2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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abstract: 'There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation
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equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to
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study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the
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expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact
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mental health and well-being. An ``extreme commuter `` is a worker who
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has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined
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based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we
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examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in
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Canada. We use a 25\% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n =
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4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and
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logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016
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across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7\% of the workforce had
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commute times exceeding 60 mi-nutes. However, this rate of extreme
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commuting was 11.5\% for low-income households, 13.5\% for immigrants,
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and 13.4\% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6\% for
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Black Canadians and 14.7\% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We
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find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for
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household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment
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characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our
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models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as
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possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight
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commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19
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pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization
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contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily
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commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners.'
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affiliation: 'Allen, J (Corresponding Author), Univ Toronto, Dept Geog \& Planning,
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Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Allen, Jeff, Univ Toronto, Dept Geog \& Planning, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Palm, Matthew; Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio; Farber, Steven, Univ Toronto Scarborough,
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Dept Human Geog, Scarborough, ON, Canada.'
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author: Allen, Jeff and Palm, Matthew and Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio and Farber, Steven
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author-email: jeff.allen@utoronto.ca
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author_list:
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- family: Allen
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given: Jeff
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- family: Palm
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given: Matthew
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- family: Tiznado-Aitken
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given: Ignacio
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- family: Farber
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given: Steven
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2022.05.005
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earlyaccessdate: MAY 2022
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eissn: 2214-3688
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files: []
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issn: 2214-367X
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journal: TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIETY
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keywords: 'Commuting; Canada; Social inequalities; Extreme commuting; Race;
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Immigration'
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keywords-plus: 'TRADE-OFFS; TIME; TRANSPORTATION; SATISFACTION; WORK; PARTICIPATION;
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ACCESSIBILITY; DETERMINANTS; DURATION; DISTANCE'
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language: English
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month: OCT
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number-of-cited-references: '65'
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orcid-numbers: 'Palm, Matthew/0000-0002-8800-2777
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Tiznado Aitken, Ignacio/0000-0002-7385-2357'
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pages: 42-52
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papis_id: 9a3273d0f740772989f64842a0ec379d
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ref: Allen2022inequalitiesextreme
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researcherid-numbers: 'Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio/AAL-7641-2020
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Farber, Steven/ABE-6061-2021
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'
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times-cited: '2'
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title: Inequalities of extreme commuting across Canada
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2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
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type: article
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2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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unique-id: WOS:000809651600001
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usage-count-last-180-days: '4'
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usage-count-since-2013: '13'
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volume: '29'
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web-of-science-categories: Transportation
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year: '2022'
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