2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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abstract: 'Land-based income streams, which include the consumption and selling of
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crops, livestock and environmental products, are inherent in rural
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households'' livelihoods. However, the off-farm cash income stream -
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primarily composed of migrant labour remittances, social grants, and
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savings and loans - is increasing in importance in many regions. This
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case study of 590 households from Bushbuckridge, South Africa, analyses
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the economic value of each of these income streams at three points: what
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enters the household, what is used and what is sold. Two important
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findings emerge. First, dependence on off-farm cash incomes is far
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higher than previously suggested by case studies in the area and the
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benefits of employment accrue to those already better educated and
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wealthier. This suggests that shifts in off-farm opportunities will
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exacerbate already deep inequalities. Second, while environmental
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products and crops are important for direct use, they generate
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insignificant cash incomes from sales. This suggests a weakening of the
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direct links between the local ecosystem and this society, challenging
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traditional notions of African rurality being intrinsically land based.
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Significance:
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Off-farm incomes such as wage labour, remittances and social grants are
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almost the sole source of cash for households in the study area. Even
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when including non-monetary incomes such as harvested produce, foraged
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goods and livestock products, off-farm incomes still represent the
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overwhelmingly largest proportion of overall household income value.
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This highlights the fact that South African rural economies are not
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consistently or primarily land based, and indicates the necessity of
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rural development strategies that facilitate participation in local cash
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economies. Otherwise, such efforts will be unable to yield broad
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benefits and will, instead, simply enrich those who are already better
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off.'
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affiliation: 'Olivier, DW (Corresponding Author), Univ Witwatersrand, Global Change
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Inst, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Ragie, Fatima H.; Twine, Wayne, Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Anim Plant \& Environm Sci,
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Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Olivier, David W.; Erasmus, Barend F. N.; Vogel, Coleen, Univ Witwatersrand, Global
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Change Inst, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Hunter, Lori M., Univ Colorado, Inst Behav Sci, CU Populat Ctr, Dept Sociol, Boulder,
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CO 80309 USA.
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Hunter, Lori M.; Collinson, Mark, Univ Witwatersrand, MRC Wits Rural Publ Hlth \&
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Hlth Transit Unit Agin, Sch Publ Hlth, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Collinson, Mark, Univ Johannesburg, DSI MRC South African Populat Res Infrastruct
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Net, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Erasmus, Barend F. N., Univ Pretoria, Fac Nat \& Agr Sci, Pretoria, South Africa.'
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article-number: '7522'
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author: Ragie, Fatima H. and Olivier, David W. and Hunter, Lori M. and Erasmus, Barend
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F. N. and Vogel, Coleen and Collinson, Mark and Twine, Wayne
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author-email: david.olivier@wits.ac.za
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author_list:
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- family: Ragie
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given: Fatima H.
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- family: Olivier
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given: David W.
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- family: Hunter
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given: Lori M.
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- family: Erasmus
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given: Barend F. N.
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- family: Vogel
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given: Coleen
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- family: Collinson
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given: Mark
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- family: Twine
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given: Wayne
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da: '2023-09-28'
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doi: 10.17159/sajs.2020/7522
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eissn: 1996-7489
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files: []
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issn: 0038-2353
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journal: SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
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keywords: 'land-based income; off-farm cash income; income streams; rural
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households; sustainable livelihoods'
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keywords-plus: DIRECT-USE VALUES; RESOURCES; SAVANNA; PATTERNS; INCOMES
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language: English
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month: SEP-OCT
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number: 9-10
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number-of-cited-references: '32'
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orcid-numbers: 'Erasmus, Barend FN/0000-0003-1869-8091
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Twine, Wayne/0000-0002-4163-198X
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HUNTER, LORI/0000-0002-3450-9791
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Collinson, Mark/0000-0002-8205-7099
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Olivier, David/0000-0002-6037-9150'
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pages: 98-105
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papis_id: 5c78277be0ebd60c0376ec415bbff572
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ref: Ragie2020portfolioperspective
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researcherid-numbers: 'Erasmus, Barend FN/G-3411-2012
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Collinson, Mark/E-1830-2016
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'
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times-cited: '6'
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title: A portfolio perspective of rural livelihoods in Bushbuckridge, South Africa
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2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
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type: article
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2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
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unique-id: WOS:000611948000021
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usage-count-last-180-days: '2'
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usage-count-since-2013: '9'
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volume: '116'
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web-of-science-categories: Multidisciplinary Sciences
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year: '2020'
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