2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
|
|
|
abstract: 'The economic health of nations and regions is increasingly coming to
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rest on the scientific and technical labor force conducting scientific
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
research. As such, enormous social resources are directed to educating
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and training those who will fire the engines of economic growth. In the
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
first part of this paper, we compare recent investment in the scientific
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and technical labor forces by two giants of nationally-supported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
research endeavors: France and the United States. We find that France is
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
more invested in scientific and technical training, but that both
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
nations invest directly and indirectly in the scientific and technical
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
labor force. French policy is more likely to support the individual
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
graduate student directly through a national grant, while graduate
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
students in the US tend to rely indirectly on federal support through
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
research grants to other researchers. We then use duration models on
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
individual data to predict entry into a permanent academic position
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
within three years of completing a Ph.D. We do not find that industrial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
support of graduate training has any effect on later success in
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
obtaining a position. There is, however, evidence of different academic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
labor markets operating in each country. In France, entry into a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
position has not depended on period factors, while in the US more recent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cohorts have been more successful in obtaining permanent employment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Furthermore, postdoctoral positions in France delay or deter academic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
careers, but have no impact on entry in the US: this suggest that two
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
different modes of scientific human resources management operate in
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
France and in the USA. In the USA, Ph.D.s are seen as an essential
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
element in the process of knowledge transfer, and early mobility does
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
not affect entry into permanent academic careers. In France, few
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
incentives are given to encourage mobility, which merely deters the
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
access to permanent jobs. Finally, we found that graduates of the most
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
prestigious undergraduate institutions were systematically advantaged in
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
obtaining permanent academic employment, suggesting that academic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
stratification occurs very early in the training path in each country.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.'
|
|
|
|
|
affiliation: 'Gaughan, M (Corresponding Author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy,
|
|
|
|
|
685 Cherry St NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Publ Policy, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Catholic Univ Louvain, IRES, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.'
|
|
|
|
|
author: Gaughan, M and Robin, S
|
|
|
|
|
author-email: monica.gaughan@pubpolicy.gatech.edu
|
|
|
|
|
author_list:
|
|
|
|
|
- family: Gaughan
|
|
|
|
|
given: M
|
|
|
|
|
- family: Robin
|
|
|
|
|
given: S
|
|
|
|
|
da: '2023-09-28'
|
|
|
|
|
doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.005
|
|
|
|
|
files: []
|
|
|
|
|
issn: 0048-7333
|
|
|
|
|
journal: RESEARCH POLICY
|
|
|
|
|
keywords: 'scientific research; United States; France; scientific and technical
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
human capital; scientific labor force'
|
|
|
|
|
keywords-plus: ENGINEERS
|
|
|
|
|
language: English
|
|
|
|
|
month: MAY
|
|
|
|
|
number: '4'
|
|
|
|
|
number-of-cited-references: '41'
|
|
|
|
|
orcid-numbers: Gaughan, Monica/0000-0001-9638-9521
|
|
|
|
|
pages: 569-581
|
|
|
|
|
papis_id: b637d756b540e25c507d7cfa731e55c6
|
|
|
|
|
ref: Gaughan2004nationalscience
|
|
|
|
|
times-cited: '57'
|
|
|
|
|
title: National science training policy and early scientific careers in France and
|
|
|
|
|
the United States
|
2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
|
|
|
type: article
|
2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
|
|
|
unique-id: WOS:000222071100002
|
|
|
|
|
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
|
|
|
|
|
usage-count-since-2013: '27'
|
|
|
|
|
volume: '33'
|
|
|
|
|
web-of-science-categories: Management
|
|
|
|
|
year: '2004'
|
