + volume = {55}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1140--1157}, + issn = {0022-0388}, + doi = {10.1080/00220388.2018.1464146}, + abstract = {The effectiveness of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) on rural labour market dynamics in India has been widely debated in the literature. However, the impact of the NREGS on non-agricultural labour market and children schooling outcomes in reference to exogenous rainfall shock is unclear from the existing literature. This paper exploits the Indian National Sample Survey and rainfall measures from the precipitation archive of the University of Delaware to investigate the role of the NREGS in the labour market and schooling outcomes of children during shocks. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we focus on disaggregated shock specification and find a shock-cushioning pattern for the NREGS during negative shocks. However, there is an excess demand for labour during positive shock periods resulting from exposure to the NREGS. The implication is that the excess informal labour market opportunity translates to a reduction in school engagement for children. These findings summarily distinguish the role of the NREGS during positive and negative shocks respectively.}, + eissn = {1743-9140}, + orcid-numbers = {Ajefu, Joseph/0000-0001-6333-3708 Abiona, Olukorede/0000-0002-1696-4475}, + unique-id = {WOS:000461483600007}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study using administrative data for annual rain fall statistics to evaluate the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on its participants' labor market engagement during periods of positive and negative shocks.\\ +It finds that during negative shocks, NREGS provided a cushioning effect on participants' households by providing a stabilizing employment opportunity.\\ +There is an increased engagement of women during positive shocks.\\ +During positive shocks, however, with exposure to NREGS there was a possible reduction in educational engagement for children visible, with a decrease in school enrolment for children aged 13-16 years.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ajefu2019_Impact of shocks on labour and schooling outcomes and the role of public work.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/STXCE29T/Ajefu2019_Impact of shocks on labour and schooling outcomes and the role of public work.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Beam2016, + ids = {Beam2016a,WOS:000373419500003}, + title = {Do Job Fairs Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Impact of Job-Fair Attendance}, + author = {Beam, Emily A.}, + date = {2016-05}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {120}, + pages = {32--40}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.11.004}, + abstract = {I estimate the causal impact of attending a job fair on employment outcomes and labor market perceptions, using a randomized encouragement design to induce individuals in the rural Philippines to attend a nearby job fair for domestic and overseas work. Attending a job fair matters: though it does not facilitate direct matches with a job fair employer, attendance leads to a large increase in reported formal sector employment and in the likelihood of looking for any work outside the region in the months following the job fair. Several overseas recruitment agencies participated in the job fair, and attendance affects individuals' overseas labor market perceptions but does not encourage them to take steps to migrate. These results suggest that job fairs can be important tools for encouraging individuals to move to the formal sector and for conveying information about labor market prospects. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/0000-0002-6540-9435}, + researcherid-numbers = {Beam, Emily/ABC-8743-2021}, + unique-id = {WOS:000373419500003}, + keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::Philippines,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on a randomized control trial for vouchers to a job fair in the Philippines attempting to evaluate the impact on employment outcomes and participants' job search frequency.\\ +There was a significant positive increase of formal employment after the job fair, which is, however, mostly not due to direct job matches at the fair but effects increasing the likelihood of employment medium-term after the fair.\\ +The study, not having multiple treatment arms, does not make definite statements on the mechanisms of employment increase, but suggests that connection opportunities with other job seekers and information about domestic job search potentials may be the most important factors for it.\\ +At the same time as there is a formal employment increase, there is a decrease in self-employment to go with it for participants of the job fair.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Beam2016_Do job fairs matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3N79UDU9/Beam2016_Do job fairs matter.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Bhanot2021, + ids = {WOS:000706989000010}, + title = {Can Community Service Grants Foster Social and Economic Integration for Youth? {{A}} Randomized Trial in {{Kazakhstan}}}, + author = {Bhanot, Syon P. and Crost, Benjamin and Leight, Jessica and Mvukiyehe, Eric and Yedgenov, Bauyrzhan}, + date = {2021-11}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {153}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102718}, + abstract = {Integrating youth into communities and labor markets is a major challenge for developing countries, and incentives for community service are an increasingly popular tool to achieve this goal. We use a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the Kazakhstan Youth Corps (KYC), a program comprising cash grants for community service projects and life skills training, on social capital for a sample of youth aged 18-29. We find little evidence that engaging youth in civic service and training has any positive effects one year post-intervention; there is no shift in attitudinal indices of social capital and no reported increase in volunteering or donations. Moreover, there is no effect of the intervention on secondary outcomes (life skills and human capital), and some evidence of a negative effect of the training-only intervention on the probability of reporting any income-earning activity.}, + article-number = {102718}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Leight, Jessica/0000-0002-1691-9682}, + unique-id = {WOS:000706989000010}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Kazakhstan,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the outcomes of a combined conditional cash grant and life skills training program aimed at young people in Kazakhstan, analyzing the outcomes on participants' employment probability and life skill acquisition.\\ +Generally, the program did not prove useful for building social capital in for beneficiaries and the study found slight possibly negative effects on labor market participation.\\ +The negative employment effects may be due to a preference shift to self-employment after the intervention, after which participants may be foregoing other labor market opportunities.\\ +At the same time, there is no visible increase in self-employment after the treatment, which the study suggests may be due to additional barriers hindering the switch to self-employment.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Bhanot2021_Can community service grants foster social and economic integration for youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/XXVAQS9W/Bhanot2021_Can community service grants foster social and economic integration for youth.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Bidani2009, + title = {Evaluating Job Training in Two {{Chinese}} Cities}, + author = {Bidani, Benu and Blunch, Niels-Hugo and Goh, Chor-Ching and O’Leary, Christopher}, + date = {2009-02}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies}, + volume = {7}, + number = {1}, + pages = {77--94}, + issn = {1476-5284, 1476-5292}, + doi = {10.1080/14765280802604763}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::China,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the retraining outcomes on employment and earnings of displaced workers in two Chinese cities: Wuhan and Shenyang using propensity score matching on administrative records.\\ +The findings show a significant impact on employment probability in Wuhan but not in Shenyang, but a significant impact on earnings in Shenyang but not in Wuhan.\\ +While outside factors (different economic baselines) are not completely excluded by the authors, they primarily suggest the content of trainings to be a channel for this dichotomous outcome.\\ +Trainings in China were (\textasciitilde 2000) not very quality controlled and no concrete curricula were set resulting in widely diverging trainings in quality, relevance and design, with some being classroom only and some much more focused on practical on-the-job experiences.\\ +The key takeaway is to diversify the sources of training between public, nonprofit and commercial enterprises, always with a strict focus on labor demand.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:28:26Z}, + file = {Bidani2009_Evaluating job training in two Chinese cities.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P6DV9MUR/Bidani2009_Evaluating job training in two Chinese cities.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Bose2017, + ids = {WOS:000402342600017}, + title = {Raising Consumption through India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme}, + author = {Bose, Nayana}, + date = {2017-08}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + volume = {96}, + pages = {245--263}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.010}, + abstract = {The Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is one of the world's largest public works programs aimed at reducing poverty. NREGS guarantees up to a hundred days of employment in public works to rural households that demand work under the program. This is one of the first papers to analyze the impact of NREGS on household wellbeing by focusing on household consumption using national-level data. By focusing on consumption, I am able to assess whether and how household use the program to improve their living standards. I exploit the cross-district rollout of the program to analyze the causal effect on household consumption. Using the Consumption Expenditure Survey data from the National Sample Survey Organization, I conduct a difference-in-difference analysis where the treatment group consists of households in 184 early implementation districts and the control group consists of households in 209 late implementation districts. I find that the program significantly increased household per capita consumption between 6.5\% and 10\%. For the marginalized caste group, the program increased consumption by around 12\%. Therefore, historical and ongoing, discrimination along with other barriers to entry have not prevented this group from benefiting from the program. I further assess the impact on household budget allocation by focusing on various consumption categories. I find that households move toward the higher caloric and more nutritional items, like protein. Finally, for households with children there was significantly greater spending on “child goods” like milk, while in households without children spending on alcohol increased. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + eissn = {1873-5991}, + unique-id = {WOS:000402342600017}, + keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP}, + note = {A study on the impact of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) between 2005 and 2006, analyzing the impact on household consumption through possible additional earnings.\\ +In general it finds an increase on household consumption per capita for areas under NREGS and a more significant increase for members of a marginalized group (caste).\\ +Since NREGS pays minimum wage, the study finds predominantly women start working under its increased waged labor demand to provide additional income for the household.\\ +Households with children increased the spending on 'child goods' (e.g. milk) most significantly while households without children increased spending on alcohol more significantly.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Bose2017_Raising consumption through india's national rural employment guarantee scheme.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/SJ9RXUR6/Bose2017_Raising consumption through india's national rural employment guarantee scheme.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Chakravarty2019, + ids = {WOS:000453623400005}, + title = {Vocational Training Programs and Youth Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Nepal}}}, + author = {Chakravarty, Shubha and Lundberg, Manias and Nikolov, Plamen and Zenker, Juliane}, + date = {2019-01}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {136}, + pages = {71--110}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.09.002}, + abstract = {Lack of skills is arguably one of the most important determinants of high levels of unemployment and poverty. In response, policymakers often initiate vocational training programs in effort to enhance skill formation among the youth. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we examine a large youth training intervention in Nepal. We find, twelve months after the start of the training program, that the intervention generated an increase in non-farm employment of 10 percentage points (ITT estimates) and up to 31 percentage points for program compliers (LATE estimates). We also detect sizeable gains in monthly earnings. Women who start self-employment activities inside their homes largely drive these impacts. We argue that low baseline educational levels and non-farm employment levels and Nepal’s social and cultural norms towards women drive our large program impacts. Our results suggest that the program enables otherwise underemployed women to earn an income while staying at home – close to household errands and in line with the socio-cultural norms that prevent them from taking up employment outside the house.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/0000-0001-8069-4900}, + researcherid-numbers = {Nikolov, Plamen/Q-8735-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000453623400005}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nepal,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on a vocational training program for youth in Nepal ich which both its impacts on earnings and employment probabilities are analyzed.\\ +Generally, it finds an increase in non-farm employment combined with increased monthly earnings, which are mostly driven through young women starting self-employment.\\ +The study finds larger impacts than many similar programs in more middle-income situated countries, and puts them down to low baseline educational and non-farm employment levels.\\ +Additionally, the possibility for the skills increases to allow women to start working self-employed circumvents some of the restrictive social norms for women in Nepal.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Chakravarty2019_Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/26A4P7FA/Chakravarty2019_Vocational training programs and youth labor market outcomes.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Chamadia2021, + ids = {WOS:000632615700001,chamadia2021assessing}, + title = {Assessing the Effectiveness of Vocational Training Programs in {{Pakistan}}: {{An}} Experimental Study}, + author = {Chamadia, Sumaira and Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat}, + date = {2021-06-01}, + journaltitle = {Education and Training}, + volume = {63}, + number = {5}, + pages = {665--678}, + publisher = {{Emerald Publishing Limited}}, + issn = {0040-0912}, + doi = {10.1108/ET-04-2020-0085}, + abstract = {Purpose The major objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of the technical and vocational training courses imparted to generate employment or enhance the productivity of participants. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in the province of Sindh, Pakistan by adopting a quasi-experimental approach. The experiment was conducted on 105 individuals-with the age group of 20-25-distributed between the treatment group and the control group. The data collected through the experiment were analyzed by applying a paired-sample t-test, independent sample t-test and one-way between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings The findings of this study show statistically significant higher monthly earnings of Rs14, 223 after the training intervention program. Findings also exhibit a significant difference in monthly earnings between the control and the treatment groups. Practical implications The findings of the study can provide useful input to policymakers while devising the policies regarding technical education and vocational training (TVET) and to the international donors in assessing the impact of the training initiatives. Originality/value This study presents experimental-driven evidence on the role of technical education and vocational training in improving the labor market outcomes.}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021}, + eissn = {1758-6127}, + orcid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/0000-0003-1207-6427}, + researcherid-numbers = {Mubarik, Muhammad Shujaat/AAF-5693-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000632615700001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Pakistan,done,no-access,region::AP}, + note = {A study on the impact of TVET programmes in Pakistan on the effects of individual earnings for participants.\\ +It finds that participants generally have an increase in earnings after the program, which the study argues is due to Pakistan's overall low level of income and the programme selection for especially rural youth.\\ +It sees potential dangers to its external validity since it follows a very specific institute selection for its analyzed program: that of an institute offering only training programs very highly demanded by the industry.\\ +It leads the study to conclude that the country should focus its efforts on similarly in-demand training curricula, though it sees its limitations in neither differentiating between genders nor private and public institutions for a broader analysis.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Chamadia2021_Assessing the effectiveness of vocational training programs in Pakistan.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DJMRMN4X/Chamadia2021_Assessing the effectiveness of vocational training programs in Pakistan.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Chaure2021, + ids = {WOS:000694637500001}, + title = {The Right to Work and to Live: {{The}} Implications of {{India}}'s {{NREGS}} Program for Missing Women}, + author = {Chaure, Trupti and Hicks, Daniel}, + date = {2021}, + journaltitle = {Social Science Quarterly}, + volume = {102}, + number = {6}, + pages = {2528--2551}, + issn = {0038-4941}, + doi = {10.1111/ssqu.12993}, + abstract = {Objective Limited economic opportunity for women reduces their household bargaining power and the economic value of daughters, amplifying son preference. This paper studies India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), the largest workfare program in the world. Methods In a setting where the gender gap in employment and wages are sizeable, NREGS represented both an income shock and a large relative improvement in the labor market for women. We use the staggered rollout of NREGS to show that districts that implemented the program earlier experienced an improvement in child sex ratios in favor of girls. Results We find that impacts exist only in rural areas, not in the urban counterparts of the same district, where NREGS did not operate. Furthermore, effects are larger in middle-income and upper income districts and districts with the most skewed initial sex ratios, results which are inconsistent with an alternative selection story. Finally, the effects appear only for rural youth sex ratios, not for adult sex ratios, suggesting endogenous migration is not driving the results. Conclusion Our results suggest that the adoption of NREGS may have decreased pressures associated with sex selection in India, lessening skewed sex ratios in rural areas.}, + earlyaccessdate = {SEP 2021}, + eissn = {1540-6237}, + orcid-numbers = {Hicks, Daniel/0000-0002-1722-4970}, + unique-id = {WOS:000694637500001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP}, + note = {A study on the effects of India's employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) on gender discrimination by looking at sex ratio preferences in affected areas.\\ +The study argues limited economic opportunity for women also reduces their household bargaining power and thus, and with it the economic value of daughters, which may be affected through NREGS.\\ +It finds a significant improvement in child sex ratios towards females in districts affected by the NREGS rollout, however, only in urban districts was the effect significant.\\ +Possible channels of affecting the outcome were decreased sex selection pressures through improved female labor market opportunities given by NREGS, as well as a reduction in income constraints, more resilience toward external shock events, or an impacted attitude towards daughters.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Chaure2021_The right to work and to live.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5JR7WBBI/Chaure2021_The right to work and to live.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{cheema2014good, + title = {Do Good Intentions Matter? {{Experimental}} Evidence on How Citizens Respond to Promises of Government Service Delivery}, + author = {Cheema, Ali and Khwaja, Asim I. and Naseer, Farooq and Shapiro, Jacob N.}, + date = {2014}, + series = {{{CID Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {280}, + institution = {{Harvard University}}, + location = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + abstract = {Can government programs that fail to deliver still influence citizen behavior? Large literatures in political science and economics study the effect of various government programs on how citizens engage with the state. A tacit assumption in many of these papers is that citizens value government programs proportionally to the amount of money spent. Yet there is tremendous heterogeneity in the mapping between spending and how much value citizens actually get from a program. And even programs that do not work may still reflect substantial government investments, thereby informing citizens' beliefs about how much weight the government places on their welfare. Using a large-scale randomized evaluation of a vocational training program in southern Punjab we provide evidence that good intentions might matter; citizens offered a program that almost no one used voted for the ruling party at higher rates in subsequent elections if offered multiple training vouchers than if only offered one. Men who received the training offer became more socially engaged and used government services at higher rates. Women had the opposite reaction. These results have implications for theories of civic engagement.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevance::unsure,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of a vocational training subsidy in Pakistan which, by participation rate should be seen as a failed intervention, on the perception of its target population, as well as their political participation and future use of government services.\\ +It finds that even for ostensibly failed ALMPs the societal outcome can still be significant, with higher political voting favor for the ruling party, as well as additionally increased pro-social engagement and government service use.\\ +While these findings apply to men in the study, women had the opposite outcome, with a decrease in both.\\ +The study suggests this gender heterogeneity may stem from the value of courses on offer during the failed ALMP program being primarily targeted, designed for and by, men and (inadvertently or otherwise) proving inadequate for women's welfare.\\ +Thus, the perception of attempts to meet social welfare goals by the government might be as important as the actual outcomes of its programs, in people's perception.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Cheema2014_Do good intentions matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5HLSQ3U8/Cheema2014_Do good intentions matter.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Choe2015, + ids = {Choe2011,Choe2015a,WOS:000350031200015,flores2011dropouts}, + title = {Do Dropouts with Longer Training Exposure Benefit from Training Programs? {{Korean}} Evidence Employing Methods for Continuous Treatments}, + author = {Choe, Chung and Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Lee, Sang-Jun}, + date = {2015-03}, + journaltitle = {Empirical Economics}, + volume = {48}, + pages = {849--881}, + publisher = {{IZA Discussion Paper}}, + issn = {0377-7332}, + doi = {10.1007/s00181-014-0805-y}, + abstract = {Failure of participants to complete training programs is pervasive in existing active labor market programs, both in developed and developing countries. From a policy perspective, it is of interest to know if dropouts benefit from the time they spend in training since these programs require considerable resources. We shed light on this issue by estimating the average employment effects of different lengths of exposure by dropouts in a Korean job training program, and contrasting it to the ones by program completers. To do this, we employ methods to estimate effects from continuous treatments using the generalized propensity score, under the assumption that selection into different lengths of exposure is based on a rich set of observed covariates. We find that dropouts with longer exposures exhibit higher employment probabilities one year after receiving training, but only after surpassing a threshold of exposure of about 12-15 weeks. In contrast, program completers exhibit higher returns from their time of exposure to the program than dropouts, but these tend to decline for longer program durations.}, + eissn = {1435-8921}, + orcid-numbers = {Choe, Chung/0000-0002-5173-9644}, + unique-id = {WOS:000350031200015}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Korea,done,program::training,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Choe2015_Do dropouts with longer training exposure benefit from training programs.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TAWR8ADC/Choe2015_Do dropouts with longer training exposure benefit from training programs.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Das2021, + ids = {WOS:000624897400004}, + title = {Training the Disadvantaged Youth and Labor Market Outcomes: {{Evidence}} from {{Bangladesh}}}, + author = {Das, Narayan}, + date = {2021-03}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {149}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102585}, + abstract = {This paper estimates the effects of a youth training program in Bangladesh on labor market outcomes. The program, organized as a randomized controlled trial , provides on-the-job and classroom training to disadvantaged unemployed youth. ITT results show that six months after the intervention, on-the-job training increases labor market participation by 16 percentage points and earnings by 23\%. The effect on employment declines in the long-run, after 22 months, but the effect on earnings is sustained as the program induces a shi f t from casual work to wage employment. Adding classroom training over on-the-job training has no short term effect on aggregate employment and earnings but it has more sustained effect .}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + unique-id = {WOS:000624897400004}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bangladesh,done,group::youth,program::training,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study for a randomized control trial of vocational training effects on the earnings and employment probability of youth in Bangladesh.\\ +The study focuses on differentiating between the effects of classroom and on-the-job training, with on-the-job training providing significant short-term effects for both employment and earnings but with employment effects dropping off over long-term (22 months after program end).\\ +This, the study contends, implies an overall increase of productivity due to on-the-job training, and a sustained shift from casual to formal work.\\ +On-the-job training also had a stronger employment effect for women and a stronger earnings effect for men, due to women generally shifting from casual to self-employment work and men from casual to formal wage employment.\\ +Classroom training did not have significant short-term effect on employment, and while no statistically significant difference between treatments is found, it did lead to a slightly more sustained effect on aggregate earnings and employment long-term.\\ +Short-term, classroom training had a slight detrimental effect on male employment due to a generally lower uptake of the combined program by men.\\ +It concluded in a cost-benefit analysis that combined training was deemed cost-inefficient while on-the-job training could be scaled up cost-efficiently.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Das2021_Training the disadvantaged youth and labor market outcomes.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5BNUJRPY/Das2021_Training the disadvantaged youth and labor market outcomes.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{deMel2012, + title = {One-Time Transfers of Cash or Capital Have Long-Lasting Effects on Microenterprises in {{Sri Lanka}}}, + author = {de Mel, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher}, + options = {useprefix=true}, + date = {2012}, + journaltitle = {Science}, + volume = {335}, + number = {6071}, + pages = {962--966}, + doi = {10.1126/science.1212973}, + keywords = {country::Sri Lanka,done,program::cash grant,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study in Sri Lanka which evaluates the effects of cash grants on the long-term earnings of micro-entrepreneurs. +\par +It finds that, for male-owned microenterprises, continued increased earnings could still be seen 5 years after the initial cash grant. +\par +It also finds a large gender heterogeneity however, with female-owned microenterprises showing similar earnings to the control group. +\par +The authors suggest this is due to most of the cash grant diverted from the business to the household and female-lead microenterprises being more likely situated in industries with low economies of scale.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:12:02Z}, + file = {de Mel2012_One-time transfers of cash or capital have long-lasting effects on.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/93YL227I/de Mel2012_One-time transfers of cash or capital have long-lasting effects on.pdf:application/pdf;experimental_summary.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/A4J4DB22/experimental_summary.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{deMel2019, + title = {Labor Drops: {{Experimental}} Evidence on the Return to Additional Labor in Microenterprises}, + author = {de Mel, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher}, + options = {useprefix=true}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {11}, + number = {1}, + eprint = {26565519}, + eprinttype = {jstor}, + pages = {202--235}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, + issn = {19457782, 19457790}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20170497}, + abstract = {A field experiment in Sri Lanka provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor benefits such firms and whether a short-term subsidy can have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics 4 years after treatment, we find that firms increased employment during the subsidy period. Treated firms were more likely to survive, but there was no lasting impact on employment and no effect on profitability or sales either during or after the subsidy period. There is some heterogeneity in effects; the subsidies have a more durable effect on manufacturers.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Sri Lanka,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {de Mel2019_Labor drops.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/Q4B7HPXC/de Mel2019_Labor drops.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Denisova2010, + title = {Are {{Retraining Programs}} a {{Panacea}} for the {{Russian Labor Market}}?}, + author = {Denisova, I. and Kartseva, M.}, + date = {2010-05-01}, + journaltitle = {Problems of Economic Transition}, + shortjournal = {Problems of Economic Transition}, + volume = {53}, + number = {1}, + pages = {5--16}, + issn = {1061-1991}, + doi = {10.2753/PET1061-1991530101}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment probability outcomes of a vocational (re)training program targeted at unemployed in two regions of Russia.\\ +The study finds no significant impacts on either earnings or employment probability overall.\\ +However, there was quite some heterogeneity within those results, with disabled people in one of the two regions having significant increases to both employment and earnings.\\ +Also in the same region, older beneficiaries that were aged over 45 years had a marginally positive impact on employment probability, while younger beneficiaries under 25 had a marginally negative impact on employment probabilities.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:20:49Z}, + file = {Denisova2010_Are Retraining Programs a Panacea for the Russian Labor Market.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HTL8N3G8/Denisova2010_Are Retraining Programs a Panacea for the Russian Labor Market.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Do2020, + ids = {WOS:000542060800052}, + title = {Impact of Vocational Training on Wages of Ethnic Minority Labors in {{Vietnam}}}, + author = {Do, Ha Thi Hai and Mai, Cuong Ngoc and Mai, Anh Ngoc and Nguyen, Nui Dang and Pham, Toan Ngoc and Le, Huong Thi Thu and Tran, Manh Dung and Vu, Tri Tuan}, + date = {2020-06}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business}, + volume = {7}, + number = {6}, + pages = {551--560}, + issn = {2288-4637}, + doi = {10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.551}, + abstract = {This research investigates the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in emerging countries; Vietnam is the case study. The study uses secondary data from 2014 to 2018 collected through Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys (VHLSS) conducted by the General Statistics Office. In order to analyze the impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority areas in Vietnam, this research creates ethnic area variables. According to Vietnamese regulations, ethnic areas are communes of 51 different provinces, inhabited by ethnic minority people. The statistics from VHLSS in 2018, show that the proportion of labors of working age with a certificate was 22.5\%. The research employs Heckman Sample Selection Model to estimate the impact of vocation training on wage of labors in ethnic minority areas. The results show that vocational training plays a crucial role in improving the wages of ethnic minorities and has a positive impact. However, apart from the achieved outcomes, vocational training and job creation for ethnic minorities are not without limitations and shortcomings. Based on the findings, some recommendations to ethnic minority labors, enterprises and the Government are proposed to encourage participation in vocational training for the purpose of promoting the efficiency of the labor market.}, + eissn = {2288-4645}, + unique-id = {WOS:000542060800052}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Vietnam,done,group::minorities,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure}, + note = {A study on the effects of vocational training in ethnic minority areas in Vietnam on workers' earnings.\\ +It finds that generally vocational training brings an increase in higher wage opportunities for workers due to increasing the general technical qualifications of workers.\\ +Compared between the genders, the same vocational training level brought more wages to female workers than to male workers, which is explained due to male workers preferring temporary labor over more permanent factory work which female workers engage in more prominently.\\ +The study makes the caveat, however, that vocational training in the minority areas may not be meeting market demand, which leads to a stark reduction in the potential productivity increases and vocational training more associated with regional practices is a recommendation to increase its effectiveness.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Do2020_Impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in vietnam.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DHWTFXUL/Do2020_Impact of vocational training on wages of ethnic minority labors in vietnam.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Freire2018, + ids = {WOS:000454066800002}, + title = {Wage Subsidies and the Labor Supply of Older People: {{Evidence}} from {{Singapore}}'s Workfare Income Supplement Scheme}, + author = {Freire, Tiago}, + date = {2018-12}, + journaltitle = {Singapore Economic Review}, + volume = {63}, + number = {5}, + pages = {1101--1139}, + issn = {0217-5908}, + doi = {10.1142/S0217590815500964}, + abstract = {An increasing body of literature considers population aging and labor markets, focusing on the dynamics of older workers' labor market participation. Singapore introduced the Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) scheme in 2007, targeting low-income, older workers. Previous studies show that labor force participation drops significantly after the age of 45. We examine whether a wage subsidy program can increase the labor supply of these older workers. Using Hong Kong as a control group in a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach, we find that this program increased labor force participation for women aged 60-64 by 3.1-5.5\% points, but had no statistically significant impact on the labor supply of men.}, + eissn = {1793-6837}, + orcid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/0000-0001-7840-7431}, + researcherid-numbers = {Freire, Tiago/C-1035-2018}, + unique-id = {WOS:000454066800002}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Singapore,done,group::older,program::wage subsidy,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Freire2018_WAGE SUBSIDIES AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF OLDER PEOPLE.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CDMECZ3N/Freire2018_WAGE SUBSIDIES AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF OLDER PEOPLE.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ghosh2019, + ids = {WOS:000495889900001}, + title = {Paid Work, Unpaid Care Work and Women's Empowerment in {{Nepal}}}, + author = {Ghosh, Anweshaa and Chopra, Deepta}, + date = {2019-10-02}, + journaltitle = {Contemporary South Asia}, + volume = {27}, + number = {4}, + pages = {471--485}, + issn = {0958-4935}, + doi = {10.1080/09584935.2019.1687646}, + abstract = {Employment and work surveys in Nepal have shown a high concentration of women in certain occupations, being flexible, low paid and requiring low skill. In the far-western region (Jumla District, Karnali Zone), the Government of Nepal provides employment to women and men through a public works programme, the Karnali Employment Programme (KEP). This paper assesses the empowerment potential of the KEP and similar employment programmes, and questions whether paid work leads to economic empowerment for women. It provides a glimpse into work patterns in low-income families in Nepal, and juxtaposes the goal of women's economic empowerment through entry into the labour market with their lived realities and needs. The paper uses ILO's Decent Work framework to argue that two key aspects are critical for women's empowerment through paid work: firstly, quality; and secondly, a positive balance between paid work, unpaid work and care work.}, + earlyaccessdate = {NOV 2019}, + eissn = {1469-364X}, + unique-id = {WOS:000495889900001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nepal,done,group::women,program::public works,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A qualitative study on the impact of the 'Karnali Employment Programme', a public works program in Nepal on female empowerment, specifically through the improvement of job quality and remuneration available to women.\\ +At its basis it uses the ILO Decent Work framework to argue for a direct relationship between job quality, balance of paid, unpaid and care work, and individual empowerment.\\ +It finds that, ultimately the program does not provide significant increase in job quality, or resulting empowerment, due to the type of work not enhancing human capital, general workplace conditions, missing social protection, and no regard being taken for additional unpaid carework (i.e. no childcare provisions).\\ +The concrete channels these issues become noticeable are the lack of flexible work timings, lighter work for pregnant women, childcare facilities and any possibilities for organization, to enact coherent social changes.\\ +Lastly, there are too few hours of work paid through the program for the formal wage equality to significantly impact earnings, especially with the additional hours of unpaid care work still required of the women.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ghosh2019_Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/G5D39R93/Ghosh2019_Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Gine2014, + title = {Money or Ideas? {{A}} Field Experiment on Constraints to Entrepreneurship in Rural {{Pakistan}}}, + author = {Giné, Xavier and Mansuri, Ghazala}, + date = {2014}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {6959}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + keywords = {country::Pakistan,done,program::cash grant,program::training,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {An experimental control trial on the effect of either business training or a large cash grant on the earnings potential of micro-entrepreneurs in rural Pakistan. +\par +It finds that the business training has significant positive impacts on earnings as well as business knowledge and firm survival, while the large cash grant carries no significant impact. +\par +The authors suggest that this shows that possible borrowing constraints may already be satisfied through the normal credit loan possibility in the country. +\par +While the business training has positive effects, it is overall still not cost-effective, which may be one reason why few microfinance institutions are offering it. +\par +Lastly, there is a large gender heterogeneity, with women increasing their business knowledge similarly to men but not seeing the same significant positive impacts on earnings, which the authors suggest in turn depends more on their ability to exercise independent agency.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T10:11:13Z}, + file = {Gine2014_Money or ideas.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8KFWWVTR/Gine2014_Money or ideas.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Hirshleifer2016, + ids = {Hirshleifer2016a,almeida2012impact}, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Vocational Training}} for the {{Unemployed}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Turkey}}}, + author = {Hirshleifer, Sarojini and McKenzie, David and Almeida, Rita and Ridao-Cano, Cristobal}, + date = {2016}, + journaltitle = {The Economic Journal}, + volume = {126}, + number = {597}, + pages = {2115--2146}, + publisher = {{[Oxford University Press, Royal Economic Society, Wiley]}}, + issn = {00130133, 14680297}, + doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12211}, + abstract = {We use a randomised experiment to evaluate Turkey's vocational training programmes for the unemployed. A detailed follow-up survey of a large sample with low attrition enables precise estimation of treatment impacts and their heterogeneity. The average impact of training on employment is positive but close to zero and statistically insignificant, which is much lower than programme officials and applicants expected. Over the first year, training had statistically significant effects on the quality of employment and these positive impacts are stronger when training is offered by private providers. However, administrative data show that after three years these effects have also dissipated.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Turkey,done,program::training,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial studying the short- and medium-term impacts of vocational training for the unemployed in Turkey, analyzing its effects on employment probability and job quality.\\ +In general it finds that the programs, short-term (first year), have a positive impact on both employment probability and the job quality of participants, but this effect dissipates after roughly three years.\\ +The study also suggests that private courses may offer better results due to being more responsive to labor market and employer demands, and operating with more competition which requires a quality increase in their program.\\ +A cost-benefit analysis deems the programs' benefits not exceeding their costs with the dissipating medium-term impacts.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Hirshleifer2016_The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MBQVYHEU/Hirshleifer2016_The Impact of Vocational Training for the Unemployed.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Hoy2019, + ids = {Hoy2019b,RePEc:vrs:izajdm:v:10:y:2019:i:1:p:1839-59:n:3}, + title = {The Marginal Benefit of an Active Labor Market Program Relative to a Public Works Program: {{Evidence}} from Papua New Guinea}, + author = {Hoy, Christopher and Darian, Naidoo}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Development and Migration}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1839--1859}, + doi = {10.2478/izajodm-2019-0003}, + abstract = {Policymakers typically try to address youth unemployment in developing countries through either active labor market programs (ALMPs) or labor-intensive public works programs (LIPWs). We examine whether there is any additional benefit for unemployed youth from participating in a comprehensive ALMP compared to a LIPW. We exploit an unanticipated intervention in the largest employment program in Papua New Guinea, which resulted in one intake of the program completing a LIPW and missing out on a comprehensive ALMP. We conduct a difference-in-difference analysis between participants in the intake that missed out on the ALMP component of the program and participants in the intakes immediately before and after. In contrast to most impact evaluations of ALMPs, we show youth that completed the comprehensive ALMP were around twice as likely to be employed in the formal sector 9–12 months after the program compared to similar youth in the intake that only completed a LIWP. This effect was entirely driven by 20\% of youth who participated in the ALMP staying with the employer they were placed with following the end of the program. Surveys of these employers illustrate that they use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk, and relatively low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, + keywords = {active labor market policy,citation_checked,country::Papa New Guinea,done,lmp::active,program::public works,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of a variety of ALMP (public works, vocational training, job matching and an employment subsidy) on both employment probability and job quality of youth in Papua New Guinea versus solely providing them with the public works opportunity.\\ +It finds that completion of the more comprehensive ALMP had a significant positive impact on being formally employed within 9-12 months as opposed to only participating in the public works, but no other changes in job quality were measurable.\\ +The channel this difference manifested itself through was entirely 20\% of participants of ALMP staying with the employer they were placed at through the measures.\\ +Those not staying at their assigned employer had no significant increase in employment probability, which suggests that employers use the ALMP as a low-cost, low-risk and low-effort way of hiring new employees.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Hoy2019_The marginal benefit of an active labor market program relative to a public.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZBZ6DCIH/Hoy2019_The marginal benefit of an active labor market program relative to a public.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Jain2019, + ids = {WOS:000453497900021}, + title = {Barriers to Skill Acquisition: {{Evidence}} from {{English}} Training in {{India}}}, + author = {Jain, Tarun and Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha}, + date = {2019-02}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + volume = {114}, + pages = {314--325}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.011}, + abstract = {Skill development is viewed as an escape from the low education - high unemployment trap in developing countries. Despite investments in skill development programs, participation and completion rates in many programs remain low. We investigate factors that prevent individuals from acquiring spoken English, a skill with potentially high returns in the labour market. Using data from a field experiment in India, we find that offering subsidies increases the probability of participating in a spoken English training program. Simultaneously, distance to the training center, pre-existing knowledge of spoken English, and past enrolment in a similar course act as significant barriers to take-up. These findings suggest that multidimensional policy solutions are required to overcome barriers to skill development in developing countries. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + orcid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/0000-0003-0247-4069}, + researcherid-numbers = {Maitra, Pushkar/R-9003-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000453497900021}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,region::AP,relevance::unsure}, + note = {take-up of English courses was lower if individuals spoke Urdu at home but family characteristics (religion, gender, caste, household size or assets) had no influence\\ +Annotation\\ +A study on college undergraduate population living in Hyderabad, India, who were selected, based on self-reported ability to speak English and their ambitions to improve English skills, to randomly receive full (100\%), partial (50\%), or no (0\%) subsidy towards the cost of a spoken English language program. \\ +The distance to training centers posed a significant barrier to take-up, as did a previous enrolment in a similar course.\\ +People receiving a subsidy were significantly more likely to participate in the program with the effect of the full subsidy also being significantly different from partial subsidy, indicating an economic barrier to program participation as well.\\ +Policy recommendations center around the location of skill training centers in close proximity of an individual's radius of daily routine (in this case, close to the college), creating efficient program targeting through prior skill screening to filter out pre-existing high quality skills or prior participation in training programs.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Jain2019_Barriers to skill acquisition.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AXENM4I4/Jain2019_Barriers to skill acquisition.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Jensen2012, + title = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{India}}}, + shorttitle = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions?}, + author = {Jensen, Robert}, + date = {2012-05}, + journaltitle = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, + volume = {127}, + number = {2}, + pages = {753--792}, + issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650}, + doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs002}, + abstract = {Do labor market opportunities for women affect marriage and fertility decisions? We provided three years of recruiting services to help young women in randomly selected rural Indian villages get jobs in the business process outsourcing industry. Because the industry was so new at the time of the study, there was almost no awareness of these jobs, allowing us in effect to exogenously increase women's labor force opportunities from the perspective of rural households. We find that young women in treatment villages were significantly less likely to get married or have children during this period, choosing instead to enter the labor market or obtain more schooling or postschool training. Women also report wanting to have fewer children and to work more steadily throughout their lifetime, consistent with increased aspirations for a career.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,group::rural,group::women,program::job market services,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:51:19Z}, + file = {Jensen2012_Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/96KLMPZR/Jensen2012_Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Kuchakov2021, + ids = {WOS:000736377000001}, + title = {{{COVID-19}} Wage Subsidies and {{SME}} Performance: {{Evidence}} from {{Russia}}}, + author = {Kuchakov, Ruslan and Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy}, + date = {2021}, + journaltitle = {Applied Economics Letters}, + issn = {1350-4851}, + doi = {10.1080/13504851.2021.2020209}, + abstract = {We study the effects of COVID-19 wage subsidies offered to Russian SMEs. This programme disbursed over USD400m of monthly grants to cover wage bills to firms in COVID-affected industries under the condition of retaining employment in 2020. In a triple difference design we find no effects of such grants on survival, employment, or profitability of firms in the affected industries by early 2021.}, + earlyaccessdate = {DEC 2021}, + eissn = {1466-4291}, + orcid-numbers = {Ruslan, Kuchakov/0000-0001-5757-410X}, + researcherid-numbers = {Skougarevskiy, Dmitriy/AAG-4908-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000736377000001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects on the employer side of employment subsidies in Russia, analyzing the resulting employment, profitability and firm survival.\\ +It is done in the wake of the economic shock of COVID-19, under which a program in Russia was started subsidizing SMEs ({$<$}250 employees) with a minimum wage grant for retaining 90\% of their work force.\\ +It finds that there are no significant effects on either of firm survival or profitability and it also did not affect employee's probability of remaining employed.\\ +The study argues an optimal subsidy should incentivize firms toward the socially optimal decision of shutting down or remaining open, depending on the shadow price of labor, shock permanence and re-opening costs and subsidy targeting should follow this logic to off-set shocks just enough to stay in business.\\ +However, with the limited amount of information available to policy implementers (program used primary industry code) and the overall limited scope possible for the Russian subsidy program this was not able to be done here, for example targeting firms that were not planning to reduce employment in the first place.\\ +The study authors instead recommend to implement a universal wage subsidy program which is not targeted by being conditioned on being in specific affected industries.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Kuchakov2021_COVID-19 wage subsidies and SME performance.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RT9MHSKW/Kuchakov2021_COVID-19 wage subsidies and SME performance.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Lee2019, + ids = {WOS:000486322100008}, + title = {The Effects and Challenges of Vocational Training in {{Korea}}}, + author = {Lee, Jong-Wha and Han, Jong-Suk and Song, Eunbi}, + date = {2019-07-05}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Training Research}, + volume = {17}, + number = {1}, + pages = {96--111}, + issn = {1448-0220}, + doi = {10.1080/14480220.2019.1639272}, + abstract = {This paper explores whether training programs were effective in improving labor market performance of individuals, in particular wages and employment probability, in South Korea. The regression analyses using the data from Korean respondents in the Program for the International Assessment of Adults Competencies (PIAAC) survey show the strong positive effects of vocational training programs on earnings as well as on employment probability of individuals, while controlling for education, experience, and literacy skills as a proxy for unobserved ability, as well as occupation and industry. Moreover, the effects of job-training tend to be larger in older cohorts. These results suggest that against challenges posed by rapidly aging population and emergence of technological breakthroughs, Korea should promote vocational training activities and life-long learning programs, especially to the elderly.}, + orcid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/0000-0002-3152-4961 Song, Eunbi/0000-0002-7659-5878}, + researcherid-numbers = {Lee, Jong-Wha/I-1076-2016 Song, Eunbi/AAW-6340-2021}, + unique-id = {WOS:000486322100008}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Korea,done,program::training,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Lee2019_The effects and challenges of vocational training in Korea.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4WAU6NQ7/Lee2019_The effects and challenges of vocational training in Korea.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Li2022, + ids = {WOS:000744879800001}, + title = {Land Inequality and Workfare Policies}, + author = {Li, Yanan and Sunder, Naveen}, + date = {2022}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies}, + issn = {0022-0388}, + doi = {10.1080/00220388.2021.2008362}, + abstract = {This paper contributes to the relatively scant literature on the impacts of inequality on the efficacy of public works programmes. We study this in the context of India. In particular, we examine the effect of land inequality on the implementation of the world's largest workfare programme - the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). Our OLS estimates demonstrate that the concentration of land ownership reduces the efficacy of NREGA. An instrumental variable (IV) analysis, where we use the historical land tenure system as an IV for contemporaneous land inequality, further corroborates our findings. This negative relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that public work schemes raise agricultural wages in the private labour market, thereby incentivising big landlords to use their political power to oppose such programmes. We exclude the possibility that the higher provision of public jobs in more equal areas is driven by a higher demand for public jobs or by caste or religious differences. This study suggests that the concentration of land ownership, a proxy for power asymmetries, could hinder effective implementation of development policies.}, + earlyaccessdate = {JAN 2022}, + eissn = {1743-9140}, + unique-id = {WOS:000744879800001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of land ownership concentration on the employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in India, by analyzing the resulting earnings and proliferation of NREGS itself.\\ +It looks at this concentration in more general terms as a proxy for power asymmetry between potential employers and employees.\\ +It finds that a concentration of land ownership in a region generally decreases or impedes the proliferation of NREGS since landlords use their political power to oppose the program.\\ +It suggests this is primarily due the potential of NREGS to impact wages which is opposed by landlords to minimize rural bargaining power.\\ +The channel that NREGS have to affect rural earnings in this way is through a de-facto enforcement of minimum wages laws, by providing an alternative to more informal work if no minimum wages are obeyed.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Li2022_Land inequality and workfare policies.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/X39EIHDT/Li2022_Land inequality and workfare policies.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Maitra2017, + title = {Learning and Earning: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation in {{India}}}, + shorttitle = {Learning and Earning}, + author = {Maitra, Pushkar and Mani, Subha}, + date = {2017-04}, + journaltitle = {Labour Economics}, + shortjournal = {Labour Economics}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {116--130}, + issn = {09275371}, + doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.007}, + abstract = {Our paper presents the economic returns from participating in a subsidized vocational education program for women residing in low-income households in India. We combine pre-intervention data with two rounds of post-intervention data in an experimental framework to quantify the 6- and 18-month treatment effects of the program. The 6-month treatment effects indicate that women who were offered the vocational education program are 6\% points more likely to be employed, 4\% points more likely to be self-employed, work 2.5 additional hours per week, and earn 150\% more per month than women in the control group. Using a second round of follow-up data collected 18 months after the intervention, we find that the 6-month treatment effects are all sustained over the medium run. Finally, cost-benefit analysis indicates that the program costs can be recovered with less than four years of employment. Overall our findings suggest that vocational education may serve to be a promising avenue through which young women can contribute to their household welfare.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,group::women,program::training,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial studying the impacts of, and the barriers to, vocational training participation for women in urban India, evaluating the effects on earnings, employment probability, the probability of being self-employed and hours worked.\\ +It finds that a subsidized vocational training significantly positively impacted employment probability and hours worked, and had a large significant impact on earnings for the women.\\ +The results of this occurred short-term and sustained over the medium-term as well (6 and 18 months after the program ended).\\ +It suggests that primarily direct skill accumulation lead to the necessary knowledge and productivity for improved labor force participation and neither a strong change in behavior nor a certificate effect for employers were the primary changes.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:01:18Z}, + file = {Maitra2017_Learning and earning.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NKLVZBGN/Maitra2017_Learning and earning.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Merfeld2018, + ids = {WOS:000453623400009}, + title = {Spatially Heterogeneous Effects of a Public Works Program}, + author = {Merfeld, Joshua D.}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {136}, + pages = {151--167}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.10.007}, + abstract = {Most research on labor market effects of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme focuses on outcomes at the district level. This paper shows that such a focus masks substantial spatial heterogeneity: treated villages located near untreated areas see smaller increases in casual wages than treated villages located farther from untreated areas. Spatial differences in implementation or program leakages do not appear to drive this spatial heterogeneity. The effects of the program on private-sector employment display similar intra-district heterogeneity and these effects on employment are highly correlated with the effect on wages. Overall, these results suggest that worker mobility leads a district-level focus to underestimate the true effect of the program on wages. Quantifying this underestimate using two separate methods produces very similar results; the overall effect on wages appears to be approximately twice as large as district-level estimates suggest.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + unique-id = {WOS:000453623400009}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment impacts of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in multiple rural districts, focusing especially on the spatial distribution of possible spill-over effects and the effects of surrounding areas on the treated zone.\\ +It finds a large spatial heterogeneity between such outcomes with treated villages that are located closer to untreated areas having smaller positive impacts on earnings than treated villages that are located farther from untreated areas.\\ +It suggests that since NREGS acts as a de-facto minimum wage enforcement, it increases labor bargaining power and this effect is not limited to directly treated zones.\\ +Thus, on the other hand, wage in untreated districts increases more when they are closer to treated districts, an effect which may lead many studies that focus on the district level to underestimate the true effects of the Indian NREGS.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Merfeld2018_Spatially heterogeneous effects of a public works program.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/26MW9YKI/Merfeld2018_Spatially heterogeneous effects of a public works program.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Nivorozhkin2005, + ids = {10.2307/23601613,WOS:000233415700014}, + title = {An Evaluation of Government-Sponsored Vocational Training Programmes for the Unemployed in Urban {{Russia}}}, + author = {Nivorozhkin, Anton}, + date = {2005-11}, + journaltitle = {Cambridge Journal of Economics}, + volume = {29}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1053--1072}, + publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, + issn = {0309-166X}, + doi = {10.1093/cje/bei087}, + abstract = {This is the first study on the effects of active labour market programs such as training in Russia. We use the data from the official unemployment register combined with information from the follow-up survey in a large industrial city in the year 2000. The method of propensity score matching was applied to learn whether participation in the training programmes increased the monthly salaries of participants. The findings suggest that individuals tend to benefit from the participation in the training programmes. However, one year later, this effect disappeared.}, + eissn = {1464-3545}, + unique-id = {WOS:000233415700014}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,lmp::active,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study in on a vocational re-training program in Russia, analyzing its impact on earnings for participants.\\ +The program is aimed at workers having become displaced after labor market restructuring in Russia made their skills as state-enterprise workers obsolete and now aims to allow them to reallocate their labor back into the new market environment.\\ +It finds that the program generally positively impacted participants' earnings short-term but the effects disappeared after one year.\\ +It suggests this is due to a certificate effect, with the training helping workers signify their skills to new employers better than those that did not receive training, but after beginning employment non-participants also reveal their skills and the difference in wages diminishes.\\ +Lastly, the sample comes from a single city with predominantly industrial sectors and the heterogeneity in the sample is significant with women having less positive earnings impact than men.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Nivorozhkin2005_An evaluation of government-sponsored vocational training programmes for the.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/H2RKQNVS/Nivorozhkin2005_An evaluation of government-sponsored vocational training programmes for the.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Novotny2013, + ids = {WOS:000325987700004}, + title = {A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Impacts of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: {{A}} Tale from Tamil Nadu}, + author = {Novotný, Josef and Kubelková, Jana and Joseph, Vanishree}, + date = {2013-11}, + journaltitle = {Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography}, + volume = {34}, + number = {3}, + pages = {322--341}, + issn = {0129-7619}, + doi = {10.1111/sjtg.12037}, + abstract = {This paper provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme using a case study from rural Tamil Nadu. Drawing on structured interviews in households and semi-structured interviews with local employers and officials, we analyse the effects of the workfare scheme when it is widely and properly implemented. We distinguish between different conceptualizations of the work scheme as a means of welfare provision, labour market policy and intervention directed towards other objectives. We found that the goals of the scheme were fulfilled unevenly in the given context. Among other findings, we show that positive effects on the welfare of participating and non-participating households were accompanied by adverse effects on the local economy and negligible impact on out-migration for work.}, + eissn = {1467-9493}, + orcid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/0000-0001-9556-7162 Joseph, Vanishree/0000-0002-0017-4751}, + researcherid-numbers = {Novotny, Josef/B-2691-2013 Novotny, Josef/D-8499-2013}, + unique-id = {WOS:000325987700004}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of the Indian employment guarantee scheme (NREGS) in Tamil Nadu, a single region in south India, on earnings and the local economy.\\ +It finds generally positive impacts on welfare both of participating and non-participating households in the region, however also some adverse effects on the local economy.\\ +First, the wages from NREGS constitute a notable part of household budgets in the first round which then puts upward pressure on private sector wages in a second round, also positively affecting non-participating household earnings.\\ +However, the private sector wage hikes may adversely affect local farmers, especially small-scale farmers in the region.\\ +Lastly, the scheme, due to the prevalence of its use by women, also significantly decreases relative gender wage disparity in the region.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Novotny2013_A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the mahatma gandhi national.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IQV5PX7X/Novotny2013_A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the mahatma gandhi national.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ozdamar2021, + ids = {WOS:000631520900001}, + title = {The Effect of the 2008 Employment Support Programme on Young Men's Labour Market Outcomes in {{Turkey}}: {{Evidence}} from a Regression Discontinuity Design}, + author = {Ozdamar, Oznur and Giovanis, Eleftherios and Dağlıoğlu, Cansu and Gerede, Cemaleddin}, + date = {2021-06}, + journaltitle = {Manchester School}, + volume = {89}, + number = {3}, + pages = {276--296}, + issn = {1463-6786}, + doi = {10.1111/manc.12362}, + abstract = {Active labour market policies (ALMPs), such as subsidies for wages, social security contributions (SSCs) and employment, are one of the most important tools of countries' efforts to tackle unemployment. The Turkish government launched the employment subsidy programme in 2008, aiming to decrease unemployment and to encourage formal employment by subsidizing the SSCs for relatively disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the 2008 policy on various labour outcomes. The entire analysis relies on micro-level panel data derived by the Survey of Income and Living Conditions over the period of 2008-2011. Young men aged between 18 and 29 years are eligible to the programme. To infer causality, we apply a regression discontinuity design analysis using as the cut-off point those who are aged 30 years. The findings show that the policy of 2008 had a positive impact on employment and the probability of being employed in the formal sector and working full time.}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021}, + eissn = {1467-9957}, + orcid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/0000-0002-7492-7461}, + researcherid-numbers = {Giovanis, Eleftherios/AAX-5634-2020}, + unique-id = {WOS:000631520900001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Turkey,done,program::wage subsidy,region::AP,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of an employment subsidy program in Turkey evaluating its impact on earnings, employment probability and the probability of a formal or permanent contract.\\ +It finds a positive but not significant impact on employment probabilities with a more significant impact for younger men, while there was no impact on earnings and no impact on the prevalence of permanent contracts.\\ +Since it finds its most significant impact on being formally employed full time, the study suggests that the subsidy program rather increased the formalization of existing jobs than create new employment opportunity and economic activity.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ozdamar2021_The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B33DKA8T/Ozdamar2021_The effect of the 2008 employment support programme on young men's labour.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Scandizzo2009, + ids = {WOS:000265235300006}, + title = {Option Values, Switches, and Wages: {{An}} Analysis of the Employment Guarantee Scheme in India}, + author = {Scandizzo, Pasquale and Gaiha, Raghav and Imai, Katsushi}, + date = {2009-05}, + journaltitle = {Review of Development Economics}, + volume = {13}, + number = {2}, + pages = {248--263}, + issn = {1363-6669}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9361.2008.00484.x}, + abstract = {Consistent with real option theory, the authors argue that the value of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in rural India and its impact on workers' behavior does not depend so much on its income supplementation as on enlargement of opportunities in the uncertain local labor market. The choice between the EGS and other activities is modeled in a dynamic optimization framework, taking into account a fixed wage rate and certainty of employment under the EGS and a stochastic wage rate under other activities. Specifically, volatility of wages in the rural labor markets has important implications for switches into the EGS and for concomitant welfare effects. Under such conditions, the higher the EGS wage, the greater is its attractiveness to relatively skilled and affluent workers, and for those already in it to continue. These and related predictions of the model are validated by panel data estimation.}, + orcid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/0000-0001-7989-8914 Scandizzo, Pasquale/0000-0002-8824-3589}, + researcherid-numbers = {Imai, Katsushi Imai/I-3595-2015}, + unique-id = {WOS:000265235300006}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::India,done,program::public works,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Scandizzo2009_Option values, switches, and wages.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4D3H4EDW/Scandizzo2009_Option values, switches, and wages.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Stuken2020, + ids = {WOS:000609243300005}, + title = {Evaluating the Effectiveness of Employment Assistance Measures: {{Case}} of {{Russian}} State Employment Centers}, + author = {Stuken, Tatiana and Korzhova, Olga}, + date = {2020}, + journaltitle = {Strategic Management}, + volume = {25}, + number = {4}, + pages = {44--53}, + issn = {1821-3448}, + doi = {10.5937/StraMan2004044S}, + abstract = {Russia is currently implementing the national project “Labor productivity and employment support”, which is a set of measures aimed at developing employment infrastructure and introducing organizational and technological innovations to support employment, including standard solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of state employment centers. This project defines the strategic directions of state regulation of the Russian labor market. This article deals with the issues of the population's demand for the services of employment centers, including not only registering as unemployed but also receiving public services to assist in finding a suitable job, vocational training, psychological support, etc. The study is based on the Russian labor force survey and microdata of employment centers for 2019 (more than 24,000 observations). Based on the data from the labor force survey, conclusions are drawn about the demand for the state employment centers' services among various groups of the population and about typical combinations of applying to the employment service with other job search channels. The analysis of regional microdata made it possible to evaluate the performance of employment centers based on information about the socio-demographic characteristics of the unemployed, the duration of the unemployment status, the fact of receiving benefits, the services received and the reasons for de-registration. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are made about the ways to improve the work of the state employment centers.}, + eissn = {2334-6191}, + orcid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/0000-0001-6005-9678}, + researcherid-numbers = {Stuken, Tatiana/H-6777-2016 Korzhova, Olga/G-2441-2017}, + unique-id = {WOS:000609243300005}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Russia,done,lmp::active,region::AP}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Stuken2020_Evaluating the effectiveness of employment assistance measures.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3UEDVDVR/Stuken2020_Evaluating the effectiveness of employment assistance measures.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Vandenberg2021, + ids = {WOS:000710338800002}, + title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in the {{Philippines}}}, + author = {Vandenberg, Paul and Laranjo, Jade}, + date = {2021-11}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Educational Development}, + volume = {87}, + issn = {0738-0593}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102501}, + abstract = {The paper analyzes the labor market outcomes of graduates of post-secondary technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Philippines. Using household data for 2015-2016, the results show significantly higher wages for TVET graduates relative to those who entered the job market with a secondary school education or below. However, individuals who both trained in TVET and pursued tertiary (university) education tend to have a lower wage than those with secondary school education or below. This counterintuitive result may be partly explained by the tendency for such dual-level individuals to complete the lowest level of TVET. Graduates of TVET are found more likely to be employed compared to individuals who only studied at secondary school or below as well as those who studied at the tertiary level.}, + article-number = {102501}, + eissn = {1873-4871}, + unique-id = {WOS:000710338800002}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Philippines,done,lmp::active,program::training,region::AP,relevance::unsure}, + note = {A study on vocational training in the Philippines, analyzing its impact on earnings and employment probability of participants.\\ +It finds that training graduates had a positive impact on their employment probability and received higher wages compared to only having a secondary education without the training.\\ +However, it also finds that training graduates with previous tertiary education tended to have lower wages than graduates with only secondary previous education.\\ +The study suggests this is due to graduates with tertiary education having a tendency to only complete a short period of tertiary training and the lowest level of their vocational training, also suggesting a link between training duration and graduate earnings.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Vandenberg2021_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TQQCYJZZ/Vandenberg2021_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines.pdf:application/pdf} +} + + diff --git a/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/lac.bib b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/lac.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..092554c --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/lac.bib @@ -0,0 +1,752 @@ + +@report{Acevedo2017, + ids = {Acevedo2017a,acevedo2019living}, + title = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}: {{How Job Training Made Women Better Off}} and {{Men Worse Off}}}, + shorttitle = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}}, + author = {Acevedo, Paloma and Cruces, Guillermo and Gertler, Paul and Martinez, Sebastian}, + date = {2017-03}, + number = {23264}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + location = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + doi = {10.3386/w23264}, + abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program’s negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative – for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {At-scale randomized field experiment conducted on impacts of embedding soft skills component into vocational youth training in Dominican Republic's 'Juventud y Empleo' program for at-risk youth.\\ +Focuses on both labor market outcomes and expectations to explain why some programs might have detrimental effects and heterogeneity between genders.\\ +Additionally, separates vocational training and soft-skills and internship components to analyze the marginal effect vocational training has,\\ +and carries out the analysis through its longer-term effects.\\ +Results show that, over short-term, women had improved labor market outcomes while males did not, and in fact had worsened outcomes after vocational training.\\ +While labor market outcome differences due to the program vanished over long-term, its different expectations did not, leading to an overall worse labor market expectation and welfare for men, better for women.\\ +Ultimately, it sees an improved long-term skill acquisition, self-esteem generation and lowered fertility rate for women, while men had sustained negative impacts on long-term expectations and welfare.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Acevedo2017_Living Up to Expectations.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NDEUZNRB/Acevedo2017_Living Up to Expectations.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Acosta2021, + ids = {WOS:000627634400001}, + title = {Public Works Programs and Crime: {{Evidence}} for {{El Salvador}}}, + author = {Acosta, Pablo and Montiel, Emma Monsalve}, + date = {2021-08}, + journaltitle = {Review of Development Economics}, + volume = {25}, + number = {3}, + pages = {1778--1793}, + issn = {1363-6669}, + doi = {10.1111/rode.12769}, + abstract = {Most evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007-2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km.}, + earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021}, + eissn = {1467-9361}, + orcid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo/0000-0002-3638-2368}, + researcherid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo Ariel/AAD-1178-2022}, + unique-id = {WOS:000627634400001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::El Salvador,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \\ +in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \\ +A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \\ +with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\\ +For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors --- driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes --- and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\\ +Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Acosta2021_Public works programs and crime.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KUESV62B/Acosta2021_Public works programs and crime.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Aedo2004, + title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}: {{The Case}} of {{Programa Joven}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}}, + author = {Aedo, Cristian and Nuñez, Sergio}, + date = {2004}, + number = {188}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1814739}, + urldate = {2022-02-10}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the impacts of the youth training program 'Programa Joven', consisting of a vocational training and an on-the-job experience component (internship) on earnings and employment probability.\\ +The training itself was supported by a subsidy on transport costs and medical checkups, books, materials, work clothing, as well as an additional subsidy for women with small children.\\ +It finds significant positive impacts on the earnings of young men (16-21y) and adult women (21-35y), but no impacts for adult men or young women.\\ +In looking for impacts on employment probability it finds a significant positive impact on that for adult women but none for the other groups.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:03:03Z}, + file = {Aedo2004_The Impact of Training Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/H66GPY6X/Aedo2004_The Impact of Training Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Almeida2010, + title = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}? {{Evidence}} for {{Welfare Participants}} in {{Argentina}}}, + shorttitle = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}?}, + author = {Almeida, Rita K. and Galasso, Emanuela}, + date = {2010-05}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + shortjournal = {World Development}, + volume = {38}, + number = {5}, + pages = {742--755}, + issn = {0305750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.018}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the cash grant and training portion targeted at people wanting to be self-employed under the program 'Jefes' in Argentina, trying to analyze its effects on earnings and self-employment itself.\\ +It finds no significant positive impact on earnings of the beneficiaries but a reduced probability of holding an outside job and increased total hours worked.\\ +There is some heterogeneity, however, with younger and more educated beneficiaries having some positive effect on earnings.\\ +The study suggest the findings mean that participants are hanging on to alternative income sources while waiting for the earnings from their self-employment to stabilize and reinvesting any possible income gains from the self-employment activity to increase its sustainability.\\ +Lastly, the study found that there was a self-selection mechanisms with predominantly female household heads and more educated individuals attracted to the type of program on offer in the first place.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:10:12Z}, + file = {Almeida2010_Jump-starting Self-employment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3K8LQPHX/Almeida2010_Jump-starting Self-employment.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Alzua2006, + title = {The Impact of Training Policies in {{Argentina}}: An Evaluation of {{Proyecto Joven}}}, + author = {Alzúa, Maria Laura and Brassiolo, Pablo}, + date = {2006}, + series = {{{OVE Working Papers}}}, + number = {15/06}, + pages = {[36] p.}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + location = {{Washington}}, + url = {https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/3019?locale-attribute=en}, + abstract = {This paper evaluates Proyecto Joven, a training program targeted to poor young individuals in Argentina. The authors used a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following set of questions: Did the program increase the probability of employment? Did it increase the probability of a formal employment? Did it increase the labor income of trainees? The methodology used is the matching estimators approach calculating first propensity scores for program participation and then the matching estimators to calculate the program impact. The impact of the program is negligible in terms of employment and income, but not in terms of formality, which was an important achievement in the case of Argentina, since labor informality was increasing economy wide and more specifically for the group targeted by Proyecto Joven.}, + issue = {no 15/06, October 2006}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,group::youth,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study using survey data for participants of an Argentinian vocational training program 'Proyecto Joven' to analyze employment probability, job quality and earnings.\\ +Employment probability and earnings were not impacted significantly, while job quality improved significantly.\\ +This was primarily due to a rise in formal employment through the program, specifically through the on-the-job internship and potential extended employment provided, which happened in a time of overall increasing informality on Argentina's labor market.\\ +There was a marginally significant impact on the employment probability for women, though the results may be slightly biased due to the timing of Argentina's labor market expanding during its period of analysis.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:29Z}, + file = {Alzua2006_The impact of training policies in Argentina.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/89U6BLKJ/Alzua2006_The impact of training policies in Argentina.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Alzua2016, + title = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs: {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Argentina}}}, + shorttitle = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs}, + author = {Alzúa, Maria Laura and Cruces, Guillermo and Lopez, Carolina}, + date = {2016-10}, + journaltitle = {Economic Inquiry}, + shortjournal = {Econ Inq}, + volume = {54}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1839--1859}, + issn = {00952583}, + doi = {10.1111/ecin.12348}, + abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also—exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general—in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the 'entra21' vocational training of Argentina aimed at unemployed youth in Cordoba which analyzes its effects on earnings, employment probability and formal employment.\\ +Generally, it finds a positive impact on formal employment and employment probability short-term which carries a larger effect for men.\\ +The effect dissipates over the medium- (33 months) and long-term (48 months), however.\\ +It also sees a positive effect on earnings which it puts down to a combination of higher wages and higher overall employment levels.\\ +Due to using data from follow-up surveys after the treatment as well as long-term administrative data, the study probes deeper into possible channels of the program working.\\ +For example, the program may not necessarily help many find a new job over time but rather have better chances of keeping their (provided internship) job, or increase their wages within it over time.\\ +While the program is more expensive than similar programs in the region, there is still a positive cost-benefit analysis which sees losses recouped after 26 months.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:21Z}, + file = {Alzua2016_LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/74FYJ5CI/Alzua2016_LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Angelucci2015, + title = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment}} by {{Compartamos Banco}}}, + shorttitle = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}}, + author = {Angelucci, Manuela and Karlan, Dean and Zinman, Jonathan}, + date = {2015-01-01}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + shortjournal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {7}, + number = {1}, + pages = {151--182}, + issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20130537}, + abstract = {We use a clustered randomized trial, and over 16,000 household surveys, to estimate impacts at the community level from a group lending expansion at 110 percent APR by the largest microlender in Mexico. We find no evidence of transformative impacts on 37 outcomes (although some estimates have large confidence intervals), measured at a mean of 27 months post-expansion, across 6 domains: microentrepreneurship, income, labor supply, expenditures, social status, and subjective well-being. We also examine distributional impacts using quantile regressions, given theory and evidence regarding negative impacts from borrowing at high interest rates, but do not find strong evidence for heterogeneity. (JEL C83, D14, G21, I31, J23, O12, O16)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Mexico,done,program::cash grant,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study analyzing the impacts of microcredit loans in Mexico, on the earnings and a variety of other factors of Mexican micro-entrepreneurs. +\par +It finds that, while there is no significant impact on the earnings themselves, the loans do lead to a modest increase in business growth. +\par +The authors suggest that the business growth increases both revenues and expenditures, thus not significantly increasing overall earnings. +\par +Additionally, there is a modest increase in subjective well-being and the ability for independent female decision-making. +\par +The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of them prove to be transformative.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:32:59Z}, + file = {Angelucci2015_Microcredit Impacts.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8UC5SYVH/Angelucci2015_Microcredit Impacts.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Attanasio2011, + ids = {10.2307/41288643,Attanasio2011a}, + title = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}}}, + shorttitle = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}}, + author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Kugler, Adriana and Meghir, Costas}, + date = {2011-07-01}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + shortjournal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {3}, + number = {3}, + pages = {188--220}, + publisher = {{American Economic Association}}, + issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790}, + doi = {10.1257/app.3.3.188}, + abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005. This randomized trial offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of training in a middle income country. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. The program raises earnings and employment for women. Women offered training earn 19.6 percent more and have a 0.068 higher probability of paid employment than those not offered training, mainly in formal-sector jobs. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates much larger net gains than those found in developed countries. (JEL I28, J13, J24, O15)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {Analyzing the impact of the Colombian youth training program Jóvenes en Acción through a randomized control trial with three survey parts: household characteristic collection, education characteristics and individual labor market information.\\ +The program provided 6 months of skill training in specific sectors through class-room training and an on-the-job training provided through internships concurrently.\\ +The program, through cost-benefit-analysis, should be seen as a success since it greatly raised the earnings of women (almost 20\%), though it did neither raise earnings nor had employment effects for men.\\ +Restricted to formal sectors, however, the program showed a significant impact for both men and women.\\ +While this may indicate "queue jumping" instead of job creation, the study design hints at such hiring replacement perhaps not being a large concern.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Attanasio2011_Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3VMYA44D/Attanasio2011_Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Attanasio2017, + ids = {Attanasio2017a,WOS:000398733400005}, + title = {Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: {{A}} Long-Term Follow-Up}, + author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Guarin, Arlen and Medina, Carlos and Meghir, Costas}, + date = {2017-04}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {9}, + number = {2}, + pages = {131--143}, + issn = {1945-7782}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20150554}, + abstract = {We evaluate the long-term impacts of a randomized Colombian training and job placement program. Following the large short-term effects, we now find that the program effects persist, increasing formal participation and earnings contributions to social security and working in larger firms. By using a large administrative source we are also able to establish that the program improved both male and female labor market outcomes by a similar amount-a result that was not apparent with the smaller evaluation sample. The results point to a cost- effective approach to reducing informality and improving labor market outcomes in the long run.}, + eissn = {1945-7790}, + orcid-numbers = {Medina, Carlos/0000-0002-9739-9876}, + unique-id = {WOS:000398733400005}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\\ +While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\\ +Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\\ +However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts --- \\ +though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Attanasio2017_Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZPBTLE3J/Attanasio2017_Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in colombia.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Barrera-Osorio2020, + ids = {Barrera-Osorio2020a}, + title = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}}, + shorttitle = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}}, + author = {Barrera-Osorio, Felipe and Kugler, Adriana and Silliman, Mikko I.}, + date = {2020-07}, + number = {27548}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + location = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + doi = {10.3386/w27548}, + abstract = {We randomly assign applicants to over-subscribed programs to study the effects of teaching hard and soft skills in vocational training and examine their impacts on skills and labor market outcomes using both survey and administrative data. We find that providing vocational training that either emphasizes social or technical skills increases formal employment. We also find that admission to a vocational program that emphasizes technical relative to social skills increases overall employment and also days and hours worked in the short term. Yet, emphasis on soft-skills training helps applicants sustain employment and monthly wages over the longer term and allows them to catch up with those learning hard skills. Further, through a second round of randomization, we find that offering financial support for transportation and food increases the effectiveness of the program, indicating that resource constraints may be an obstacle for individuals considering vocational training.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial in which participants in Colombia signed up for a vocational training and received either a training focusing on social skills, focusing on technical skills, or no training at all.\\ +Those receiving a training were also randomly selected to receive a subsidy for the training, mostly consisting of transport or food subsidies.\\ +The primary goal of the study was to disambiguate between the employment outcomes of different foci within vocational trainings.\\ +Results show that any vocational training increased formal employment, but emphasis on technical skills increased overall employment (as well as hours worked), whereas emphasis on social skills increased long-term sustained employment and earnings.\\ +Offering subsidies significantly increased the overall effectiveness of the offered programs.\\ +Lastly, men were significantly more impacted by increased employment probability even though increased formality and hours worked affected both men and women, which could indicate other gender-based barriers to employment, such as lack of sufficient childcare opportunities.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard and Soft Skills in Vocational Training.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6KNR2KZ2/Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard and Soft Skills in Vocational Training.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{blyde2019training, + title = {Training and Labor Adjustment to Trade}, + author = {Blyde, Juan S. and Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares and Chatruc, Marisol Rodríguez and Russell, Nathaniel}, + date = {2019}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {1069}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Training_and_Labor_Adjustment_to_Trade_en.pdf}, + abstract = {While there is a large body of literature evaluating how active labor-market policies such as training impact worker outcomes, relatively few studies examine how such policies impact workers who are displaced by trade. The few studies on training and trade-related labor adjustment focus on the impact of trade-specific assistance programs. Most countries in the world, however, do not have assistance programs that are triggered by trade events but instead implement labor-market policies for reasons other than trade. In this paper, we use detailed data on workers’ employment histories and training activities to evaluate the impact of an industrial training program in Brazil on workers who are displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re-entry into the formal labor market one year after displacement by about 13.2 percentage points (equivalent to 30\%) and is effective for workers who are displaced from sectors of high exposure to import competition. This effect is explained by workers switching sectors and occupations after training. We also find that training has positive effects on employment spells and cumulative earnings in the two years after displacement.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study conducted on the basis of administrative data for Brazil which intended to analyze the impact of vocational training on job re-entry for displaced workers.\\ +Specifically focused on workers displaced from sectors highly-exposed to trade periods, whose workers are generally more unlikely to re-enter the same sector.\\ +The results show that, while training does not significantly impact re-entry into the same sector, it does significantly increase re-entry probability into formal employment into another sector or occupation one year after displacement.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Blyde2019_Training and labor adjustment to trade.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MRCLQICL/Blyde2019_Training and labor adjustment to trade.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Calero2017, + title = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}} in {{Rio De Janeiro}}}, + shorttitle = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}?}, + author = {Calero, Carla and Leite Corseuil, Carlos Henrique and Gonzales, Veronica and Kluve, Jochen and Soares, Yuri}, + date = {2017}, + journaltitle = {Labour Economics}, + volume = {45}, + pages = {131--142}, + doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.008}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the 'Galpão Aplauso' youth training program, focusing on a combination of vocational training and life skills through expressive arts, to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability.\\ +The study finds significant short-term increases on both earnings and employment probability for the beneficiaries, but finds no impacts on non labor market outcomes such as personality-related traits.\\ +The training program started as a public policy but turned into a private-sector managed program, with selective criteria to initiative and beneficiaries, so that there the authors see small chance of it scaling well and the results holding potential for external validity.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:56:15Z}, + file = {Calero2014_Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/25YJ9WS9/Calero2014_Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Card2011, + title = {The Labor Market Impacts of Youth Training in the {{Dominican Republic}}}, + author = {Card, David and Ibarraran, Pablo and Regalia, Ferdinando and Rosas-Shady, David and Soares, Yuri}, + date = {2011-04}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Labor Economics}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Labor Economics}, + volume = {29}, + number = {2}, + pages = {267--300}, + issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307}, + doi = {10.1086/658090}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {The study analyzes a randomized control trial in the Dominican Republic's program 'Juventud y Empleo' regarding the effects of vocational training on earnings and employment outcomes such as hours worked or overall employment probability.\\ +While there is no significant impact on hours worked or employment probability, a modest increase in earnings through wages per hour was determined.\\ +The study suffered from an issue in the design through which people not showing up for treatment were not approached for the follow-up survey, and people reassigned from the control group to the treatment group showed some significant differences to the rest of the treatment group.\\ +The study tries to account for this, but it should still be kept in mind as potentially decreasing its explanatory limits.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Card2011_The labor market impacts of youth training in the Dominican Republic.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UUN5X9UK/Card2011_The labor market impacts of youth training in the Dominican Republic.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Chong2008, + ids = {WOS:000261463900001}, + title = {Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market in {{Peru}}}, + author = {Chong, Alberto and Galdo, Jose and Saavedra, Jaime}, + date = {2008}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform}, + volume = {11}, + number = {4}, + pages = {229--245}, + issn = {1748-7870}, + doi = {10.1080/17487870802543480}, + abstract = {This article analyzes the evolution of informal employment in Peru from 1986 to 2001. Contrary to what one would expect, the informality rates increased steadily during the 1990s despite the introduction of flexible contracting mechanisms, a healthy macroeconomic recovery, and tighter tax codes and regulation. We explore different factors that may explain this upward trend including the role of labor legislation and labor allocation between/within sectors of economic activity. Finally, we illustrate the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the Youth Training PROJOVEN Program that offers vocational training to disadvantaged young individuals. We find significant training impacts on the probability of formal employment for both males and females.}, + article-number = {PII 906419804}, + unique-id = {WOS:000261463900001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study following multiple rounds of the 'PROJOVEN' youth vocational training program in Peru to find out if increases in productivity are associated with levels of informality on a labor market.\\ +Uses panel data to look for program outcomes of percentage of formal employment, overall employment probability and several job quality proxies.\\ +Understands definition of formal employment for its purposes ultimately as agglomeration of multiple job quality indices: firm size, health benefits, accident insurance, social security and, not least, a formal contract.\\ +In this interpretation, while employment probability was not significantly impacted for men, it was significantly positive for women.\\ +Additionally, the study found strong positive impacts on all job quality proxies and probability of formality, though all measured impacts subsides over the medium-term.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Chong2008_Informality and productivity in the labor market in Peru.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5C7SAJMH/Chong2008_Informality and productivity in the labor market in Peru.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Dammert2015, + ids = {Dammert2015a}, + title = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation: {{A}} Multi-Treatment Experimental Design}, + shorttitle = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation}, + author = {Dammert, Ana C. and Galdo, Jose and Galdo, Virgilio}, + date = {2015-12}, + journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development}, + shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Develop}, + volume = {4}, + issn = {2193-9020}, + doi = {10.1186/s40175-015-0033-7}, + abstract = {Abstract This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,program::job market services,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {The study experimentally investigates the role of two axes of labor market intermediation and matching on employment probability: information channels (between digital and non-digital) and information sets (between public and private) in Lima, Peru.\\ +It creates 3 treatment groups from people receiving traditional labor market intermediation information digitally and non-digitally, people receiving unrestricted (additional) labor market information digitally, and a control group.\\ +The digital channel chosen was primarily an SMS system which would inform participants of job offerings. \\ +The information set provided to participants was either the traditional job matching information of the Lima public intermediation service, for which employers specifically had to sign up, or an unrestricted set which consisted both of the previous set and additional job vacancies which employers did not have to specifically sign up.\\ +The treatment group receiving an unrestricted information set digitally had a significant short-term increase in employment probability, which disappeared long-term (3 months) after the control group received access to labor market intermediation as well.\\ +The other treatment groups had no significant impact on employment probability short-term or long-term, and there was no significant impact on job matching efficiency for any of the treatments.\\ +The study argues this finding signifies that the most important factor for employment probability is thus the scope and novelty of information delivered through digital means,\\ +as well as the feasibility of using digital channels for information distribution, while acknowledging a smaller role of the information channel alone than often assumed.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:14:27Z}, + file = {Dammert2015_Integrating mobile phone technologies into labor-market intermediation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IZEGKKVX/Dammert2015_Integrating mobile phone technologies into labor-market intermediation.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Delajara2006, + title = {An Evaluation of Training for the Unemployed in {{Mexico}}}, + author = {Delajara, Marcelo and Freije, Samuel and Soloaga, Isidro}, + date = {2006}, + number = {OVE/WP-09/06}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/An-Evaluation-of-Training-for-the-Unemployed-in-Mexico.pdf}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Mexico,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {Report analyzing a training program 'PROBECAT-SICAT' for unemployed in Mexico, to find the impact on earnings for those treated utilizing data from a variety of different administrative surveys from 2000-2004.\\ +Generally, the study finds significant but small positive impacts on earnings for wage workers and a varying but positive impact on self-employed workers (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller).\\ +The earnings effect is generally larger for formal employment specifically.\\ +They find evidence of a hidden bias in the study, so take care not to just select on observables and ensure robustness.\\ +The program itself also underwent large changes in 2002, with a larger focus on on-the-job training suddenly changing this to the most effective program by definition.\\ +Lastly, the cost-benefit analysis resulted in negative net results except for selection on unobservables which resulted in positive results for 2000 and 2002.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:18:58Z}, + file = {Delajara2006_An evaluation of training for the unemployed in Mexico.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9XLD5XIZ/Delajara2006_An evaluation of training for the unemployed in Mexico.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Diaz2006, + title = {An Evaluation of the {{Peruvian}} "{{Youth Labor Training Program}}" - {{Projoven}}}, + author = {Díaz, Juan José and Jaramillo, Miguel}, + date = {2006}, + number = {OVE/WP-10/06}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/An-Evaluation-of-the-Peruvian-Youth-Labor-Training-Program---PROJOVEN.pdf}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:24:53Z}, + file = {Diaz2006_An evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labor Training Program - Projoven.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MCUXEI3A/Diaz2006_An evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labor Training Program - Projoven.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Diaz2016, + title = {Impact {{Evaluation}} of the {{Job Youth Training Program Projoven}}}, + author = {Diaz, Juan Jose and Rosas, David}, + date = {2016}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {693}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Impact-Evaluation-of-the-Job-Youth-Training-Program-Projoven.pdf}, + abstract = {Abstract: This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training. Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with administrative data from the country’s Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electrónica), allowing for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socio- emotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal employment vary depending on the beneficiaries’ gender and age, with different patterns of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:26:12Z}, + file = {Diaz2016_Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HJLUBXXH/Diaz2016_Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Escudero2020, + ids = {WOS:000554926900002}, + title = {Joint Provision of Income and Employment Support: {{Evidence}} from a Crisis Response in {{Uruguay}}}, + author = {Escudero, Veronica and Mourelo, Elva Lopez and Pignatti, Clemente}, + date = {2020-10}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + volume = {134}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105015}, + abstract = {Integrated approaches providing assistance to jobless individuals through the combination of income support and active labour market policies have been increasingly advocated in the policy debate, both by policy makers and international organizations. By helping people tackle immediate needs while promoting labour market reinsertion, these combined approaches are expected to improve labour market and social conditions in a sustainable manner. However, evidence on the effectiveness of this policy approach is extremely scant in emerging and developing economies. This paper studies a pivotal example of this policy trend through the evaluation of a public works programme provided alongside a cash transfer as part of a comprehensive social assistance programme that reached around 10 per cent of households in Uruguay between 2005 and 2007. We use rich administrative data of panel nature to study the effects of (i) participating in the public works programme (active component), (ii) receiving the cash transfer (income-support component), and (iii) benefiting jointly of the active and income-support programmes. Results on measures of labour market participation, employment quality, and civil society participation are non-significant across the board. Point estimates are nevertheless of the expected sign and of reasonable magnitude, suggesting that the programme came close to achieving its objective. Possible reasons of the limited effectiveness of the programme could include limited treatment intensity and lack of human capital accumulation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + article-number = {105015}, + unique-id = {WOS:000554926900002}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Urugay,done,lmp::active,lmp::passive,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {An impact study comparing the outcomes of a Uruguayan public works component ('Trabajo por Uruguay'), income support component ('Plan de Asistencia Nacional a la Emergencie Social') and their combination on any of resulting employment probability, employment quality or civil society participation.\\ +It uses administrative household-level survey panel data to find, even though all outcomes trended slightly positively, no statistically significant effect for most of the outcomes in any combination of the respective programs.\\ +The only marginally significant outcome was on employment probability by the public work program on its own.\\ +Reasons for the insignificance of these positive impact trends stipulated are the relatively limited intensity of treatment of the public works program (short time-span of work program), as well as limited accumulation of human capital (qualitatively insufficient accompanying training).\\ +It concludes that the public work program was on the cusp of being beneficent and did help toward the objective of reducing extreme poverty, but lacked in sustained intensity, most importantly in its allotted time-frame, to be able to fulfill any long-term objectives.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Escudero2020_Joint provision of income and employment support.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L5VLZHBI/Escudero2020_Joint provision of income and employment support.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Galasso2004, + ids = {Galasso2004a}, + title = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}: {{A Randomized Experiment}}}, + shorttitle = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}}, + author = {Galasso, Emanuela and Ravallion, Martin and Salvia, Agustin}, + date = {2004-10}, + journaltitle = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review}, + shortjournal = {ILR Review}, + volume = {58}, + number = {1}, + pages = {128--142}, + issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X}, + doi = {10.1177/001979390405800107}, + abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998–2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,program::training,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy voucher and training program 'Proempleo' in Argentina which tries to analyze its impacts on employment probabilities and earnings.\\ +Generally, the takeup of both the partial (voucher) and the full (voucher and training) treatment were low, but even so the voucher had significant positive impact on employment probabilities.\\ +The training on top overall had no significant impact, and neither of the treatments significantly affected earnings of participants.\\ +There was quite some heterogeneity in the outcomes, with training having some positive impact for people with already higher education, and the overall treatments having much larger effect for women.\\ +Most employments found were in temporary/informal work, which means that while the program allowed some to make a transition into waged employment, the study finds the results to be evidence of the program ultimately not succeeding in its objectives.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T09:39:59Z}, + file = {Galasso2004_Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HRQ8X43B/Galasso2004_Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Galdo2012, + ids = {Galdo2012a}, + title = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter? {{Evidence}} from Bidding Processes Data}, + shorttitle = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter?}, + author = {Galdo, Jose and Chong, Alberto}, + date = {2012-12}, + journaltitle = {Labour Economics}, + shortjournal = {Labour Economics}, + volume = {19}, + number = {6}, + pages = {970--986}, + issn = {09275371}, + doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.001}, + abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose–response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study of administrative survey data on the youth training program 'PROJOVEN' in Peru, to analyze the difference of effect between high-quality and low-quality training offerings on participants' earnings, employment probability and job quality outcomes.\\ +It finds significant heterogeneity in its outcomes for men and women, with only high-quality training increasing men's earnings and formal employment in the short-term, but a significant positive impact on women's earnings, employment probability and formal employment both short- and long-term for all training.\\ +For training quality, the study uses an array of proxies, from which it finds that expenditure per trainee is the most important attribute, with small marginal significance of class sizes, infrastructure and institutional market demand knowledge for some outcomes, but no relationship at all between curricular structure and teacher experience for the outcomes.\\ +It concludes that high-quality training is cost effective for both men and very highly effective for women, whereas lower quality training is not cost effective for men.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:30:51Z}, + file = {Galdo2012_Does the quality of public-sponsored training programs matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TC9GQLLM/Galdo2012_Does the quality of public-sponsored training programs matter.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Hernani-Limarino2011, + title = {Unemployment in {{Bolivia}}: {{Risks}} and Labor Market Policies}, + shorttitle = {Unemployment in Bolivia}, + author = {Hernani-Limarino, Werner L. and Villegas, María and Yáñez, Ernesto}, + date = {2011}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {271}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/idb/brikps/3947.html}, + urldate = {2022-03-09}, + abstract = {This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Bolivia’s labor market institutions, particularly the Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE). It is found that unemployment as conventionally defined may not be the most important problem in Bolivia’s labor market, as the non-salaried market is always an alternative. While unemployment durations and unemployment scarring consequences are relatively low, labor market regulations and labor market programs do not help to increase the size of the formal market, apparently as a result of Bolivia’s rigid labor markets and labor policies based mainly on temporary employment programs. Such programs, however, may have helped to smooth consumption. Given the country’s high level of informality, protection policies are second best to active policies specifically designed to increase the productivity/employability of vulnerable populations.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bolivia,done,program::public works,region::LAC,relevant,social protection}, + note = {A study on the effects of the 'Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE)' public works program in Bolivia on earnings, employment probability and consumption of participating households between 2002 and 2004.\\ +It finds significant positive effects on household consumption after the program, indicating a success for the program's objective of being a consumption-smoothing scheme in times of recession.\\ +It also finds no significant effects on employment probability and a lower bound of no significance and an upper bound of significant negative effects on monthly earnings of a household after having participated in the program.\\ +Negative significant effects of the program may be attributed to a negative impact of the program, or negative self-selection which it was largely based on.\\ +This negative self-selection results from the program targeting unemployed people in a highly informal economy with no way of directly monitoring (or enforcing) prior unemployment for participants.\\ +Thus, the authors conclude that while such public works programs are useful social protection measures short-term during times of recession, they are not a good alternative for improving the employability of vulnerable populations which requires other targeted active programs.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:39:21Z}, + file = {Hernani2011_Unemployment in Bolivia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LDPUHY7X/Hernani2011_Unemployment in Bolivia.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Ibarraran2007, + title = {Impact Evaluation of a Labor Training Program in {{Panama}}}, + author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Rosas, David}, + date = {2007}, + institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pablo-Ibarraran/publication/265286055_Impact_Evaluation_of_a_Labor_Training_Program_in_Panama/links/5491a65e0cf2f3c6657b7069/Impact-Evaluation-of-a-Labor-Training-Program-in-Panama.pdf}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Panama,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {Study analyzes effect of 'PROCAJOVEN' vocational training program on population of Panama regarding their earnings, employment probability and hours worked.\\ +It generally finds only marginally significant positive changes, though a more significant effect for women, especially those people living in urban environments.\\ +For monthly earnings it does not find any significant impact.\\ +However, even with the marginal impacts found there is a generally positive cost-benefit analysis, with the program costs recovered in about one year (for men) and already after three months (for women).}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:45:44Z}, + file = {Ibarraran2007_Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HIF6YVXE/Ibarraran2007_Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ibarraran2014, + ids = {Ibarraran2014a}, + title = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation Design}, + shorttitle = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth}, + author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Ripani, Laura and Taboada, Bibiana and Villa, Juan Miguel and Garcia, Brigida}, + date = {2014-12}, + journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development}, + shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Develop}, + volume = {3}, + number = {10}, + issn = {2193-9020}, + doi = {10.1186/2193-9020-3-10}, + abstract = {This paper presents an impact evaluation of a revamped version of the Dominican Republic’s youth training program Juventud y Empleo. The paper analyzes the impact of the program on traditional labor market outcomes and on outcomes related to youth behavior and life style, expectations about the future and socio-emotional skills. In terms of labor market outcomes, the program has a positive impact on job formality for men of about 17 percent and there is also a seven percent increase in monthly earnings among those employed. However, there are no overall impacts on employment rates. Regarding non-labor market outcomes, the program reduces teenage pregnancy by five percentage points in the treatment group (about 45 percent), which is consistent with an overall increase in youth expectations about the future. The program also has a positive impact on non-cognitive skills as measured by three different scales. Scores improve between 0.08 and 0.16 standard deviations with the program. Although recent progress noted in the literature suggests that socio-emotional skills increase employability and quality of employment, the practical significance of the impacts is unclear, as there is only weak evidence that the life skills measures used are associated to better labor market performance. This is an area of growing interest and relevance that requires further research.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control experiment of the youth training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic which analyzes the employment probability, earnings and formal employment outcomes of a treatment group receiving vocational training and on-the-job experience through an internship.\\ +There is no overall significant impact on employment probability. \\ +However, for men there is a significant positive impact on job formality (measured through provided health insurance) and for participants already employed a significant positive impact on earnings.\\ +For people living in urban areas, the majority of the sample, the effects were larger.\\ +Aside from labor market outcomes it measured the impact on life skill from the program on which it had a slight positive impact, and determined an overall reduction in teenage pregnancies, which it found consistent with the individual increasing youth expectations for the future.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:47:02Z}, + file = {Ibarraran2014_Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GXHSDB4P/Ibarraran2014_Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ibarraran2019, + ids = {Ibarraran2015a}, + title = {Experimental {{Evidence}} on the {{Long-Term Impacts}} of a {{Youth Training Program}}}, + author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Kluve, Jochen and Ripani, Laura and Rosas, David}, + date = {2019}, + journaltitle = {ILR Review}, + volume = {71}, + number = {1}, + pages = {185--222}, + doi = {10.1177/0019793918768260}, + abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training – including long-term labor market trajectories of young people – and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A long-term follow-up (6 years) to previous short-term experimental studies for the training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic, looking for the long-term outcomes on employment probability, earnings, and formal employment for a vocational training with on-the-job (internship) component.\\ +The study finds that, over long-term, initial gains in formal employment, after overtaking the control near the end of the program, steadily increase and become significant over long-term for men and for participants living in urban environments, suggesting a lock-in effect for them.\\ +For women living in urban environments there are medium-term positive increases in earnings but they vanish long-term.\\ +For men there are no significant impacts either on overall employment probability or earnings.\\ +Aside from labor market outcomes, there are significant positive impacts on participants' future expectations and welfare perceptions, with more larger impacts for women.\\ +The study suggests the program is thus working especially well in dynamic local contexts and where the trained skills match labor demand.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T14:26:43Z}, + file = {Ibarraran2015_Experimental Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of a Youth Training Program.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2HD96IEM/Ibarraran2015_Experimental Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of a Youth Training Program.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Jalan2003, + title = {Estimating the {{Benefit Incidence}} of an {{Antipoverty Program}} by {{Propensity-Score Matching}}}, + author = {Jalan, Jyotsna and Ravallion, Martin}, + date = {2003-01}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics}, + volume = {21}, + number = {1}, + pages = {19--30}, + issn = {0735-0015, 1537-2707}, + doi = {10.1198/073500102288618720}, + abstract = {We apply recent advances in propensity-score matching (PSM) to the problem of estimating the distribution of net income gains from an Argentinean workfare program. PSM has a number of attractive features in this context, including the need to allow for heterogeneous impacts, while optimally weighting observed characteristics when forming a comparison group. The average direct gain to the participant is found to be about half the gross wage. Over half of the beneficiaries are in the poorest decile nationally, and 80\%\% are in the poorest quintile. Our PSM estimator is reasonably robust to a number of changes in methodology.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A propensity score matching study on the antipoverty public works program 'Trabajar' in Argentina, using administrative survey data for 1997 to analyze the program's targeting and impacts on earnings.\\ +It finds significant positive impacts for participants, and a generally well pro-poor targeting through the program using simple self-selection through its temporary provision of low wages.\\ +There are larger earnings impacts for a younger cohort (15-24y), but generally a more pro-poor earnings distribution in the older cohort (25-64y).\\ +Restricting the sample to women, who had a very low participation rate, shows generally larger earnings impacts but also a less pro-poor distribution, suggestive of overall lower wages for women in other work making the program more attractive to the non-poor.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:50:32Z}, + file = {Jalan2003_Estimating the Benefit Incidence of an Antipoverty Program by Propensity-Score.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KF7NLH6W/Jalan2003_Estimating the Benefit Incidence of an Antipoverty Program by Propensity-Score.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Klinger2011, + title = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught? {{Quasi-experimental}} Evidence from {{Central America}}}, + shorttitle = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught?}, + author = {Klinger, Bailey and Schündeln, Matthias}, + date = {2011-09}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + shortjournal = {World Development}, + volume = {39}, + number = {9}, + pages = {1592--1610}, + issn = {0305750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.021}, + abstract = {Business training is a widely used development tool, yet little is known about its impact. We study the effects of such a business training program held in Central America. To deal with endogenous selection into the training program, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the fact that a fixed number of applicants are taken into the training program based on a pre-training score. Business training significantly increases the probability that an applicant to the workshop starts a business or expands an existing business. Results also suggest gender heterogeneity as well as the presence of financial constraints.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::El Salvador,country::Guatemala,country::Nicaragua,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on a business training program by TechnoServe for entrepeneurial participants from Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua to find out its effects on self-employment probability (business start) and number of employees (business expansion).\\ +The program consisted of an initial round of classroom training, and a second round of more individual training with competitions possible granting participants prize money.\\ +It finds that the classroom training part of the program had a significant positive effect on business expansion, but no significant effect on business starts.\\ +The full training including more individually 1-on-1 training, however, had a significant effect both on business starts and business expansions, with won prize money having a large significant impact on both, especially for women.\\ +This suggests an overall constraint on business start and expansion through financial barriers, with the constraint being larger for women.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:52:03Z}, + file = {Klinger2011_Can Entrepreneurial Activity be Taught.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/874RGZX9/Klinger2011_Can Entrepreneurial Activity be Taught.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Macours2013, + ids = {Macours2013a}, + title = {Demand versus {{Returns}}? {{Pro-Poor Targeting}} of {{Business Grants}} and {{Vocational Skills Training}}}, + shorttitle = {Demand versus {{Returns}}?}, + author = {Macours, Karen and Premand, Patrick and Vakis, Renos}, + date = {2013-03}, + series = {Impact {{Evaluation Series}}}, + number = {88}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6389}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nicaragua,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:59:31Z}, + file = {Macours2013_Demand versus Returns.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HYUTDM2U/Macours2013_Demand versus Returns.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Madrid2006, + title = {Revisiting the {{Employability Effects}} of {{Training Programs}} for the {{Unemployed}} in {{Developing Countries}}}, + author = {Madrid, Angel Calderon}, + date = {2006}, + journaltitle = {SSRN Electronic Journal}, + shortjournal = {SSRN Journal}, + issn = {1556-5068}, + doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1815898}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Mexico,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of a training program for the unemployed in Mexico, analyzing its impacts on employment probability and employment length.\\ +It finds that generally participants are more likely to keep a longer employment at the job they find after the training.\\ +Generally, there is little change in the speed of job take-up after the program, but due to the longer employments, there is still a positive outcome visible after the program.\\ +It thus argues that, for evaluations solely concentrating on participants' transition out of unemployment, there is a bias in estimating the program's effectiveness which is corrected upwards by including the length of employments.\\ +Additionally, women find employment significantly faster after participating in the training.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T15:11:16Z}, + file = {Madrid2006_Revisiting the Employability Effects of Training Programs for the Unemployed in.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LYIQYNVA/Madrid2006_Revisiting the Employability Effects of Training Programs for the Unemployed in.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Medina2005, + title = {The Impact of Public Provided Job Training in Colombia}, + author = {Medina, Carlos and Nuñez, Jairo}, + date = {2005}, + series = {Research {{Network Working Papers}}}, + number = {484}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + abstract = {The authors present matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. They estimate propensity scores by controlling for the variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. The effect of training, measured by the mean impact of the treatment on the treated, shows that: (i) for youths, no institution has a significant impact in the short or long run except private institutions for males; the scope of the data, however, limits the reliability of the result; (ii) for adult males, neither SENA nor the other public institutions have a significant impact in the short or long run; (iii) for SENA-trained adult females there are positive but not significant impacts in the short run and greater and close to significant effects in the long run. All other public institutions have a higher impact that is significant in the long-run; (iv) for adults trained at private institutions there are large and significant effects in both the short and long run, but for adult males in the short run the effects are smaller and only barely significant. In addition, neither short nor long courses provided by SENA seem to have a significant impact on earnings. In general, females benefit more from both short and long courses than males. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis shows that under the assumption of direct unitary costs equal to SENA, private institutions are more profitable than public institutions, which are in turn more profitable than SENA.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study using a nationally undertaken population survey of 1997 to analyze the impact differences on earnings between private and public training institutions for Colombian men, women, youths and adults respectively. \\ +It splits off those trained privately, those trained publically and those trained under SENA, the largest public provider in the country, since they underlie different foci and training qualities.\\ +It arrives at the conclusion that generally private training provides better cost-benefit potential, with public institutions aside from SENA providing better potential than SENA itself.\\ +Public training had no significant impact on men, provided insignificant impact for women trained at SENA but significant long-term impact on all other women.\\ +Private training had significant long-term impacts for all adults, though significant impact only for male youths and significant short-term impact only for women.\\ +Training length made no significant difference, though gender-based differences were significant, with women profiting more off all offered training variations than men except for private youth training.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Medina2005_The impact of public provided job training in colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2K22LMNU/Medina2005_The impact of public provided job training in colombia.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Mourelo2017, + ids = {LopezMourelo2017,WOS:000399269800030}, + title = {Effectiveness of Active Labor Market Tools in Conditional Cash Transfers Programs: {{Evidence}} for Argentina}, + author = {Mourelo, Elva López and Escudero, Verónica}, + date = {2017-06}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + volume = {94}, + pages = {422--447}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.006}, + abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the program Seguro de Capacitation y Empleo (SCE) implemented to provide support in skills upgrading, job seeking, and job placement to eligible beneficiaries of the Argentinian conditional cash transfer program Plan Ales. The SCE is an example of a growing trend observed in Latin America, where labor activation components have been increasingly included into cash transfers programs to support beneficiaries in finding more stable income opportunities. Despite this growing trend, not enough is known regarding the effectiveness of these components, especially on job quality. In this context, this paper sheds light on whether the provision of a comprehensive package of active labor market measures contributes to a successful labor market integration of cash transfers beneficiaries. Taking advantage of the panel structure of the Permanent Household Survey and exploiting the time variation in the assignment of the program as identification strategy, we apply difference-in-difference estimators to measure the impact on a number of labor market indicators. We find that the program affects positively the job quality of participants by increasing the probability of having a formal job and raising hourly wages. Moreover, the intervention is associated with a lower probability of having a low-paid job and working an excessive number of hours. These effects are, however, not homogeneous across all groups of participants. While the program is more successful among the younger beneficiaries, it does not contribute to an improvement in the labor market conditions of female beneficiaries, who in fact are the majority of SCE participants. Our results suggest that reducing dependency on monetary transfers through programs, such as the SCE, that are rich in activation components is beneficial for participants' labor market trajectories and therefore, it constitutes a satisfactory exit strategy to more universal cash transfer programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000399269800030}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,lmp::active,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the integration of active labor market programs (vocational training, internships, labor market services and employment subsidies) with conditional cash transfers in Argentina's 'Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo' program to analyze the impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\\ +It relies on administrative survey panel data on mostly urban households receiving the conditional cash transfer.\\ +Generally finds no significant impact in employment probability but significant positive short-term impacts on earnings and job quality, especially the tendency to be employed formally.\\ +There is a large heterogeneity in the findings in that, first, younger beneficiaries generally have more significantly positive impacts, however, second, women see no significant improvements at all for their employment outcomes.\\ +The article stipulates that, due to correcting for observable heterogeneity, this could be due to different ALMP components generally participated in by genders or underlying structural gender gap in Argentinian labor market.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Mourelo2017_Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/357LC9I6/Mourelo2017_Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Nopo2008, + title = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation: {{The}} Impacts of {{Projoven}}}, + shorttitle = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation}, + author = {Nopo, Hugo and Saavedra-Chanduví, Jaime and Robles, Luis Miguel}, + date = {2008}, + journaltitle = {Economia}, + volume = {31}, + number = {62}, + pages = {33--54}, + issn = {1556-5068}, + url = {https://faculty.up.edu.pe/es/publications/occupational-training-to-reduce-gender-segregation-the-impacts-of}, + urldate = {2022-02-10}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the gendered effects of the youth training program 'ProJoven' in Peru, with a focus on the outcomes of earnings, employment probability but also (occupational) gender segregation.\\ +There are significant positive impacts on women's employment probability and large impacts on their earnings, while for men, though having smaller positive impacts on earnings as well, there are negative impacts on employment probability.\\ +Short-term, the employment probabilities decreased (6, 12 months survey) but then increased and surpassed the control group at the 18 month follow-up survey for women, while they stayed below the control group for men.\\ +As part of the program, subsidies were given through special subsidies for young women with children, which generated incentives for those to participate in the labor market and allowed a less segregated labor market entry.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:12:09Z}, + file = {Nopo2008_Occupational training to reduce gender segregation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ID824AKQ/Nopo2008_Occupational training to reduce gender segregation.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Novella2019, + title = {Active Labor Market Policies in a Context of High Informality: {{The}} Effect of {{PAE}} in Bolivia}, + author = {Novella, Rafael and Valencia, Horacio}, + date = {2019}, + series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}}, + number = {1062}, + institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}}, + url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:idb:brikps:9914}, + abstract = {Information asymmetries and limited skills are two main factors affecting jobseekers’ chances to access quality jobs in developing countries. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a job intermediation and wage subsidy program in Bolivia, a country with one of the highest levels of informality in Latin-America. Using administrative and survey, we find that the program substantially increases employment, formality, and earnings. These effects are heterogeneous across different subsamples of interest. Our results suggest that Active Labor Market Policies might be an effective solution for improving access to quality jobs in the context of high informality.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bolivia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the earnings, employment probability and formal employment outcomes for 'Programa de Apoyo al Empleo', an employment subsidy and job market service program in Bolivia, where, while unemployment was relatively low, labor market informality is very high.\\ +The study sees significant positive impacts on employment probability and formal employment for the short-term, with earnings impacts increasing over long-term.\\ +Generally, larger effects on the earnings and chances of formal employment of women were observed, as well as larger impacts on the earnings of older beneficiaries.\\ +A cost-benefit analysis sees positive returns of the program over future individual labor outcomes.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Novella2019_Active labor market policies in a context of high informality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I7GIWBP4/Novella2019_Active labor market policies in a context of high informality.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Reis2015, + ids = {WOS:000346599800014}, + title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil}, + author = {Reis, Mauricio}, + date = {2015-01}, + journaltitle = {B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis \& Policy}, + volume = {15}, + number = {1}, + pages = {377--405}, + issn = {1935-1682}, + doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2013-0023}, + abstract = {This paper examines the effect of vocational training on labor market outcomes in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Estimates based on difference-indifferences matching indicate that vocational training increases monthly and hourly labor earnings, as well as the probability of getting a job. However, evidence does not indicate that this kind of training improves access to jobs in the formal sector. Also according to the results, vocational training in Brazil seems to be more effective for workers with more labor market experience and for those with a higher level of formal education than for individuals in disadvantaged groups.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000346599800014}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant}, + note = {A study on the earnings and employment outcomes of a variety of vocational training programs in Brazil (both public and private) using administrative panel data in mostly urban areas.\\ +It finds a significant positive impact on earnings and employment probability after one year but no impact on entering into formal employment.\\ +Furthermore there is heterogeneity in the results along experience and education, with more educated workers and workers with more labor market experience receiving larger positive impacts from the programs.\\ +While it does not directly analyze a difference in on-the-job training and classroom training, it does point out potential advantages to the former as a way of providing additional labor market experience.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Reis2015_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in brazil.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EAPRPJCW/Reis2015_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in brazil.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Ronconi2006, + ids = {Ronconi2006a}, + title = {Poverty and {{Employability Effects}} of {{Workfare Programs}} in {{Argentina}}}, + author = {Ronconi, Lucas and Sanguinetti, Juan and Fachelli Oliva, Sandra and Casazza, Virginia and Franceschelli, Ignacio}, + date = {2006}, + series = {{{PMMA Working Papers}}}, + number = {2006-14}, + institution = {{Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network}}, + url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173205}, + urldate = {2022-02-10}, + abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment – particularly for women – indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that – for a large fraction of participants – the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:27:50Z}, + file = {Ronconi2006_Poverty and Employability Effects of Workfare Programs in Argentina.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WIAGIY9M/Ronconi2006_Poverty and Employability Effects of Workfare Programs in Argentina.pdf:application/pdf} +} + + diff --git a/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/mena.bib b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/mena.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..831846a --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/mena.bib @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ + +@article{Barsoum2017, + ids = {WOS:000396796000007}, + title = {Youth-Focused Active Labour Market Programmes in a Constraining Welfare Regime: {{A}} Qualitative Reading of Programmes in {{Egypt}}}, + author = {Barsoum, Ghada}, + date = {2017-04}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Social Welfare}, + volume = {26}, + number = {2}, + pages = {168--176}, + issn = {1369-6866}, + doi = {10.1111/ijsw.12228}, + abstract = {Active labour market programmes (ALMPs) are at the core of welfare regimes in many countries across the world. This study addressed youth-focused ALMPs in Egypt, a country with high youth unemployment and a plethora of programmes ostensibly addressing this issue. Building on interviews with implementers, programme documentation and a publically accessible inventory of programmes in Egypt, the analysis locates ALMPs within the country's overall welfare system and the politics of programme targeting, design, governance and implementation modalities. The legacy of state `protective' policies and the fragmented multiplicity of players within the field constrain the effectiveness and outreach of these programmes. Analysis of implementation modalities also shows that there is a pervasive lack of programme coordination, activity documentation, management for results, and pathways to achieving sustainability and programme institutionalisation.}, + eissn = {1468-2397}, + unique-id = {WOS:000396796000007}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,region::MENA,relevant}, + note = {A qualitative analysis of the four pillars of ALMP working in Egypt, an employment guarantee scheme, vocational training, labor market services, and entrepreneurship promotion.\\ +Using a data set on the country's state-run programs and interviews with key implementers, the article generally argues that ALMPs in Egypt operate under a constraining welfare regime which does not effectively employ a 'welfare mix' with productivity generated outside the state such as NGOs, or using community-based relationships and clientelist networks.\\ +Insted, the state continues to assume a 'protective' role while neglecting (and complicating) the switch to a 'productive' role.\\ +This is most visible in the continued upholding of Egypt's public employment programs under its employment guarantee scheme, though the study also argues for its visibility in few competitive vocational training programs and underfunded labor market services.\\ +Only on entrepreneurship promotion is a true oscillation towards 'productivity' visible with micro-lending, entrepreneurial training, and infrastructure and community development schemes generating successes through larger flexibility.\\ +Ultimately it argues for constraints on ALMP effectiveness since there is too little documentation of existing program impacts and too large of a focus on the protective role of the state.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Barsoum2017_Youth-focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VJ42JLH9/Barsoum2017_Youth-focused active labour market programmes in a constraining welfare regime.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Broecke2013, + title = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies: {{A}} Look at the {{SIVP}} Programme in {{Tunisia}}}, + shorttitle = {Tackling Graduate Unemployment in {{North Africa}} through Employment Subsidies}, + author = {Broecke, Stijn}, + date = {2013-12}, + journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor Policy}, + shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Policy}, + volume = {2}, + number = {1}, + pages = {9}, + issn = {2193-9004}, + doi = {10.1186/2193-9004-2-9}, + abstract = {Abstract This paper takes a closer look at Tunisia’s SIVP: an employment subsidy aimed at university graduates and, until recently, the country’s largest active labour market policy. Using a tracer survey of the 2004 graduating cohort, OLS and matching techniques are applied to estimate the relationship between programme participation and the labour market outcomes of participants. Graduates who benefited from the programme appear less likely to be unemployed and considerably more likely to have found a job in the private sector - but this may partly reflect selection into the programme, which is not random. JEL classification J08, J20}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Tunisia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant}, + note = {A study on the effects of the 'SIVP' programme in Tunisia on employment probability and formal employment of its participants. +\par +'SIVP' is an employment subsidy programme and the target group for the study are university graduates looking for their first job after graduation, with the programme having its last follow-up interview 44 months after graduation. +\par +It finds that the programme overall reduces unemployment and increases the chances for being employed in the private sector, two of its stated aims, for its target beneficiaries. +\par +It also finds, however, that the selection into the programme, not being random, is not targeting those most in need well, with individuals most likely to be unemployed 3 months after graduation often having to wait the longest for participation in the programme. +\par +Lastly, it finds that programme participants tend to have a more precarious job (no permanent contract) and be less well remunerated than graduates with a job that did not participate in SIVP. +\par +The study concludes that, while the programme is in line with international cost-benefit assumptions of employment subsidy programmes, it loses a large part of its effectiveness to deadweight losses due to its bad targeting.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:06:50Z}, + file = {Broecke2013_Tackling graduate unemployment in North Africa through employment subsidies.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/F5UR5RFN/Broecke2013_Tackling graduate unemployment in North Africa through employment subsidies.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Chatri2021, + ids = {WOS:000666885300001}, + title = {Micro-Econometric Evaluation of Subsidized Employment in Morocco: {{The}} Case of the “{{Idmaj}}” Program}, + author = {Chatri, Abdellatif and Hadef, Khadija and Samoudi, Naima}, + date = {2021-12}, + journaltitle = {Journal for Labour Market Research}, + volume = {55}, + number = {1}, + issn = {2510-5019}, + doi = {10.1186/s12651-021-00300-5}, + abstract = {This paper aims to assess the impact of the Moroccan wage subsidy program “Idmaj”. It applies the propensity score matching method to the data from a survey conducted by the Ministry of Labour on a sample of eligible individuals. Our results suggest that wage subsidies in Morocco have a positive but marginally significant effect on reducing unemployment and improving employment and a significant negative impact on wages. It also highlights some heterogeneous effects of the program, particularly on women. Finally, it appears that the program did not serve as a stepping stone to higher-paying, high-quality work and, in contrast, it had a stigmatizing effect on beneficiaries.}, + article-number = {17}, + eissn = {2510-5027}, + orcid-numbers = {samoudi, Naima/0000-0003-3164-0249}, + unique-id = {WOS:000666885300001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Morocco,done,region::MENA,relevant}, + note = {A study using propensity score matching on the employment subsidy program 'Idmaj' in Morocco to analyze its impact on earnings and employment probability. \\ +It finds that, while there is a marginally positive effect on employment probability through the program, there is a more significant negative impact on earnings of beneficiaries.\\ +There is also a large heterogeneity with the program having a larger positive employment effect on young people (18-24 years old) and women, but also having a larger negative earnings effect on women and people aged 25-34 years.\\ +In both cases, the collateral tends to exceed positive gains, and may be caused due to a stigmatizing effect under which employers consider beneficiaries less productive due to receiving the subsidy and thus less likely to consider beneficiaries for higher wages.\\ +Lastly, there is also less likelihood for being covered by social security for men and beneficiaries of the program aged 25-34 years.\\ +Thereby, the program can also not be considered a stepping stone toward higher-skill jobs and higher wages, which was one of its original objectives.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Chatri2021_Micro-econometric evaluation of subsidized employment in morocco.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DV8VLDBV/Chatri2021_Micro-econometric evaluation of subsidized employment in morocco.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{El-Hamidi2006, + ids = {WOS:000243025500004}, + title = {General or Vocational Schooling? {{Evidence}} on School Choice, Returns, and `sheepskin' Effects from {{Egypt}} 1998}, + author = {El-Hamidi, Fatma}, + date = {2006-06}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Policy Reform}, + volume = {9}, + number = {2}, + pages = {157--176}, + issn = {1384-1289}, + doi = {10.1080/13841280600772861}, + abstract = {In general, vocational education does not lead to higher wages. However, in some countries, labor markets are characterized by employment growth and skill shortages. In these, vocational schooling has produced higher wages and returns on investment than general education. Using 1998 Egyptian household survey, the study adds evidence to the debate on relative benefits of vocational education and of general education at the secondary level. The findings suggest that providing general education to the workforce followed by on-the-job training would provide the most benefit.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000243025500004}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,program::training,region::MENA}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {El-Hamidi2006_General or vocational schooling.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/JQG3W5MF/El-Hamidi2006_General or vocational schooling.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Elsayed2021, + ids = {WOS:000689512800002}, + title = {Empowering Women in Conservative Settings: {{Evidence}} from an Intervention in Rural {{Egypt}}}, + author = {Elsayed, Ahmed and Namoro, Soiliou Daw and Roushdy, Rania}, + date = {2021}, + journaltitle = {Review of Economics of the Household}, + issn = {1569-5239}, + doi = {10.1007/s11150-021-09576-5}, + abstract = {We evaluate the impact of a large-scale intervention in the conservative setting of rural Egypt which attempts to relax human capital constraints for women by offering vocational, business and life skills training across 30 villages in the south of the country. Relative to women in the control villages, the intervention increased women's labor force participation and their likelihood to engage in self-employment and formal wage employment. Moreover, business knowledge and future business aspirations increased for treated women. We find positive spillover effects within treated villages for the intentions to set up businesses but no similar effects on actual labor market outcomes.}, + earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2021}, + eissn = {1573-7152}, + unique-id = {WOS:000689512800002}, + keywords = {area::rural,citation_checked,country::Egypt,done,group::women,program::training,region::MENA,relevant}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Elsayed2021_Empowering women in conservative settings.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UP6LD958/Elsayed2021_Empowering women in conservative settings.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Groh2015, + title = {Testing the Importance of Search Frictions and Matching through a Randomized Experiment in {{Jordan}}}, + author = {Groh, Matthew and McKenzie, David and Shammout, Nour and Vishwanath, Tara}, + date = {2015-12}, + journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor Economics}, + shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Econ}, + volume = {4}, + number = {7}, + issn = {2193-8997}, + doi = {10.1186/s40172-015-0022-8}, + abstract = {Abstract We test the role of search and matching frictions in explaining the high unemployment of tertiary-educated youth in Jordan through a randomized experiment. Firms and job candidates were provided with a job-matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity of an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. The results suggest voluntary unemployment in this context arises from preferences over non-wage job attributes.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Jordan,done,program::job market services,region::MENA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on job matching for university graduates through an intermediary after a psychometric pre-secreening process in Jordan wants to analyze its effects on the resulting employment probability and earnings.\\ +Although over 1000 successful matches were made the resulting number of mediated jobs kept was very small (9), with employers rejecting to offer an interview in 55\% of matched cases but also offering a job to 54\% of people interviewed.\\ +Candidates rejected 28\% of invitation offers and either rejected job offers or quit within the first month 83\% of the time.\\ +While the study theorized that the job matching would lower search costs on both sides, it finds that employers might not profit majorly from lowered search costs (already easily filling vacancies) and candidates having a high reservation utility with many offered jobs ultimately deemed undesirable for the following characteristics: \\ +considered monotonous/hard work/tiring, conflicting with gender norms, carrying prestige/social costs.\\ +With no significant impact on employment probability or earnings, the study therefore finds job matching for its university educated sample not positively impactful.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:35:06Z}, + file = {Groh2015_Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MRAF2LQA/Groh2015_Testing the importance of search frictions and matching through a randomized.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Groh2016, + title = {Do {{Wage Subsidies Provide}} a {{Stepping-Stone}} to {{Employment}} for {{Recent College Graduates}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}} in {{Jordan}}}, + author = {Groh, Matthew and Krishnan, Nandini and McKenzie, David and Vishwanath, Tara}, + date = {2016}, + journaltitle = {The Review of Economics and Statistics}, + volume = {98}, + number = {3}, + eprint = {24917030}, + eprinttype = {jstor}, + pages = {488--502}, + publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, + issn = {00346535, 15309142}, + doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00584}, + abstract = {This study examines the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were assigned to receive a wage subsidy voucher. The wage voucher led to a 38 percentage point increase in employment in the short run, but the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant after the voucher period has expired. The extra job experience gained as a result of the wage subsidy does not provide a stepping-stone to new jobs for these recent graduates, which appears to be due to productivity levels not rising above a binding minimum wage.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Jordan,done,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the impact of employment subsidy for female graduates of community colleges in Jordan to analyze the effects on employment probability and earnings.\\ +While there was a significant impact on short-term employment probability and earnings, this effect dropped of medium-term (survey 4 months after voucher period end) to insignificant impact levels and stays insignificant long-term.\\ +The study finds that after expiry of the vouchers the employees, though gaining on-the-job experience through their subsidized work period, are not found productive enough by employers to be kept on, with a binding minimum wage which prevents employment at wage levels that would be commensurate with their productivity.\\ +The voucher use itself, however, is substantially higher than in similar wage subsidy studies, with 50\% of vouchers handed out used and the larger relative portion of those used outside the capital city.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Groh2016_Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5IEPY4E2/Groh2016_Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Marouani2010, + ids = {WOS:000279633400002}, + title = {More Jobs for University Graduates: {{Some}} Policy Options for {{Tunisia}}}, + author = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali}, + date = {2010}, + journaltitle = {Applied Economics Letters}, + volume = {17}, + number = {10}, + pages = {933--937}, + issn = {1350-4851}, + doi = {10.1080/13504850802599466}, + abstract = {The combination of demographic factors and an increase in education has caused a significant rise of university graduates' unemployment in the Middle-East and North Africa regions. This article provides a prospective cost-effectiveness analysis of the impact of alternative labour market policies using a dynamic general equilibrium model. The model allows for an endogenous determination of unemployment through a multisectoral efficiency wage setting mechanism. The main finding is that a wage subsidy targeted at highly skilled intensive sectors is more effective than tax reductions or investment subsidies. However, wage subsidies are not enough to reduce unemployment significantly. Other policy options need to be considered.}, + article-number = {PII 912347703}, + orcid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/0000-0002-9052-1517}, + researcherid-numbers = {Marouani, Mohamed Ali/AAV-5017-2020}, + unique-id = {WOS:000279633400002}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Tunisia,done,group::youth,program::wage subsidy,region::MENA}, + note = {A modeling of the effect of wage subsidies versus tax reductions or investment subsidies with the help of a dynamic general equilibrium model.\\ +It finds that, between the three options, an employment subsidy is the optimum choice.\\ +However even so, employment subsidies alone do not produce a significantly positive impact in the model and are recommended to be supported by other policy choices.\\ +On the increasing labor demand side, the policy recommendations are an increased research-development, public or private, or the promotion of more highly skilled labor intensive service exports.\\ +On the decreasing labor supply side, the recommendations are increasing skilled laborers study time to counteract the recent introduction of shorter study periods in Tunisia, or encouraging skilled laborers to migrate.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Marouani2010_More jobs for university graduates.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/VQ4SHXY5/Marouani2010_More jobs for university graduates.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{premand2012entrepreneurship, + title = {Entrepreneurship Training and Self-Employment among University Graduates: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Trial in {{Tunisia}}}, + author = {Premand, Patrick and Brodmann, Stefanie and Almeida, Rita and Grun, Rebekka and Barouni, Mahdi}, + date = {2012}, + journaltitle = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper}, + number = {6285}, + abstract = {In economies characterized by low labor demand and high rates of youth unemployment, entrepreneurship training has the potential to enable youth to gain skills and create their own jobs. This paper presents experimental evidence on a new entrepreneurship track that provides business training and personalized coaching to university students in Tunisia. Undergraduates in the final year of licence appliquee were given the opportunity to graduate with a business plan instead of following the standard curriculum. This paper relies on randomized assignment of the entrepreneurship track to identify impacts on labor market outcomes one year after graduation. The analysis finds that the entrepreneurship track was effective in increasing self-employment among applicants, but that the effects are small in absolute terms. In addition, the employment rate among participants remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from wage employment to self-employment. The evidence shows that the program fostered business skills, expanded networks, and affected a range of behavioral skills. Participation in the entrepreneurship track also heightened graduates optimism toward the future shortly after the Tunisian revolution.}, + keywords = {country::Tunisia,done,program::training,region::MENA,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in an entrepreneurship training programme track for university graduate students, to analyse its effects on participants' employment probability, earnings, job quality, and self-employment probability. +\par +It finds, foremost, that self-employment has been significantly increased after the intervention, though the change remains small (1-4pct.) in absolute terms. +\par +The overall employment rate remains unchanged, pointing to a partial substitution from waged employment to self-employment, and there was no change in job quality registered (firm size, earnings, formality). +\par +The channels through which this self-employment change takes place are an increase in business skills, networking effects, a changed mindset toward entrepreneurial activities and a stronger individual outlook to the future. +\par +Additionally, the study finds an increased participants' reservation wage for entering the private sector, but not the public sector which the study suggests may be due to the job security and earnings offered by the public sector, and sees as potentially important for future labour market policy considerations.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Premand2012_Entrepreneurship training and self-employment among university graduates.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WWNB2IGE/Premand2012_Entrepreneurship training and self-employment among university graduates.pdf:application/pdf} +} + + diff --git a/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ssa.bib b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ssa.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c2950b --- /dev/null +++ b/02-data/raw/03_previous_almp/ssa.bib @@ -0,0 +1,590 @@ + +@report{Abebe2017, + title = {Job Fairs: {{Matching}} Firms and Workers in a Field Experiment in {{Ethiopia}}}, + author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel and Falco, Paolo and Franklin, Simon and Quinn, Simon and Shilpi, Forhad}, + date = {2017}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {8092}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8092}, + abstract = {Do matching frictions affect youth employment in developing countries? This paper studies a randomized controlled trial of job fairs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The job fairs match firms with a representative sample of young, educated job-seekers. The meetings at the fairs create very few jobs: one for approximately 10 firms that attended. The paper explores reasons for this, and finds significant evidence for mismatched expectations: about wages, about firms' requirements, and the average quality of job-seekers. There is evidence of learning and updating of beliefs in the aftermath of the fair. This changes behavior: both workers and firms invest more in formal job search after the fairs.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of a job matching fair in urban Ethiopia on employment probability.\\ +It finds that there were very few direct job matches generated from the job fair due to mismatched expectations on wages, skill requirements and the overall quality of applicants.\\ +However, the results also suggest a learning process and updating of beliefs both on the part of workers and firms, with an accompanying increase in formal job search afterwards.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Abebe2017_Job fairs.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4AM6SWCG/Abebe2017_Job fairs.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Abebe2021, + title = {Anonymity or Distance? {{Job}} Search and Labour Market Exclusion in a Growing {{African}} City}, + shorttitle = {Anonymity or Distance?}, + author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel and Falco, Paolo and Franklin, Simon and Quinn, Simon}, + date = {2021}, + journaltitle = {Review of Economic Studies}, + volume = {88}, + pages = {1279--1310}, + doi = {10.1093/restud/rdaa057}, + abstract = {We conduct a randomized evaluation of two job-search support programs for urban youth in Ethiopia. One group of treated respondents receives a subsidy to cover the transport costs of job search. Another group participates in a job application workshop where their skills are certified and they are given orientation on how to make effective job applications. The two interventions are designed to lower spatial and informational barriers to employment. We find that both treatments significantly improve the quality of jobs that young jobseekers obtain. Impacts are concentrated among women and the least educated. Using rich high-frequency data from a phone survey, we are able to explore the mechanisms underlying the results; we show that while the transport subsidy increases both the intensity and the efficacy of job search, the job application workshop mainly operates through an increase in search efficacy. Both interventions mitigate the adverse effects of spatial constraints on employment outcomes, and the job application workshop alleviates informational asymmetries by helping workers to signal their ability.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on either a transport subsidy for job search or a certified job search workshop on youth in urban Ethiopia, to analyze their impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\\ +The programs have long-term positive impacts on earnings and modest but insignificant impacts on employment probability.\\ +However, they both have significant positive impacts on job quality through an increase in formal employment and the workshop also increases permanent employment significantly, whereas the transport subsidy does so marginally.\\ +The study suggests this is due to a reduction in both location constraints, as well as, for the workshop, an alleviation of informational asymmetries for job seekers by allowing them easier signaling of their abilities to employers (through gained skills, and certification effect).\\ +There is a quite large heterogeneity in the results, with most effects concentrated on both the least educated and women.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Abebe2021_Anonymity or distance.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/QSZ8NE4Q/Abebe2021_Anonymity or distance.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Abebe2021a, + title = {The {{Selection}} of {{Talent}}: {{Experimental}} and {{Structural Evidence}} from {{Ethiopia}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Selection}} of {{Talent}}}, + author = {Abebe, Girum and Caria, Stefano and Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban}, + date = {2021-06-01}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Review}, + shortjournal = {American Economic Review}, + volume = {111}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1757--1806}, + issn = {0002-8282}, + doi = {10.1257/aer.20190586}, + abstract = {We study how search frictions in the labor market affect firms’ ability to recruit talented workers. In a field experiment in Ethiopia, we show that an employer can attract more talented applicants by offering a small monetary incentive for making a job application. Estimates from a structural model suggest that the intervention is effective because the cost of making a job application is large, and positively correlated with jobseeker ability. We provide evidence that this positive correlation is driven by dynamic selection. In a second experiment, we show that local recruiters underestimate the positive impacts of application incentives. (JEL J23, J24, J31, J64, O15)}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial in Ethiopia's Addis Ababa on the impact of offering job application subsidies on the resulting quality (and quantity) of applicants. +\par +It finds that, in general, offering a small subsidy to applicants significantly increases the job applicants pool's quality as well as quantity. +\par +The results are based on a framework of job applicant quality in which high-quality low search-cost individuals leave the pool relatively quickly, leaving equally high-ability but higher search-cost individuals stuck in the pool for longer. +\par +It suggests that the application incentive in form of a small subsidy acts to somewhat offset the search costs the job seekers are facing and thus stimulate their leaving the job seeker pool. +\par +Lastly, it finds stronger results among women, unemployed, less experienced applicants.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-30T11:38:48Z}, + file = {Abebe2021_The Selection of Talent.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/G7GYL8HG/Abebe2021_The Selection of Talent.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Abel2020, + ids = {WOS:000545344200002}, + title = {The Value of Reference Letters: {{Experimental}} Evidence from South Africa}, + author = {Abel, Martin and Burger, Rulof and Piraino, Patrizio}, + date = {2020-07}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {12}, + number = {3}, + pages = {40--71}, + issn = {1945-7782}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20180666}, + abstract = {We show that reference letters from former employers alleviate information frictions in a-low-skill labor market, improving applicant screening and gender equity. A resume audit study finds that using a reference letter in the application increases callbacks by 60 percent. Women drive the effect. Letters are effective because they provide valuable information about workers' skills that employers use to select applicants of higher ability. A second experiment, which encourages job seekers to obtain and use a reference letter, finds consistent results. In particular, reference letters raise job interviews and employment for women.}, + eissn = {1945-7790}, + unique-id = {WOS:000545344200002}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of utilizing reference letters for job applications in urban South Africa, analyzing the impact on employment probability.\\ +It finds no significant impact for the overall study sample, comprised of both men and women, but a significant increase on job callbacks, job interviews and employment probability for women in the short-/medium-term.\\ +It also finds that providing the participants with information on the advantages of attaching a reference letter to applications increases their probability of getting such a letter.\\ +It posits that information asymmetries on the labor market hinder the correct functioning of human capital theory, whereby reference letters directly disclose skill information and have a signaling effect on employers.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Abel2020_The value of reference letters.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WMZ6WYYB/Abel2020_The value of reference letters.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Akintola2015, + ids = {WOS:000356662000007}, + title = {Public Works Programme and Primary Health Care in {{South Africa}}: {{Creating}} Jobs for Health Systems Strengthening?}, + author = {Akintola, Olagoke}, + date = {2015-09-03}, + journaltitle = {Development Southern Africa}, + volume = {32}, + number = {5}, + pages = {623--638}, + issn = {0376-835X}, + doi = {10.1080/0376835X.2015.1044073}, + abstract = {This paper examines employment and skills training for community caregivers within the expanded public works programme in South Africa. The paper argues that, as currently conceptualised, the skills and learnership programmes for community caregivers fail to take full advantage of the prevailing labour market realities. Therefore, the paper argues for strategic reconceptualisation of the programme to include learnerships for community caregivers that impart more mid-level to higher-level skills to meet current and future labour market demands particularly in primary health care. This, it is argued, will address the scarcity of skills in the health sector of the economy. Furthermore, the proposed programme will simultaneously have positive impacts on unemployment, the primary health care system and the socio-economic well-being of community caregivers.}, + eissn = {1470-3637}, + unique-id = {WOS:000356662000007}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A qualitative study on the 'Expanded Public Works Programme' and specifically 'Home and Community Based Care' within it in South Africa, a public works program connected with vocational training, looking at its effectiveness of unemployment reduction and possible constraining factors.\\ +Generally, it finds that the program has some success in reducing unemployment for low-skilled unemployed, it has lead to very minimal poverty reduction for participants' households.\\ +Primarily the study argues this is due to the skills training provided not matching skills required on the labor market, with the learnership program not adapted to the realities of South Africa's (sectorial) labor demands.\\ +It looks at a demand-led proposal to improve the programs by putting more emphasis on skills building and improving training quality to allow participants to subsequently secure better employment.\\ +Especially for more middle-skill healthcare service labor demand the program is otherwise completely unsuited.\\ +It thus argues that the public works program should be taken from a focus on short-term employment to one creating possibilities for longer-term jobs and careers.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Akintola2015_Public works programme and primary health care in South Africa.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/DEZ7WAVL/Akintola2015_Public works programme and primary health care in South Africa.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Alfonsi2020, + ids = {WOS:000590695200008}, + title = {Tackling Youth Unemployment: {{Evidence}} from a Labor Market Experiment in Uganda}, + author = {Alfonsi, Livia and Bandiera, Oriana and Bassi, Vittorio and Burgess, Robin and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi and Vitali, Anna}, + date = {2020-11}, + journaltitle = {Econometrica}, + volume = {88}, + number = {6}, + pages = {2369--2414}, + issn = {0012-9682}, + doi = {10.3982/ECTA15959}, + abstract = {We design a labor market experiment to compare demand- and supply-side policies to tackle youth unemployment, a key issue in low-income countries. The experiment tracks 1700 workers and 1500 firms over four years to compare the effect of offering workers either vocational training (VT) or firm-provided training (FT) for six months in a common setting where youth unemployment is above 60\%. Relative to control workers, we find that, averaged over three post-intervention years, FT and VT workers: (i) enjoy large and similar upticks in sector-specific skills, (ii) significantly improve their employment rates, and (iii) experience marked improvements in an index of labor market outcomes. These averages, however, mask differences in dynamics: FT gains materialize quickly but fade over time, while VT gains emerge slowly but are long-lasting, leading VT worker employment and earning profiles to rise above those of FT workers. Estimating a job ladder model of worker search reveals the key reason for this: VT workers receive significantly higher rates of job offers when unemployed, thus hastening their movement back into work. This likely stems from the fact that the skills of VT workers are certified and therefore can be demonstrated to potential employers. Tackling youth unemployment by skilling youth using vocational training pre-labor market entry therefore appears to be more effective than incentivizing firms through wage subsidies to hire and train young labor market entrants.}, + eissn = {1468-0262}, + unique-id = {WOS:000590695200008}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial study on the effects of either vocational training or an internship (as on-the-job training) and an employment subsidy on earnings, employment probability and overall skills development.\\ +It finds that, while the subsidy had no significant impact on earnings, both types of training significantly increased employment rates, earnings and generated skill developments.\\ +However, it also found a wide heterogeneity in the results: \\ +Firm-provided training (through the internship) showed relatively quick results on earnings and employment which slowly dissipated after 3 years, while vocational training results increase and surpass the other training long-term.\\ +The study suggests this is both due to an overall increased skill development for both types, but a certificate effect on the labor market for the vocational training which meant quicker job offers for the beneficiaries.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Alfonsi2020_Tackling youth unemployment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZUKTRVE3/Alfonsi2020_Tackling youth unemployment.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@dataset{Bassi2019, + title = {Screening and {{Signaling Non-Cognitive Skills}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Uganda}}}, + shorttitle = {Information {{Frictions}} in the {{Labor Market}}}, + author = {Bassi, Vittorio and Nansamba, Aisha}, + date = {2019}, + number = {19-08}, + publisher = {{AEA RCT Registry}}, + doi = {10.1257/rct.1005-2.0}, + abstract = {This project studies the labor market matching process between young workers and firms in Uganda. We focus on three core aspects of this process. First, we study the relative importance of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in determining the labor market outcomes of young workers; second, we examine whether asymmetric information on the skills of youth that first enter the labor market is a significant source of inefficiency in terms of reduced employment opportunities and mismatch; third, we study whether an intervention improving the signal to potential employers on the skills of job market entrants reduces the asymmetric information problem and limits the related inefficiencies. We carry out this analysis through a randomized control trial in the Ugandan labor market. Our intervention exogenously improves the signals employers receive about a given young worker’s non-cognitive skills, and hence is intended to reduce information asymmetries during the recruitment process. We then trace the impacts this has on worker and firm outcomes.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,program::job market services,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the effect of soft-skill certificate disclosure on both employers and employees in Uganda, trying to analyze impacts on earnings and employment probability for workers.\\ +It finds that the disclosure of soft-skill certifications has a significant positive impact on high abilities employer beliefs of the skill of their matched worker and no resulting downward updating for lower skills, whereas there is no belief updating impact on low ability employers.\\ +On workers, the disclosed certification has the effect of positively updating their outside options and the effect is symmetric between employees and employers, meaning only when faced with a high ability employer will an employee also update their beliefs.\\ +In the sample, there was a positive selection on soft skills since the skill assessment would be disclosed to firms and workers with higher skills self-selected more for participation knowing this.\\ +There is a significant increase in the employment probability for middle-skill workers, but the study models potentially negative effects for low-skill workers.\\ +No overall significant increases on earnings were visible but conditional on employment earnings increases become significant, lead by those of high-skill workers.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:24:47Z}, + file = {Bassi2017_Information Frictions in the Labor Market.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B4SQDWUC/Bassi2017_Information Frictions in the Labor Market.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Blattman2018, + ids = {Blattman2018a}, + title = {The Long-Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: {{Nine-year}} Evidence from {{Uganda}}'s {{Youth Opportunities Program}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{Long Term Impacts}} of {{Grants}} on {{Poverty}}}, + author = {Blattman, Christopher and Fiala, Nathan and Martinez, Sebastian}, + date = {2020}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Review: Insights}, + volume = {2}, + number = {3}, + pages = {287--304}, + doi = {10.1257/aeri.20190224}, + abstract = {In 2008, Uganda granted hundreds of small groups \$400/person to help members start individual skilled trades. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised earnings by 38\% (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). We return after 9 years to find these start-up grants acted more as a kick-start than a lift out of poverty. Grantees' investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption. Grants had lasting impacts on assets, skilled work, and possibly child health, but had little effect on mortality, fertility, health or education.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A follow-up study to an experimental study on the Ugandan 'Youth Opportunities Program', which gave business start-up cash grants in 2008 to analyze its effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption over time.\\ +It finds that, while the effects were large and significant initially, after beginning to decrease over the 4 year mark, after 9 years all effects on earnings, employment probability and consumption have become insignificant.\\ +There are some modest sustained effects on the possession of assets and the probability of being in skilled work for the treatment group.\\ +The study suggests that the cash grants thus acted as a quick infusion to alleviate credit constraints on the poor youth, but over time the control group breached this barrier through individual saving past the minimal capital for start-up creation, leading the authors to assume a more complex interaction with other barriers is or becomes important.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Blattman2018_The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CJHUHHXD/Blattman2018_The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Blattman2019, + ids = {Blattman2019a}, + title = {Impacts of {{Industrial}} and {{Entrepreneurial Jobs}} on {{Youth}}: 5-{{Year Experimental Evidence}} on {{Factory Job Offers}} and {{Cash Grants}} in {{Ethiopia}}}, + shorttitle = {Impacts of {{Industrial}} and {{Entrepreneurial Jobs}} on {{Youth}}}, + author = {Blattman, Christopher and Dercon, Stefan and Franklin, Simon}, + date = {2019-04}, + number = {25788}, + institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}}, + location = {{Cambridge, MA}}, + doi = {10.3386/w25788}, + abstract = {We study two interventions for underemployed youth across five Ethiopian sites: a \$300 grant to spur self-employment, and a job offer to an industrial firm. Despite significant impacts on occupational choice, income, and health in the first year, after five years we see nearly complete convergence across all groups and outcomes. Shortrun increases in productivity and earnings from the grant dissipate as recipients exit their micro-enterprises. Adverse effects of factory work on health found after one year also appear to be temporary. These results suggest that one-time and one-dimensional interventions may struggle to overcome barriers to wage- or self-employment.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the divergences of earnings, productivity and individual welfare when participating in a program of (unconditional) cash grants and business training or labor market services (job offers for industrial work conferred through job matching) for predominantly women in Ethiopia.\\ +Short-term it finds that the cash grant significantly increased earnings and the industrial job offer significantly decreased personal welfare (with lowered health).\\ +However, medium- to long-term these effects disappeared over 1 year, and at the 5 year mark there was no significant variation on earnings, productivity or welfare visible.\\ +For the industrial job offer there was also high attrition, since one third of people quit within the first month and most participants quit within a year, which the study suggests hints at especially young people using the low-skill industrial job more as a safety net than a plan for long-term employment.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Blattman2019_Impacts of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Jobs on Youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/YDACKERA/Blattman2019_Impacts of Industrial and Entrepreneurial Jobs on Youth.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Brooks2018, + title = {Mentors or Teachers? {{Microenterprise}} Training in {{Kenya}}}, + author = {Brooks, Wyatt and Donovan, Kevin and Johnson, Terence R.}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume = {10}, + number = {4}, + pages = {196--221}, + doi = {10.1257/app.20170042}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A random control trial on the impacts of business training on the earnings outcomes for female micro-entrepreneurs in urban Kenya. +\par +It finds that, while general formal business training has no significant impact on earnings, participation in a mentorship program does have a significant positive impact. +\par +The authors argue this suggests an important categorical difference between different types of training information: +\par +whereas abstract, general training knowledge has little to no impact, more localized and specific knowledge imparted in the apprenticeship programme leads to significant impacts.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:43:44Z}, + file = {Brooks2018_Mentors or teachers.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/N9KVQJ8P/Brooks2018_Mentors or teachers.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{brudevold2017firm, + title = {A Firm of One's Own: {{Experimental}} Evidence on Credit Constraints and Occupational Choice}, + author = {Brudevold-Newman, Andrew Peter and Honorati, Maddalena and Jakiela, Pamela and Ozier, Owen W.}, + date = {2017}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {7977}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + abstract = {This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers – even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Kenya,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study conducted on a combination of cash grants and vocational training for young women in Kenya, with an emphasis on analyzing its earnings impacts over time.\\ +It finds that both receiving just a cash grant or a cash grant and vocational training significantly increased short-term earnings, but these earnings impacts dissipated at the second year mark after the treatment.\\ +The findings suggest that there are more barriers a sustained impact than just a credit constrained poverty trap overall, but women wishing to begin their business were still mostly constrained by savings initially.\\ +While the group receiving a grant and training had larger impacts, the group only receiving a cash grant was more cost effective.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Brudevold-Newman2017_A firm of one's own.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6U8T3D9E/Brudevold-Newman2017_A firm of one's own.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Cho2013, + ids = {Cho2013a}, + title = {Gender {{Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Training}}: {{Constraints}} on {{Women}} and {{Drop-Out Behavior}}}, + shorttitle = {Gender {{Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Vocational Training}}}, + author = {Cho, Yoonyoung and Kalomba, Davie and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq and Orozco, Victor}, + date = {2013-07}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {6545}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6545}, + abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the effects of vocational and entrepreneurial training for Malawian youth, in an environment where access to schooling and formal sector employment is extremely low. It tracks a large fraction of program drop-outs—a common phenomenon in the training evaluation literature—and examines the determinants and consequences of dropping out and how it mediates the effects of such programs. The analysis finds that women make decisions in a more constrained environment, and their participation is affected by family obligations. Participation is more expensive for them, resulting in worse training experience. The training results in skills development, continued investment in human capital, and improved well-being, with more positive effects for men, but no improvements in labor market outcomes in the short run.}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Malawi,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial on a vocational training and internship program in Malawi targeting poor, mostly rural, youth as a vulnerable group, trying to analyze its effects on participants' post-program earnings, hours worked, but also skill acquisition and individual welfare assessments.\\ +Generally, there were no significant impacts on either earnings or hours worked after the program, which is an issue with the foregone earnings opportunity costs of participating in the program itself.\\ +Any earnings effect measured could be attributed to the increased skills imparted by the program, as well as increased awareness of higher paying job opportunities through the internship network of employers.\\ +It finds a stark heterogeneity between the genders, with women dropping out more often and being generally more constrained in the conditions they are participating under and less likely to receive financial support during or a paid job offer after training from their trainers or master-craftspersons.\\ +The program increased individual welfare assessments, but much larger increase for men than for women. \\ +Men were also more likely to receive more training due to taking training time from their hours in self-employment, whereas women were more constrained primarily due to family obligations.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:08:33Z}, + file = {Cho2013_Gender Differences in the Effects of Vocational Training.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WT9DAM7L/Cho2013_Gender Differences in the Effects of Vocational Training.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{crepon2019direct, + title = {Direct and Indirect Effects of Subsidized Dual Apprenticeships}, + author = {Crépon, Bruno and Premand, Patrick}, + date = {2019}, + series = {Discussion {{Paper Series}}}, + number = {12793}, + institution = {{Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)}}, + abstract = {Traditional apprenticeships based on private arrangements are widespread in developing countries. Public interventions have attempted to address failures in the apprenticeship markets to expand access or improve training quality. Subsidized dual apprenticeships have the potential to address financial constraints for youths and firms' inability to commit to provide general skill training. This paper analyzes the impact of subsidized dual apprenticeships combining on-the-job and theoretical training in Côte d'Ivoire. We set up an experiment that simultaneously randomized whether interested youths were assigned to a formal apprenticeship, and whether apprenticeship positions opened by firms were filled with formal apprentices. We document direct effects for youths and indirect effects for firms, such as whether they substitute between traditional and subsidized apprentices. In the short run, youths increase their human capital investments and we observe a net entry of apprentices into firms. Substitution effects are limited: the intervention creates 0.74 to 0.77 new position per subsidized apprentice. The subsidy offsets forgone labor earnings. Four years after the start of the experiment, treated youths perform more complex tasks and their earnings are higher by 15 percent. We conclude that subsidized dual apprenticeships expand access to training, upgrade skills and improve earnings for youths without crowding out traditional apprentices.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ivory Coast,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the effects of dual apprenticeships (internship, vocational training and subsidy component) on earnings and job creation for youth in Côte d'Ivoire.\\ +It finds that subsidized apprenticeships overall create new job positions, as well as being able to offset foregone earnings for participating youth.\\ +After 4 years participants had a significant positive impact on earnings, as well as on the complexity of tasks they pursued.\\ +The study suggests this is due to allowing a quicker return on participants' increased human capital by removing apprenticeship opportunity costs through the subsidy.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Crepon2019_Direct and indirect effects of subsidized dual apprenticeships.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/B89SQBZZ/Crepon2019_Direct and indirect effects of subsidized dual apprenticeships.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Darkwah2013, + ids = {WOS:000338705200003}, + title = {Keeping Hope Alive: {{An}} Analysis of Training Opportunities for {{Ghanaian}} Youth in the Emerging Oil and Gas Industry}, + author = {Darkwah, Akosua K.}, + date = {2013}, + journaltitle = {International Development Planning Review}, + volume = {35}, + number = {2}, + pages = {119--134}, + issn = {1474-6743}, + doi = {10.3828/idpr.2013.9}, + abstract = {Over the last decade-and-a-half, African youth have been the target of much scholarly attention. Faced with poor access to education and high levels of unemployment, many researchers have explored the ways in which they make sense of these dual realities. Relatively little attention has been paid to the ways in which the introduction of active labour market policies, specifically labour market targeted skills training, fundamentally reconfigures the lived experience of African youth. This paper seeks to fill that gap. It draws on interviews with both training officials and participants in a specific training programme, which has been set up to provide youth with oil-related skills training, so as to interrogate its place in terms of youth transitions to employment. In the tradition of Robert Merton (1968) and others, I argue that this training programme serves the latent function of keeping hope alive in a context where the prospects for decent jobs in the oil and gas industry are, at best, slim. While blighted hope - in the words of Bourdieu (1984) - gives these youth a reason for living, ultimately, the government needs to do more to ensure that citizens reap the benefits, as far as employment in the oil and gas industry is concerned.}, + eissn = {1478-3401}, + unique-id = {WOS:000338705200003}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ghana,done,group::youth,program::training,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A qualitative study using long-form interviews to analyze the outcomes for participants of a vocational training program in Ghana.\\ +It finds that generally while the training creates some hope in its recipients, as well as increases in future expectations for the actual labor market outcomes there was no increase in employment probability for its interview partners.\\ +The main argument thus rests on Bourdieu's theory of unfulfilled wishes over time transforming into 'frustrated promise' before the training then makes this frustration useful potential by substituting it with a 'blighted hope'.\\ +It provides this to its trainees who, on this hope-lead basis work hard toward reaching training goals but, looking at the broader picture, are not guaranteed any employment after through factors outside their control such as training quality and, perhaps even more important, existing labor demand.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Darkwah2013_Keeping hope alive.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NGDC4VY6/Darkwah2013_Keeping hope alive.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ebuenyi2020, + ids = {WOS:000586015500008}, + title = {Challenges of Inclusion: {{A}} Qualitative Study Exploring Barriers and Pathways to Inclusion of Persons with Mental Disabilities in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Programmes in {{East Africa}}}, + author = {Ebuenyi, Ikenna D. and Rottenburg, Esther S. and Bunders-Aelen, Joske F. G. and Regeer, Barbara J.}, + date = {2020-02-13}, + journaltitle = {Disability and Rehabilitation}, + volume = {42}, + number = {4}, + pages = {536--544}, + issn = {0963-8288}, + doi = {10.1080/09638288.2018.1503729}, + abstract = {Purpose: To explore barriers and pathways to the inclusion of persons with mental and intellectual disabilities in technical and vocational education and training programmes in four East African countries, in order to pave the way to greater inclusion. Materials and methods: An explorative, qualitative study including 10 in-depth interviews and a group discussion was conducted with coordinators of different programmes in four East African countries. Two independent researchers coded the interviews inductively using Atlas.ti. The underlying framework used is the culture, structure, and practice model. Results: Barriers and pathways to inclusion were found in the three interrelated components of the model. They are mutually reinforcing and are thus not independent of one another. Barriers regarding culture include negative attitudes towards persons with mental illnesses, structural barriers relate to exclusion from primary school, rigid curricula and untrained teachers and unclear policies. Culture and structure hence severely hinder a practice of including persons with mental disabilities in technical and vocational education and training programmes. Pathways suggested are aiming for a clearer policy, more flexible curricula, improved teacher training and more inclusive attitudes. Conclusions: In order to overcome the identified complex barriers, systemic changes are necessary. Suggested pathways for programme coordinators serve as a starting point.}, + eissn = {1464-5165}, + orcid-numbers = {Ebuenyi, Ikenna/0000-0002-3329-6296 Bunders, Joske/0000-0002-0007-6430 Regeer, Barbara/0000-0002-9044-9367}, + researcherid-numbers = {Regeer, Barbara/M-1207-2018}, + unique-id = {WOS:000586015500008}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,country::Kenya,country::Rwanda,country::Uganda,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A qualitative study on the barriers to inclusion of mentally disabled persons in technical and vocational training in Kenya, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda, to see what is hindering them being a stronger target group for the programs.\\ +It uses a three pillar model of culture, structure and practice as well as their interrelations as its framework of integration or exclusion.\\ +It finds that there are interrelated barriers along all three pillars, with negative attitude toward persons with disabilities being a cultural barrier, the resulting legislative exclusion from primary school, confrontation with untrained teachers and rigid curricula posing a structural barrier, and both coming together to exclude them from the practice of technical/vocational education.\\ +It suggests more up-to-date information on mental disability, an implementation of affirmative action and policy of inclusion, as well as a combination of tailor-made curricula and more specific teacher training.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ebuenyi2020_Challenges of inclusion.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/4VRKXN9H/Ebuenyi2020_Challenges of inclusion.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Franklin2018, + ids = {franklin2014job}, + title = {Location, {{Search Costs}} and {{Youth Unemployment}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Transport Subsidies}}}, + author = {Franklin, Simon}, + date = {2018}, + journaltitle = {The Economic Journal}, + volume = {128}, + number = {614}, + pages = {2353--2379}, + doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12509}, + abstract = {Do high search costs affect the labour market outcomes of jobseekers living far away from jobs? I randomly assign transport subsidies to unemployed youth in urban Ethiopia. Treated respondents increase job search intensity and are more likely to find good, permanent, jobs. Subsidies also induce a short‐term reduction in temporary work. I use a high‐frequency phone call survey to track the trajectory of search behaviour over time to show that the subsidies significantly increased job search intensity and the use of formal search methods. The evidence suggests that cash constraints cause young people to give up looking for good jobs too early.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,program::transport subsidy,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the impact of a transport subsidy for urban job searchers in Ethiopia, to analyze its impacts on employment probability and job quality of beneficiaries.\\ +It splits its sample into two treatment groups, with one being sampled from people already looking for vacancies at a job board in the city center (active searchers, and on average more highly skilled) and people living in the periphery of the city (fewer active searchers, on average less highly skilled).\\ +It finds that for both groups, the program significantly increased the short-term job quality, but with a more lasting effect on lower-skilled job searchers.\\ +For the lower-skilled group it also finds a significant increase in employment probability and formal employment.\\ +The results largely dissipate over time, but do show some persistence.\\ +The study suggests that youth often gives up its job search early due to cash constraints, often resulting from prior location constraints.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Franklin2015_Location, search costs and youth unemployment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AGEHVYQ4/Franklin2015_Location, search costs and youth unemployment.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Go2010, + ids = {WOS:000283552200001}, + title = {Wage Subsidy and Labour Market Flexibility in South Africa}, + author = {Go, Delfin S. and Kearney, Marna and Korman, Vijdan and Robinson, Sherman and Thierfelder, Karen}, + date = {2010}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Studies}, + volume = {46}, + number = {9}, + pages = {1481--1502}, + issn = {0022-0388}, + doi = {10.1080/00220380903428456}, + abstract = {We use a general equilibrium model to analyse the employment effects and fiscal cost of a wage subsidy in South Africa. We capture the structural characteristics of the labour market with several labour categories and substitution possibilities, linking the economy-wide results to a micro-simulation model with occupational choice probabilities to investigate the poverty and distributional consequences. The employment impact depends greatly on the elasticities of substitution of factors of production, being very minimal if unskilled and skilled labour are complements in production. The impact is improved by supporting policies, but the gains remain modest if the labour market is rigid.}, + article-number = {PII 928635542}, + unique-id = {WOS:000283552200001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevance::unsure}, + note = {A study using a general equilibrium labor market model as well as a more micro-level household impact modeling to estimate the impact of an employment subsidy on South African unemployment reduction probabilities, as well as general earnings effects.\\ +It predicts a positive but modest impact on employment with an increase in employment primarily for low-/semi-skilled labor, accompanied by reductions in poverty and inequality.\\ +It also finds that the employment impacts majorly depend on the elasticity of substitution of the factors of production, primarily the relationship of skilled and unskilled labor.\\ +If both are rigid complements in production, which the study suggests they are due to South Africa's lack of labor market flexibility, it may lead to an overall labor demand/supply rigidity which greatly hinders the impact of such an employment subsidy.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Go2010_Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GDFFVMKX/Go2010_Wage subsidy and labour market flexibility in south africa.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Hicks2013, + title = {Vocational Education in {{Kenya}}: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation among Youth}, + author = {Hicks, Joan Hamory and Kremer, Michael and Mbiti, Isaac and Miguel, Edward}, + date = {2013}, + institution = {{International Growth Centre}}, + keywords = {country::Kenya,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial on the effects of participating in the 'Technical and Vocational Vouchers Program' in Kenya, analyzing its effects on participants' earnings, employment probability and resulting job quality. +\par +Participants were randomly assigned either to receive a voucher to receive training in a public institution or free choice of training in a public or private institution, with a control group receiving no vouchers. +\par +The study also included a cross-cutting sampling of providing future labour market information to training participants, though there were no significant outcomes of this cross-cutting intervention. +\par +Overall it finds limited evidence for an increase in earnings, but for workers engaged in wage work it finds a significant increase in wage earnings. +\par +On the other hand, there are no significant changes on employment probability itself and no significant impacts on participants' job quality, except for a lower probability of carrying a full time employment. +\par +The study takes care to note that after its last follow-up survey, for some participants the duration between training end and data collection was only a few months, so some impacts may not have developed past the possibility for short term evaluation.}, + timestamp = {2022-04-08T15:03:52Z}, + file = {Hicks2013_Hicks, Joan Hamory, Michael Kremer, Isaac Mbiti, Edward Miguel.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/P8PCIVGD/Hicks2013_Hicks, Joan Hamory, Michael Kremer, Isaac Mbiti, Edward Miguel.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{honorati2015impact, + ids = {Honorati2015}, + title = {The Impact of Private Sector Internship and Training on Urban Youth in {{Kenya}}}, + author = {Honorati, Maddalena}, + date = {2015}, + series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}}, + number = {7404}, + institution = {{World Bank}}, + doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-7404}, + abstract = {This study uses a randomized experiment to evaluate the impacts of the training and internship program piloted in Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu counties by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance and the Government of Kenya with support from the World Bank’s Kenya Youth Empowerment Project. The program provided three months of classroom-based technical training coupled with three months of internships in private firms to vulnerable youths between ages 15 and 29 years, with vulnerable being defined as those out of school and/or with no permanent job. The analysis in this paper is based on survey data collected before the program started (July 2012) and 15 months after the program ended (July 2014). The results of the impact evaluation show that the program has been successful in placing youths in paid jobs and has contributed to an increase of 15 percent in current employment among male participants. The evaluation also found that the program has had positive effects on wage earnings, especially those of females and among older males, with wages increasing by about K Sh 5,000 for males and by K Sh 7,500 for females. With a total unit cost of K Sh 97,000 per beneficiary, an estimated K Sh 6,768 monthly wage for males and K Sh 9,623 monthly wage for females, the program’s benefits exceeded the costs for males and females. The program also encouraged youths to participate in either (certified) skills training or an internship program, and helped to increase the probability of participants’ opening a bank account and accumulating savings (for females).}, + keywords = {area::urban,citation_checked,country::Kenya,done,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {An experimental study on the 'Kenya Youth Empowerment Program' which combines vocational training and internships, trying to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability of participants.\\ +The study created two treatment groups, one only receiving 2 weeks of life skills training, another receiving the same training, vocational training and on-the-job training through an internship, and a control group receiving no training.\\ +It finds that solely participating in the life skills training had no significant impacts on any outcomes.\\ +Participating in the full treatment, however, significantly increased participants' employment probability and earnings.\\ +It finds some heterogeneity, with larger earnings effects for women and older men, as well as that the program selected for a more highly educated target group than its ostensible goal.\\ +The program was cost effective for both men and women.\\ +While the female sample has to be taken with some caution due to a possible bias through its high attrition rate, it suggested that women finishing the program are more likely to open a bank account and accumulate savings.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Honorati2015_The impact of private sector internship and training on urban youth in Kenya.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IRNNVW8J/Honorati2015_The impact of private sector internship and training on urban youth in Kenya.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Levinsohn2014, + ids = {WOS:000338001900012}, + title = {Prospective Analysis of a Wage Subsidy for {{Cape Town}} Youth}, + author = {Levinsohn, James and Pugatch, Todd}, + date = {2014-05}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Development Economics}, + volume = {108}, + pages = {169--183}, + issn = {0304-3878}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.02.006}, + abstract = {Persistently high youth unemployment is one of the most pressing problems in South Africa. We prospectively analyze an employer wage subsidy targeted at youth, a policy recently enacted by the South African government to address the issue. Recognizing that a credible estimate of the policy's impact requires a model of the labor market that itself generates high unemployment in equilibrium, we estimate a structural search model that incorporates both observed heterogeneity and measurement error in wages. Using the model to simulate the policy, we find that a R1000/month wage subsidy paid to employers leads to an increase of R596 in mean accepted wages and a decrease of 12 percentage points in the share of youth experiencing long-term unemployment. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, + eissn = {1872-6089}, + orcid-numbers = {Pugatch, Todd/0000-0003-0127-2289}, + researcherid-numbers = {Pugatch, Todd/Q-3757-2019}, + unique-id = {WOS:000338001900012}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Levinsohn2014_Prospective analysis of a wage subsidy for Cape Town youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/AAYX5W9Z/Levinsohn2014_Prospective analysis of a wage subsidy for Cape Town youth.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@report{Levinsohn2014a, + title = {Wage Subsidies and Youth Employment in {{South Africa}}: {{Evidence}} from a Randomised Control Trial}, + author = {Levinsohn, James and Rankin, Neil and Roberts, Gareth and Schöer, Volker}, + date = {2014}, + series = {Stellenbosch {{Economic Working Papers}}}, + number = {02}, + institution = {{University of Stellenbosch}}, + url = {https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/szawpaper/wpapers207.htm}, + abstract = {• Youth unemployment in South Africa is high, differs substantially by race group and is increasing. In 2012, close to two-thirds of young Africans were broadly unemployed. Over the four years prior to this the unemployment rate had increased by almost ten percentage points. • A wage subsidy is one type of intervention which aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing a subsidy to firms which covers part of the cost of employing young people. The outline of a youth employment incentive was provided by the National Treasury in 2011. • Evidence from other countries suggests that the success of a wage subsidy can be context specific and depends on the nature of the intervention and the structure of the labour market amongst other things. Thus, in order to understand how a wage subsidy may affect youth unemployment it is useful to know how South African young people and firms may react to a wage subsidy. A randomised control trial (RCT) is one way to investigate this. • In an RCT the participants in the study are randomly divided into two groups – one which received the intervention, in this case a voucher for a wage subsidy which a firm who employs the individual could claim for six months (called the treatment group), and the second group which does not receive anything (called the control group). Since allocation to the groups is random and both groups share similar characteristics, any observed changes on average should be the result of the wage subsidy voucher. We can thus attach a causal interpretation to our results. • The key finding of the paper is that those who were allocated a wage subsidy voucher were more likely to be in wage employment both one year and two years after allocation. The impact of the voucher thus persisted even after it was no longer valid. The magnitude of these effects was relatively large – those in the voucher group were 7.4 percentage points (approximately 25 percent) more likely to be in wage employment one year after allocation and of similar magnitude two years later. This impact was not driven by changes in the sample composition. • This suggests that those young people who entered jobs earlier than they would have because of the voucher were more likely to stay in jobs. This confirms the important dynamic impacts of youth employment. It also suggests that government interventions which successfully create youth employment are important and can virtuous longer-term effects. • Relatively few firms actually claimed the voucher. Interviews with firms and young people suggest that this was for a number of reasons: the young people did not even get a chance to show the voucher to someone who makes hiring decision; the administrative burden associated with claiming the money, although not onerous, could not be overcome (for example, larger firms did not have a process for accepting subsidy money, human resource functions were centralised and HR had little incentive to engage in the process of claiming the voucher); or managers or firm owners questioned the legitimacy of the voucher. This suggests that a national wage subsidy policy would need to be widely advertised and information and support provided to firms who would like to claim the subsidy. • However, the impact of the voucher among those individuals who were employed in firms who claimed or enquired about the subsidy was much larger than the broader estimated effect. In this paper we are unable to ascertain whether these jobs were new or not. • Even after controlling for firm take up and enquiry there is still a difference in the probability of wage employment between the group with a voucher and the group without. This indicates that part of the impact of the voucher is through supply side responses of those allocated the voucher. • The results indicate that the observed impact of the voucher is not driven by changes in search, increases in search intensity or movement either to look for jobs or to take up employment. • Rather it seems that part of the impact may be driven by people turning down job offers. Those in the control group, especially those in households with other employed members, were more likely to turn down job offers than those in the treatment group. This suggests that there is some queuing in the South African youth labour market as young people who can wait for better paid jobs do. • We can only speculate about why those in the treatment group did not engage in this behaviour. One explanation is that the voucher changed their perceptions of potential success in the job market and thus they were more willing, or able, to go to these jobs, since they thought the voucher advantaged them or they were able to borrow money from their households to travel and incur the initial costs associated with accepting a job. It may also be that households which contained voucher holders were more likely to encourage the holder to take up the job since it was perceived as part of a special programme, or it may be that more information about jobs was passed onto the households of voucher holders with employees since they were linked into firms and people in their network may have known about the voucher. • These results confirm that the structure of the household is important for success in the labour market. Research on South African labour markets shows that networks are the main channel through which information about jobs is transmitted. Households with working members are thus advantaged since members receive more information about jobs. These types of households can also provide intra-household cash transfers to help pay for transport costs or other costs associated with taking up a job. • However, there can also be relatively negative implications for young people in households with other earners – they can afford to turn down jobs as they wait for potentially better paying or better matched jobs. The consequences of this may not necessarily be negative if these types of jobs eventually arrive but if they do not then these young people have sacrificed both earnings and work experience as they wait.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,group::youth,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy for youth in South Africa, with an analysis of its impacts on earnings, employment probability and overall employment length.\\ +It finds that beneficiaries were significantly more likely to be employed after both one and two years, as well as positive but insignificant impacts on earnings. \\ +Additionally, it found a significant increase in accumulated employment length of around 1 month for the treatment cohort after 2 years.\\ +The results suggest that the usual theory of lowered search costs for firms is a valid channel here, but it also finds responses on the supply side after receiving the voucher.\\ +While beneficiaries did no change their search behavior, move for employment or increase their overall search intensity, there were comparatively fewer job offers turned down in the treatment group.\\ +The study suggests this could be due to a potential removal of transport cost barriers to interviews or workplaces, an increased perception of success probabilities, household pressures or more access to job information during voucher provision.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:57:03Z}, + file = {Levinsohn2014_Wage subsidies and youth employment in South Africa.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8427MY3M/Levinsohn2014_Wage subsidies and youth employment in South Africa.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Mengistae2001, + ids = {WOS:000169648900001}, + title = {Skill Formation and Job Matching Effects in Wage Growth in {{Ethiopia}}}, + author = {Mengistae, Taye}, + date = {2001-03}, + journaltitle = {Journal of African Economies}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1--36}, + issn = {0963-8024}, + doi = {10.1093/jae/10.1.1}, + abstract = {This paper analyses production and labour market data on manufacturing firms in Ethiopia in order to test for skill formation and job-matching effects in wage growth. Estimated age and job seniority profiles of relative marginal productivity and relative wages indicate that both on-the-job skill formation and job matching are significant sources of the growth of productivity and wages with time in the labour market. However, there is also evidence that job matching is by far the more important of the two sources.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000169648900001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,program::job market services,program::training,region::SSA,relevance::unsure}, + note = {A study on the possibility and eventual outcome of on-the-job learning and job matching on workers' productivity and earnings.\\ +It finds that both on-the-job learning and job matching have a significant positive impact on both earnings and productivity over time, with specific skill increases being the primary learning source of within-job increases but a smaller fraction on increases than job matching overall.\\ +Both skill increases and job-matching account at least for some of the in-between jobs earnings increases over a workers' labor market experience.\\ +Job-matching may however be significantly more important to both earnings and productivity of a worker over time. \\ +It also finds that the rate of improvement for both outcomes increases until 15 years of experience and slowly decreases above 16 years, though still keeping consistently higher than baseline estimations.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Mengistae2001_Skill formation and job matching effects in wage growth in Ethiopia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CPNMX3MM/Mengistae2001_Skill formation and job matching effects in wage growth in Ethiopia.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Okumu2019, + ids = {WOS:000479949200001}, + title = {Technical and Vocational Education and Training in {{Uganda}}: {{A}} Critical Analysis}, + author = {Okumu, Ibrahim Mike and Bbaale, Edward}, + date = {2019-11}, + journaltitle = {Development Policy Review}, + volume = {37}, + number = {6}, + pages = {735--749}, + issn = {0950-6764}, + doi = {10.1111/dpr.12407}, + abstract = {This article undertakes a diagnostic study of the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sub-sector in Uganda, with a view to characterizing the sub-sector and identifying its potential strengths and weakness. We undertook a cross-sectional pre-survey of purposively selected key stakeholders in the TVET sub-sector. We selected performance indicators following their importance in influencing the TVET reform process. Both qualitative and quantitative data was solicited from the stakeholders. Quantitative data was collected through stakeholder-specific structured questionnaires, whilst qualitative data was collected through desk review and field visits, individual focused interviews and focus group discussions. Our findings indicate that financing and planning constraints have resulted in poor quality equipment, under- and ill-trained staff, limited adoption of a competence-based education and training (CBET) curriculum, not to mention the supervision inadequacies of TVET institutions. Besides, the limited TVET sub-sector interaction with the private sector has incapacitated TVET curriculum development to nurture skills demanded by the private sector. Furthermore, backward technology use in the private sector has equally inhibited the success of student attachment programmes. Finally, legal ambiguities have perpetuated a qualification jungle and overlapping curricula.}, + earlyaccessdate = {AUG 2019}, + eissn = {1467-7679}, + orcid-numbers = {Okumu, Ibrahim/0000-0001-9652-675X}, + unique-id = {WOS:000479949200001}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Uganda,done,program::training,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A qualitative study with a small quantitative component in a questionnaire reviewing the quality of existing vocational training offerings in Uganda. \\ +It finds that generally, there is little adaptation to private sector labor skill demands.\\ +Training effectiveness is hampered by poor quality equipment, under- or ill-trained staff and limited adoption of competence-based curricula.\\ +In the country there is also an inadequate supervision of the individual training institutions since TVET institutions are splintered and operate semi-autonomously from any centralized state offering.\\ +Lastly, moving into the offering of on-the-job components of a training it finds again that such internship possibilities are generally hampered by poor quality equipment in the private sector not being able to prepare trainees for working with the required technology.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Okumu2019_Technical and vocational education and training in Uganda.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZKF9UI2G/Okumu2019_Technical and vocational education and training in Uganda.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Patel2020, + ids = {WOS:000580051200012}, + title = {Evidence of Non-Economic Indicators as Markers of Success for Youth in Youth Employability Programs: {{Insights}} from a {{South African}} Study}, + author = {Patel, Leila and Graham, Lauren and Chowa, Gina}, + date = {2020-11}, + journaltitle = {Children and Youth Services Review}, + volume = {118}, + issn = {0190-7409}, + doi = {10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105404}, + abstract = {Evaluation studies of youth employment programs prioritize employment and earnings outcomes and use these indicators to determine what labor market interventions are most successful. Evidence from pre and post data of a cluster randomized controlled longitudinal study, consisting of 1 892 youth between 18 and 25 years who participated in Youth Employability Programs (YEPs) in South Africa, confirms the importance of the inclusion of non-economic indicators to measure success for youth. This study provides evidence that non-economic markers of success such as job-search resilience, self-esteem, self-efficacy and future orientation are potentially important in the transition to employment in the longer term and points to the need for more evaluations that use these markers to predict youth's success in employment. The findings further suggest that these non-economic outcomes, which were conceptualized as intermediary outcomes, can influence how young people manage the increasingly protracted and difficult transition to work. The study enlarges our understanding of the non-linear and protracted pathways of youth transitions to work in a development context, and how to best support youth in this transition period. These findings have implications for rethinking YEP evaluation outcomes that could lead to adaptive programming and management of interventions.}, + article-number = {105404}, + eissn = {1873-7765}, + orcid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/0000-0002-7125-9859}, + researcherid-numbers = {Graham, Lauren/A-9329-2017}, + unique-id = {WOS:000580051200012}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,group::youth,region::SSA,relevance::unsure}, + note = {A study on the non-economic outcomes of youth training programs in South Africa, focusing on the effects on participants' individual welfare (with self-esteem and self-efficacy measurements), skills acquisition and job-search resilience.\\ +It finds that the programs had a significant sustained positive impact on self-efficacy and self-esteem and a positive but insignificant increase in the future orientation of participants, as well as a significantly increased job-search resilience after the program.\\ +It also finds that including a financial capability component into the training was correlated with larger positive personal outcomes overall, but the study design did not allow for causal explanation of the training components on their own.\\ +It argues that such a nurturing role of youth employment programs as 'critical delivery systems' is an important empowering resource for the complexity of youth transition to work, especially in high unemployment environments.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Patel2020_Evidence of non-economic indicators as markers of success for youth in youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/RISMGI7D/Patel2020_Evidence of non-economic indicators as markers of success for youth in youth.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{ramgutty2021study, + title = {A Study into the Effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme ({{YEP}}) in {{Mauritius}}}, + author = {Ramgutty, Harsha Toshini and Sanmukhiya, Chintamanee}, + date = {2021}, + journaltitle = {The European Journal of Social \& Behavioural Sciences}, + publisher = {{European Publisher}}, + doi = {10.15405/ejsbs.304}, + abstract = {Youth employment programmes are used as a means of developing employability skills through a wage subsidy strategy. This study examines the effectiveness of the Youth Employment Programme (YEP) in Mauritius in terms of the trainee’s satisfaction of YEP, his/her belief that YEP would help him/her to get a job and the odds of actually being employed once the programme is over. The Human Capital Theory is used to describe the transformation process through which YEP increases youth employability. Data was randomly collected among 214 individuals who were either currently or had previously been on the programme. All logistic models fitted the data well with correct classifications ranging from 70\% to 92.5\%. None of the demographic factors predicted the effectiveness of YEP. Trainees’ satisfaction was predicted by the sector of work placement, quality of programme, field of study and recommendations. Trainees’ beliefs were predicted by the number of interviews, duration of unemployment prior to the programme, whether internship matched their fields of study, nature of employment and quality of the programme. However, the nature of employment and salary were the only factors that predicted the odds of actually being employed. The YEP in Mauritius may require major restructuration to cater for trainees outside the field of social sciences. Although the YEP has failed to provide the adequate support and a satisfying experience, its contribution cannot be underestimated. An evaluation of the programme should be carried out at shorter intervals to detect major loopholes so that these may be resolved in time.}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Mauritius,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A questionnaire study on the effects of vocational training and an internship under the 'Youth Employment Programme' of Mauritius, to analyze the impacts on employment probability and a participants' individual welfare.\\ +It finds that the most significant factors of the training satisfaction of the participants and their estimation of their own employability are the quality of the program, sector of work placement and the nature of work.\\ +All except those in field of social science had an overall lower satisfaction with the program, lower still for those previously unemployed.\\ +There is no significant impact of program quality on employability.\\ +It suggests that there is a too large focus on administrative and clerical jobs, but the program can also work as a facilitator through the number of interviews participated in by a participant, increasing the interview experience.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ramgutty2021_A study into the effectiveness of the youth employment programme ( YEP) in.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/T3KNP2TE/Ramgutty2021_A study into the effectiveness of the youth employment programme ( YEP) in.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Ranchhod2016, + ids = {WOS:000378424600002}, + title = {Estimating the Short Run Effects of {{South Africa}}'s Employment Tax Incentive on Youth Employment Probabilities Using a Difference-in-Differences Approach}, + author = {Ranchhod, Vimal and Finn, Arden}, + date = {2016-06}, + journaltitle = {South African Journal of Economics}, + volume = {84}, + number = {2}, + pages = {199--216}, + issn = {0038-2280}, + doi = {10.1111/saje.12121}, + abstract = {South Africa's Employment Tax Incentive (ETI) came into effect on the 1st of January 2014, with the objective of reducing the substantial national youth unemployment rate. Under the ETI, firms are eligible to claim a deduction from their taxes due, for the portion of their wage bill that is paid to certain groups of youth employees. We utilise several waves of nationally representative data and implement a difference-in-differences methodology at the individual level, in order to identify the effects of the ETI on youth employment probabilities in the short run. Our primary finding is that the ETI did not have any statistically significant and positive effects on youth employment probabilities. The point estimate from our preferred regression is -0.005 and the 95\% confidence interval is from -0.017 to 0.006. We also find no evidence that the ETI has resulted in an increase in the level of churning in the labour market for youth. Thus, any decrease in tax revenues that arise from the ETI are effectively accruing to firms which, collectively, would have employed as many youth even in the absence of the ETI.}, + eissn = {1813-6982}, + unique-id = {WOS:000378424600002}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::South Africa,done,program::wage subsidy,region::SSA,relevant}, + note = {A study on the employment subsidy program of South Africa trying to analyze the impact of the tax incentives on youth employment probabilities and 'churn' in the labor market, proxied through employment length.\\ +It finds no significant positive effects on employment probability or on job turnover in the youth labor market, in fact almost all outcomes on employment probability are consistently negative but not significant.\\ +The results suggest no impact on the employment rate for youth, with subsidies possibly accruing to firms which did not change their hiring patterns.\\ +Some suggested reasons for this are the value of the subsidy being too low to significantly alter search costs for firms, the program's targeting at medium to large sized formal sector firms decreasing potential, people making decisions over hiring not being affected by the subsidy's value, or potential outcomes only manifesting after a longer time-frame.}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Ranchhod2016_Estimating the short run effects of south africa's employment tax incentive on.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/CPVV2P65/Ranchhod2016_Estimating the short run effects of south africa's employment tax incentive on.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{Rijkers2010, + ids = {WOS:000275993200007}, + title = {Who Benefits from Promoting Small Enterprises? {{Some}} Empirical Evidence from {{Ethiopia}}}, + author = {Rijkers, Bob and Laderchi, Caterina Ruggeri and Teal, Francis}, + date = {2010-04}, + journaltitle = {World Development}, + volume = {38}, + number = {4}, + pages = {523--540}, + issn = {0305-750X}, + doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.007}, + abstract = {The Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Development Program (AAIHDP) aims to tackle the housing shortage and unemployment that prevail in Addis Ababa by deploying and supporting small enterprises to construct low-cost housing using technologies novel for Ethiopia. The motivation for such support is predicated on the view that small firms create more jobs per unit of investment by virtue of being more labor intensive and that the jobs so created are concentrated among the low-skilled and hence the poor. To assess whether the program has succeeded in biasing technology adoption in favor of labor and thereby contributed to poverty reduction, the impact of the program on technology usage, labor intensity, and earnings is investigated using a unique matched workers-firms dataset, the Addis Ababa Construction Enterprise Survey (AACES), collected specifically for the purpose of analyzing the impact of the program. We find that program firms do not adopt different technologies and are not more labor intensive than nonprogram firms. There is an earnings premium for program participants, who tend to be relatively well educated, which is heterogeneous and highest for those at the bottom of the earnings distribution. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, + unique-id = {WOS:000275993200007}, + keywords = {citation_checked,country::Ethiopia,done,program::public works,region::SSA,relevance::unsure}, + timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z}, + file = {Rijkers2010_Who benefits from promoting small enterprises.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2IZ5UEVH/Rijkers2010_Who benefits from promoting small enterprises.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +