wow-inequalities/02-data/supplementary/findings-institutional.csv

area of policy,findings,channels,studies
minimum wage,mixed evidence for short-/medium-term income inequality impacts,can lead to income compression at higher-earner ends,Wong2019;Sotomayor2021;Alinaghi2020;Gilbert2001
,some evidence for long-term inequality decrease,job loss offsets through higher wages,Sotomayor2021;Chao2022;SilveiraNeto2011
,,some spatial transfer from urban manufacturing sectors to rural agricultural sectors
,bad targeting can exacerbate existing inequalities,negative effect on women's hours worked if strong household labour divisions,Alinaghi2020;Wong2019;Militaru2019
,,low-earners sometimes secondary high-income household earners while low-wage households have no earners at all
,"potential impact larger for single parents, rural/disadvantaged locations",women more affected if they make up large share of low-wage earners,Alinaghi2020;Gilbert2001;SilveriaNeto2011
labour regulation,mixed evidence for effects of labour regulation on income inequality ,with lacking institutional capabilities no effective targeting possible,Adams2015;Broadway2020;Davies2022;Dustmann2012
paid leave,evidence for significant increase in rtw after childbirth,esp. disadvantaged women benefit due to no prior employer-funded leave,Broadway2020;Dustmann2012;Davies2022
,some evidence for positive rtw effects to occur with medium-/long-term time delay,short-term exit but no long-term increase to hiring pattern discrimination,Broadway2020;Dustmann2012
,,can exacerbate existing household labour division
,mixed evidence for fixed-/short-term contracts counter-acting effect on rtw,fixed-term contracts often insufficiently covered by otherwise applicable labour regulation,Davies2022;Mun2018
collective bargaining,evidence for decreased income inequality with strong unionisation,stronger collective political power vector enables more equal redistributive policies,Alexiou2023;Cardinaleschi2015
,,"increased probability for employment on formal, standard employment contract"
,marginal evidence for increased income/representation of women/minorities in workforce/management,internal heterogeneity due to predominantly affecting median part of wage distribution,Ferguson2015;Ahumada2023
,,self-selection of people joining more unionised enterprises/organisations/sectors
,,"depending on targeting of concurrent policies can bestow more benefits on men, increasing horizontal inequalities"
workfare programmes,evidence for decrease of vertical inequality,,Whitworth2021;Li2022
,evidence for possibility of increased spatial inequalities,bad targeting increases deprivations for already job-deprived areas,Whitworth2021
,evidence for effective outcomes dependent on on prior material equalities,prior inequalities such as land ownership can lead to political capture and less effective policies,Li2022
social protection,evidence for conditional cash transfers producing short- and long-term inequality reduction,production of short-term cash influx,Debowicz2014;Standing2015
,,conditioning on school attendance can decrease educational inequalities over long-term
,mixed evidence for childcare subsidies decreasing gender inequalities,lifting credit constraints greater effect on low-income households,Hardoy2015;Debowicz2014;Clark2019;Hojman2019
,evidence for stagnating income replacement rates exacerbating existing vertical inequalities,benefit levels unlinked from wages can widen division between income groups,Wang2016
,healthcare subsidy impacts strongly dependent on correct targeting,dependence on non-participation in labour market may generate benefit trap,Carstens2018