wow-inequalities/02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/171c2214df73e49c399a148daf5dacef-allard-jenna-and-ja/info.yaml

abstract: 'Background India''s abrupt nationwide Covid-19 lockdown internally

  displaced millions of migrant workers, who returned to distant rural

  homes. Documenting their labour market reintegration is a critical

  aspect of understanding the economic costs of the pandemic for India''s

  poor. In a country marked by low and declining female labour force

  participation, identifying gender gaps in labour market reintegration -

  as a marker of both women''s vulnerability at times of crisis and

  setbacks in women''s agency - is especially important. Yet most studies

  of pandemic -displaced internal migrants in India are small, rely on

  highly selected convenience samples, and lack a gender focus. Methods

  Beginning in April 2020 we enrolled roughly 4,600 displaced migrants who

  had, during the lockdown, returned to two of India''s poorest states into

  a cohort observational study which tracked enrolees through July 2021.

  Survey respondents were randomly selected from the states'' official

  databases of return migrants, with sampling stratified by state and

  gender. 85\% of enrolees (3950) were working prior to the pandemic. Our

  difference-in-means analysis uses three survey waves conducted in July

  to August 2020, January to March 2021, and June to July 2021. Our

  analysis focuses on a balanced panel of 1780 previously working enrolees

  (the 45\% of respondents present in the first wave that also

  participated in the subsequent two survey rounds). Primary outcomes of

  interest include labour market re-entry, earnings, and measures of

  vulnerability by gender. Findings Before the March 2020 national

  lockdown, 98\% (95\% CI {[}97,99]) of workers were employed in the

  non-agricultural sector. In July 2020, one month after the end of the

  lockdown, incomes plummet, with both genders earning roughly 17\% of

  their pre-pandemic incomes. 47\% (95\% CI {[}45,49]) were employed in

  agriculture and 37\% (95\% CI {[}35,39]) were unemployed. Remigration is

  critical to regaining income - by January 2021, male re-migrants report

  earnings on par with their pre-pandemic incomes, while men remaining in

  rural areas earn only 23\% (95\% CI {[}19,27]) of their pre-pandemic

  income. Remigration benefits women to a lesser extent - female

  re-migrants regain no more than 65\% (95\% CI {[}57,73]) of their

  pre-pandemic income at any point. Yet men and women struggle to

  remigrate throughout - by July 2021, no more than 63\% (95\% CI

  {[}60,66]) of men and 55\% (95\% CI {[}51,59]) of women had left their

  home villages since returning. Gender gaps in income recovery largely

  reflect higher rates of unemployment among women, both among those

  remaining in rural areas (9 percentage points (95\% CI {[}6,13]) higher

  than men across waves) and among those who remigrate (13 percentage

  points (95\% CI {[}9,17]) higher than men across waves). As a result, we

  observe gender gaps in well-being: relative to male counterparts, women

  across waves were 7 percentage points (95\% CI {[}4,10]) more likely to

  report reduced consumption of essential goods and fared 6 percentage

  points (95\% CI {[}4,7]) worse on a food insecurity index.

  Interpretation Displaced migrants of both genders experienced persistent

  hardships for over a year after the initial pandemic lockdown. Women

  fare worse, driven by both lower rates of remigration and lower rates of

  labour market re-entry both inside and outside home villages. Some women

  drop out of the labour force entirely, but most unem-ployed report

  seeking or being available to work. In short, pandemic-induced labour

  market displacement has far-reaching, long-term consequences for migrant

  workers, especially women.

  Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.'
affiliation: 'Allard, J (Corresponding Author), Yale Univ, MacMillan Ctr, Inclus Econ,
  34 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.

  Allard, Jenna; Moore, Charity Troyer, Yale Univ, MacMillan Ctr, Inclus Econ, 34
  Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.

  Jagnani, Maulik, Univ Colorado Denver, Dept Econ, 1380 Lawrence St, Denver, CO 80204
  USA.

  Neggers, Yusuf, Univ Michigan, Gerald R Ford Sch Publ Policy, 735 S State St, Ann
  Arbor, MI 48109 USA.

  Pande, Rohini, Yale Univ, Dept Econ \& Econ Growth Ctr, 27 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven,
  CT 06511 USA.

  Schaner, Simone, Univ Southern Calif, Ctr Econ \& Social Res, 635 Downey Way, Los
  Angeles, CA 90089 USA.'
article-number: '101631'
author: Allard, Jenna and Jagnani, Maulik and Neggers, Yusuf and Pande, Rohini and
  Schaner, Simone and Moore, Charity Troyer
author-email: jennifer.allard@yale.edu
author_list:
- family: Allard
  given: Jenna
- family: Jagnani
  given: Maulik
- family: Neggers
  given: Yusuf
- family: Pande
  given: Rohini
- family: Schaner
  given: Simone
- family: Moore
  given: Charity Troyer
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101631
earlyaccessdate: SEP 2022
eissn: 2589-5370
files: []
journal: ECLINICALMEDICINE
keywords: 'Domestic migrants; Covid-19 pandemic; panel; India; labour markets; food

  insecurity'
keywords-plus: MIGRATION; AGE; MARRIAGE; LOCKDOWN
language: English
month: NOV
number-of-cited-references: '52'
orcid-numbers: Schaner, Simone/0000-0001-5722-4265
papis_id: 2eed8bf1c1336b0ae1b23d15fe26aec1
ref: Allard2022indianfemale
times-cited: '2'
title: 'Indian female migrants face greater barriers to post-Covid recovery than males:
  Evidence from a panel study'
type: article
unique-id: WOS:000860448700002
usage-count-last-180-days: '3'
usage-count-since-2013: '8'
volume: '53'
web-of-science-categories: Medicine, General \& Internal
year: '2022'