wow-inequalities/02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/83712d08a37ebd0c603a78112df055dc-d-amours-m-and-cres/info.yaml

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abstract: 'Self-employment is one of the two main non-standard work forms
(different from regular full-time employment) in Quebec and Canada.
Although some research has documented the differences between the
own-account self-employed and those who are employers, little is known
about the diversity of situation among the own-account self-employed,
the subcategory which underwent tremendous growth between 1976 and 2000,
with a slight drop since that time. The present research, based on a
sample of 293 respondents whose main job in 2000 was own-account
self-employment, analyses such diversity through five dimensions: the
worker''s characteristics, the type of clientele, the nature of the
product, the organization of work (including remuneration) and finally
the level and the type of protection against social and professional
hazards.
A multiple correspondence analysis revealed two main axes of opposition
among the sample. The first axis spreads out between two extreme
positions: at one end of the continuum stand the self-employed who are
economically independent with a high number of customers, mostly
individuals, while at the other end are those with only few customers,
mostly firms, one of which provides half or more of the worker''s income.
Generally speaking, the former tend to control their work while the
latter tend to be controlled by their clients. The second axis opposes
professionals, whose work requires a university degree, to other
self-employed. The former tend to combine the advantages of a high level
of education and experience, participation in the networks and a
superior income, which allow them to purchase protection plans against
social risks, especially health and disability insurance plans,
professional training and individual pension plans. On the opposite end,
non-professionals tend to have less experience, less participation in
the networks, and a lower income; in general they do not acquire
protection plans and rely on themselves and their families to address
professional hazards and life''s hazards.
A cluster analysis helped identify six types, five of which were
statistically differentiated:
- Non-professional independents who control their work but are lacking
protection against risks;
- Small, dependant producers whose customers mainly control the work;
these self-employed are not especially associated with a specific
professional profile nor with a specific level of protection;
- Liberal professionals who mainly control their work but must deal with
the intervention of outside forces in establishing pay rates and other
contractual terms. Among the sample, they are the most protected against
risks but have to pay for those protections;
- Advisors and consultants who are set apart by controlling the
contractual modalities more than the average self-employed; they also
pay for protections but in a lower proportion than liberal
professionals;
- Other independents and those who combine self-employment and
nonstandard work forms (part-time, temporary or contract employment);
they have a great deal in common with the members of the first group,
but are more educated;
- A small group of professionals enjoying collective labour agreements,
under which their clients share the cost of protection programs against
certain social and professional risks.
The results of this research tend to support the hypothesis related to
the heterogeneity of the own-account self-employment category, beyond
the traditional dichotomies comparing qualified professionals
controlling their work to non-professionals with little qualification
and control. Incidentally, the results explain part of this diversity by
the blurring of boundaries between the two polar forms of work, wage and
salary vs. self-employment, as they have been legally defined. Indeed, a
portion of own-account self employed does not fully control its work
while another part, smaller, does not bear all the risks linked to work.'
affiliation: 'D''Amours, M (Corresponding Author), Ecole Affaires Publ \& Communautaires,
Montreal, PQ, Canada.
Ecole Affaires Publ \& Communautaires, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
INRS Urbanisat Culture \& Societe, Montreal, PQ, Canada.'
author: D'Amours, M and Crespo, S
author-email: 'mdamours@alcor.concordia.ca
crespo@inrs-ucs.uquebec.ca'
author_list:
- family: D'Amours
given: M
- family: Crespo
given: S
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.7202/010921ar
files: []
issn: 0034-379X
journal: RELATIONS INDUSTRIELLES-INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
language: French
month: SUM
number: '3'
number-of-cited-references: '20'
pages: 459-489
papis_id: d7fcf3850021f82ee9f341df2677dd4e
ref: Damours2004dimensionsheterogene
times-cited: '11'
title: 'The dimensions of heterogeneity among own-account self-employed: Elements
for a typology'
2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
type: article
2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
unique-id: WOS:000225275500001
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '16'
volume: '59'
web-of-science-categories: Industrial Relations \& Labor
year: '2004'