feat(script): Add agency-based findings table

02-data/supplementary/findings-agency.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+area of policy,findings,channels,studies
+direct transfers,evidence for increasing gender equality,lifted credit constraints and debt dependency increases employment probability,Emigh2018;Shin2006;Standing2015;Clark2019;Hojman2019
+,,requires effective targeting to disadvantaged women
+,,can counter negative rtw effects of childbirth
+,evidence for reduction of absolute poverty,positive short-term effects but mixed evidence long-term,Emigh2018;Bartha2020
+individual microfinance,evidence for increased gender equality,increased personal economic security and household decision-making long-term,Al-Mamun2014;Field2019
+,,can decrease local discriminatory gender norms
+,,constrained by loan obtainment abilities through individual focus

02-data/supplementary/findings-institutional.csv

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ collective bargaining,evidence for decreased income inequality with strong union
 workfare programmes,evidence for decrease of vertical inequality,,Whitworth2021;Li2022
 ,evidence for possibility of increased spatial inequalities,bad targeting increases deprivations for already job-deprived areas,Whitworth2021
 ,evidence for effective outcomes dependent on on prior material equalities,prior inequalities such as land ownership can lead to political capture and less effective policies,Li2022
-social protection,evidence for conditional cash transfers producing short- and long-term inequality reduction,production of short-term cash influx,Debowicz2014
+social protection,evidence for conditional cash transfers producing short- and long-term inequality reduction,production of short-term cash influx,Debowicz2014;Standing2015
 ,,conditioning on school attendance can decrease educational inequalities over long-term
-,mixed evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities,lifting credit constraints greater effect on low-income households,Hardoy2015;Debowicz2014
+,mixed evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities,lifting credit constraints greater effect on low-income households,Hardoy2015;Debowicz2014;Clark2019;Hojman2019
 ,evidence for stagnating income replacement rates exacerbating existing vertical inequalities,benefit levels unlinked from wages can widen division between income groups,Wang2016
 ,healthcare subsidy impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting,dependence on non-participation in labour market may generate benefit trap,Carstens2018

02-data/supplementary/findings-structural.csv

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ infrastructure,evidence for increase in spatial equality,increased employment pr
 ,mixed evidence for increase of existing inequalities,elite policy capture can exacerbate existing social exclusion & disadvantages,Kuriyama2021;Stock2021
 ,mixed evidence for transport infrastructure effects on income inequality,deficit-/tariff-financing can exacerbate spatia inequality,Blumenberg2014;Adam2018
 ,,transit-rich area creation alone not enough for employment gains
-access to education,evidence for increasing income equality,human capital building,Adams2015;Bailey2012;Pi2016;Suh2017
+access to education,evidence for increasing income equality,human capital building,Adams2015;Bailey2012;Pi2016;Suh2017;Emigh2018
 ,,occupational upgrading and increased probability for formal employment
 ,evidence for increasing gender and spatial income equality ,gendered occupational upgrading can decrease gender pay gap,Xu2021;Mukhopadhaya2003;Pi2016;Bailey2012;Suh2017
 ,,education alone necessary but not sufficient condition for increased FLFP

scoping_review.qmd

@@ -846,6 +846,7 @@ Two limitations of the study are its small sample size due to a low response rat
 
 <!-- UBI -->
 <!-- TODO! Add to main findings and possibly env protection/labour regulation -->
+<!-- TODO Add quick sentence of Standing also looking into UBI -->
 @Cieplinski2021 undertake a simulation study on the income inequality effects of both a policy targeting a reduction in working time and the introduction of a UBI in Italy.
 It finds that while both decrease overall income inequality, measured through Gini coefficient, they do so through different channels.
 While provision of a UBI sustains aggregate demand, thereby spreading income in a more equitable manner,
@@ -1089,6 +1090,27 @@ Though the intervention clearly aims at strengthening some aspect of individual
 
 ## Agency
 
+{{< portrait >}}
+
+::: {#tbl-findings-agency}
+
+```{python}
+from src.model import strength_of_findings as findings
+
+findings_agency = pd.read_csv("02-data/supplementary/findings-agency.csv")
+fd_df = findings.add_validities(findings_agency, by_intervention)
+
+md(tabulate(fd_df[["area of policy",  "internal_validity", "external_validity", "findings", "channels"]].fillna(""), showindex=False, headers="keys", tablefmt="grid"))
+```
+
+Note: Each main finding is presented with an internal strength of evidence and an external strength of evidence which describe the combined validities of the evidence base for the respective finding. Validities are binned to a weak (-) evidence base up to a validity rank of 2.9, evidential (+) between 3.0 and 5.9 and strong evidence base (++) above 6.0.
+
+Summary of main findings for agency-based policies
+
+:::
+
+{{< landscape >}}
+
 ### Occupational segregation and social exclusion
 
 @Emigh2018 study the effects of direct state transfers to people in poverty in the post-socialist market transition countries of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
@@ -1097,7 +1119,7 @@ It also found that poverty itself was most feminized Hungary, the country with t
 For the state transfers it found that while the level of payments may have been too small to eliminate longer-term adverse effects of the market transitions,
 in each country's case the transfers to individuals reduced their poverty and were beneficial at least in the short term.
 The authors thus suggest that their findings may be compatible both with an institutionalist perspective seeing poverty-eliminating benefits in the short term and with an underclass perspective which contends that nonetheless the transfers do not eliminate the deprivations members of disadvantaged groups face, while providing little evidence for generating welfare dependency proposed in a more neoclassical perspective.
-However, due to no long-term panel data available to fully analyse the underclass and neoclassical arguments, these findings should not be understood too generalizable.
+However, due to no long-term panel data available to fully analyse the underclass and neoclassical arguments, these findings' generalizability should be understood as more restricted.
 
 @Bartha2020 conduct an observational study on the effects of the policy trajectories of European countries concerning long-term care work, with a special focus on the impacts on gender equality.
 The trajectories for the study are mostly described through measures of social protection and social security such as pensions or the provision of residential or at-home care facilities, regulation and fiscal policies.
@@ -1117,24 +1139,26 @@ The authors suggest this relatively higher exit from the labour market for women
 A limitation of the study is its restricted focus on strictly female underlying panel data which does not allow for comparisons between genders within or across professions.
 
 An experimental study of providing UBI for villages in India by @Standing2015 looks at the effects on absolute low-income household debts, utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative experimental research.
-It finds that the provision of UBI significantly reduced household debts, finding generally agreeing with assumptions in the literature, but goes beyond this by investigating the qualitative causes going beyond purely monetary value into what the authors call 'emancipatory value'.
+It finds that the provision of UBI significantly reduced household debts,
+a finding generally agreeing with assumptions in the literature,
+but goes beyond this by investigating the qualitative causes going beyond purely monetary value into what the authors call 'emancipatory value'.
 They find UBI reduces dependency risk - primarily to lenders with high associated fees by allowing the repayment of existing debt, not having to work for the lender directly or by providing them parts of their wages, avoiding taking on new debts and, if new debts have to be taken on, allows choosing less exploitative forms of borrowing (such as from relatives or friends).
 The last channel especially is a point of interest of the study: the intervention did not just reduce absolute debts through an individual possessing more money, it generally infused more money into the local contexts, reducing its scarcity and allowing others such as neighbours and friends to provide more collective risk spreading in the villages..
 The intervention also significantly increased possibility of saving in treatment households, allowing for an increased economic security and empowerment, which was also influenced by household head education, landholding, the household's caste and size.
 The main channel this is accomplished through is a shift to institutionalized saving, with provides increased resilience against shock events.
 
 <!-- childcare subsidy -->
-@Clark2019 undertake an experimental study on the impacts of providing childcare vouchers to poor women in urban Kenya, estimating the impacts on their economic empowerment.
+@Clark2019 undertake an experimental study on the impacts of providing vouchers for childcare to poor women in urban Kenya, estimating the impacts on their economic empowerment.
 The empowerment is measured through disaggregated analyses of maternal income, employment probability and hours worked.
 It finds that, for married mothers there was a significantly positive effect on employment probability and hours worked, suggesting their increased ability to work through lower childcare costs increasing personal agency.
 For single mothers, it finds a negative effect on hours worked, though with a stable income.
 The authors suggest this is due to single Kenyan mothers already working increased hours compared to married mothers, though the effect shows the ability of single mothers to shift to jobs with more regular hours, even if they are not compatible with childcare.
 Minor limitations of the study are its restriction to effects within a period of 1 year, and a somewhat significant attrition rate to the endline survey.
 
-@Hojman2019, in an experimental study looking at the effects of providing free childcare for poor urban mothers in Nicaragua under the 'Programo Urbano', examine the effects on inequality for mothers and children.
+@Hojman2019, in an experimental study looking at the effects of providing childcare vouchers for poor urban mothers in Nicaragua under the 'Programo Urbano', examine the effects on inequality for mothers and children.
 It finds that providing free childcare for young children of poor mothers significantly increases the employment probability of the mothers (14ppts) independently of the childcare quality.
-It also finds significantly positive impacts on the human capital of the children, though dependent on the quality of childcare facilities.
-This suggests childcare costs being removed through a quasi-subsidy reducing the required childcare time burden on mothers, increasing parental agency and employment choices.
+It also finds significantly positive impacts on the human capital of the children, though the results are also dependent on the quality of childcare facilities.
+This suggests childcare costs being removed through a quasi-transfer reducing the required childcare time burden on mothers, increasing parental agency and employment choices.
 Some limitations to the study include a relatively small overall sample size, as well as employment effects becoming insignificant when the effect is measured on randomization alone (without an additional instrumental variable).
 
 ### Unconscious bias and discriminatory norms
@@ -1149,7 +1173,8 @@ Primarily this is due to the increased access to finance, though it also functio
 It also finds, however, that the empowerment outcomes are constrained by the inability for individuals to obtain loans, with the programme only disbursing group loans which are harder to achieve through obstacles to collective organisation by different racial and socio-demographic backgrounds in each dwelling.
 The study is somewhat limited in its explanatory power since even through its random sampling design it can not establish control for all factors required in experimental design.
 
-In turn, @Field2019 undertake an experimental study looking at the effects of granting women increased access to their own financial accounts and training on their employment and hours worked, as well as more long-term economic empowerment.
+In turn, @Field2019 undertake an experimental study looking at the effects of granting women increased access to their own financial accounts and training,
+on their employment and hours worked, as well as more long-term economic empowerment.
 The background of the experiment was the rural Indian MGNREGS[^1] programme which, despite ostensibly mandated gender wage parity, runs the risk of discouraging female workers and restricting their agency by depositing earned wages into a single household account --- predominantly owned by the male head of household.
 To grant increased financial access, the treatment changed the deposits into newly opened individual accounts for the women workers, as well as providing additional training to some women.
 It found that, short-term, the deposits into women's individual accounts in combination with provided training increased their labour supply, while longer-term there was an increased acceptance of female work in affected households and a significant increase in women's hours worked.