wow-inequalities/02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/e96796d916cc707f2acde372334e18d9-zapata-amadeo-navar/info.yaml

abstract: 'In the last decades, the East Asian region has experienced important

  economic transformations that have led to important growth and economic

  development. A crucial part of this growth has been due to the

  contribution of the foreign sector, and more specifically the trade in

  manufactures, establishing a model of economic growth based largely on

  exports of this type of goods.

  The Spanish foreign sector has also undergone important changes in

  recent decades, although the need to expand foreign markets and the

  improvement of the technological intensity of manufactured exports are

  two pending tasks to be able to compete more efficiently in the

  international markets. The Spanish authorities have emphasised these

  needs and have been defined as objectives to be achieved in the

  different internationalisation strategies for the Spanish economy

  designed in recent years, and although improvements have been made,

  there is still ample scope to deepen the reforms needed to achieve a

  more efficient pattern of manufacturing specialisation. In most cases,

  the analysis of these deficiencies has been confined to the country,

  without paying special attention to the study of the regional aspect,

  and to the high regional geographic concentration in the Spanish

  production of manufactures with a higher technological content,

  highlighting the unavoidable need to implement economic policy tools to

  improve the supply of new products with high technological content.

  This article analyses the technological intensity of manufactures

  exported by the Spanish autonomous communities to the world and the main

  territories of East Asia: China, Japan, Korea, ASEAN, Hong Kong and

  Taiwan, for the period 2000 to 2016. As we mentioned before, this choice

  is based on the importance that these territories have achieved in the

  international markets of manufactures in general, and of manufactures

  with high technological intensity in particular, and also based on the

  low presence in the economic literature in Spain.

  This analysis fills a crucial gap in the economic literature regarding

  the technological intensity of manufactures exported by Spanish regions,

  and it is for this reason that our study aims to provide scientific

  evidence for the case of the technological intensity of manufactures

  exported by Spanish autonomous communities to the world and to the East

  Asian region. Therefore, it could serve as an important tool on the

  assessment of economic policy measures implemented to increase regional

  exports of manufactures with a higher technological content. This work

  can also be a good tool for Spanish companies that wish to

  internationalise their processes in the countries of the study,

  identifying market niches and difficulties in internationalising their

  processes in East Asian countries. Likewise, it can serve the Spanish

  authorities at national and regional level in charge of designing

  policies aimed at favouring these processes of business

  internationalisation, identifying comparative advantages, and

  reinforcing economic policy tools aimed at improving the financing,

  training and qualification of companies exporting manufactures with a

  high technological content. Thus, this article has a significant

  relevance due to the need to improve the regional export propensity of

  manufactures with a higher technological content, since achieving these

  objectives could help to attain greater economic growth, showing that

  product specialisation from the point of view of technological intensity

  is not neutral on potential of wealth creation.

  One of the aims of this paper is to determine the weight of the foreign

  manufacturing sector in the Spanish regional economies, since the

  measures and the scope of the economic policies to be implemented to

  improve the technological intensity of manufacturing will depend to a

  certain degree on the importance of this sector in each of the

  autonomous communities, and for this it will be essential to determine

  the technological breakdown of manufactures exported by the Spanish

  regions to the world and to the countries of East Asia, as well as to

  analyse the evolution of their technological pattern during the study

  period. This article also aims to determine the main manufactures with

  high technological intensity exported by the Spanish regions to the

  countries of East Asia, to analyse their level of concentration, and the

  degree of similarity of the distributions of exports of manufactures

  with high technological intensity among each of the Spanish autonomous

  communities, and that of Spain as a whole. The database used in this

  study is Datacomex of the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism of

  Spain, which collects data on declared trade provided by the Department

  of Customs and Special Taxes of the State Agency of the Tax

  Administration.

  In the regional study of manufactures exported according to their

  technological content by Spain and by the Spanish regions to the world

  and the countries of East Asia, a statistical analysis is carried out

  using the technological classification established by the OECD, where

  manufactures are broken down into four groups: high technology

  manufactures, medium-high technology, medium-low technology, and low

  technology. The disaggregation of manufactures used in this article is

  at five-digit level, which provides a high level of disaggregation,

  avoiding the likely drawbacks derived from a high level of aggregation.

  In the analysis of the concentration of exported manufactures, we used

  the Theil concentration index, while in the study of the similarity

  between the distributions of exports to the world and to the East Asian

  countries regarding manufactures with high technological intensity,

  between the Spainsh regions and Spain as whole, we use the

  Finger-Kreinin index.

  From the analysis of the manufactures exports, it is observed that there

  is no clear relationship between the weight of the manufacturing sector

  in the regional economies and the volume of exports with high

  technological intensity. Although it is difficult to establish a pattern

  regarding the evolution of manufactures with high intensity exported by

  the Spanish regions, some autonomous communities, such as the Community

  of Madrid, have significantly increased the proportion of manufactures

  exported with high technological intensity as they increased their sales

  abroad in absolute terms, establishing a pattern of industrialisation

  focused on those manufactures with a higher added value. Moreover, from

  the analysis of manufactures exports to the countries of East Asia, we

  can conclude that exports values can be improved both in quantitative

  and qualitative terms, and that there is a significant concentration of

  manufactures exports in a few regions. Madrid, followed by Castilla-Leon

  and Andalucia are among the Spanish regions that showed a good

  performance during the study period, and among those that better adapted

  to the pattern of specialisation of Asian imports, on the other hand are

  regions such as Galicia, Cantabria, Extremadura or Murcia. Likewise, the

  evolution of the value of exports of manufactures with high

  technological intensity is very heterogeneous, and there is no a defined

  pattern.

  From the analysis of the concentration index, it is observed that a high

  concentration is associated with a low level of value exports, that is

  why as value of exports increases, there is a greater product

  diversification. Moreover, there is a greater concentration in

  manufactures exported to the East Asian countries than those exported to

  the rest of the world. Overall, from the results obtained by the

  Finger-Kreinin index, we can conclude that the Spanish regions have a

  distribution of exports of manufactures with a high technological

  intensity quite similar to that of the nation as a whole, that these

  distributions have been homogenised with that of the country as a whole

  over time, with a greater homogeneity in the case of those regions with

  high propensity to exports manufactures of high technological content.'
affiliation: 'Zapata, AN (Corresponding Author), Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

  Zapata, Amadeo Navarro, Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.'
author: Zapata, Amadeo Navarro
author_list:
- family: Zapata
  given: Amadeo Navarro
da: '2023-09-28'
files: []
issn: 0213-7585
journal: REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS REGIONALES
keywords: Exports; Manufacturing; Technology intensity; East Asia
keywords-plus: ECONOMIC-GROWTH; US STATES; TRADE; DIVERSIFICATION; INCOME; EMPLOYMENT
language: Spanish
month: MAY-AUG
number: '121'
number-of-cited-references: '34'
orcid-numbers: Navarro Zapata, Amadeo/0000-0002-7405-9035
pages: 103-136
papis_id: 4f9f8b55adcb33511dee19aa356b64bb
ref: Zapata2021regionalanalysis
researcherid-numbers: Navarro Zapata, Amadeo/ADJ-5595-2022
times-cited: '0'
title: Regional analysis of Spanish high-tech manufacturing exports to East Asian
  countries
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000720372700007
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '4'
web-of-science-categories: Environmental Studies
year: '2021'