wow-inequalities/02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/e0991d44215ab68bb1ef439e94bfa649-patel-vikram-and-lu/info.yaml

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abstract: 'As with most nonconummicable diseases, the etiology of mental disorders
is multifactorial, with risk determined by an interaction of genetic,
other biological, psychological and social determinants. The large
variation in the prevalence of most mental disorders between and within
countries suggests that the social determinants have particular
salience. This chapter focuses on social determinants with emphasis on
evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and gives particular
attention to two examples of mental disorders: depression and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These disorders were selected
because they are each associated with a considerable burden, and there
is a substantive evidence base that interventions for these disorders
are effective and feasible.
There are significantly increased rates of depression among low
socioeconomic groups, and exposure to risk factors is disproportionately
high in contexts characterized by social disadvantage where vulnerable
groups are over represented. There is convincing evidence of an
association between depression and stressful life events; exposure to
violence and other crimes; chronic physical ill-health; low levels of
educational attainment; conflict; disasters; stressful working
environments; and female gender. Additionally, reasonable evidence
implicates discrimination, income inequality, food insecurity, hunger,
unemployment, toxins, urbanization, lack of housing, overcrowding, low
social capital, poor sanitation and built environment, and minority
ethnicity. Overall rates of mental health service use are generally
lower amongst the disadvantaged. Low mental health literacy and stigma
may reduce the ability of people with depression to use treatment
services effectively.
Further, depression is associated with negative physical health
outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
injuries, HIV/AIDS and various perinatal and reproductive conditions;
consequences of these comorbidities may also show social gradients.
While increased risk of ADHD is associated with lower socioeconomic
status and lower parental education in high-income countries, research
on ADHD from low- and middle-income countries is scarce and
inconclusive. The expression of genetic susceptibility to ADHD appears
to be moderated by environmental exposures. Fetal or neonatal hypoxia,
traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and antiepileptic medications, and HIV
infection are all associated with ADHD, and these exposures all show
social gradients. Also, male gender appears to confer additional risk.
Children with ADHD experience adverse academic outcomes.
Put simply, mental disorders are inequitably distributed, as people who
are socially and economically disadvantaged bear a disproportionate
burden of mental disorders and their adverse consequences. A vicious
cycle of disadvantage and mental disorder is the result of the dynamic
interrelationship between them. This chapter reviews a wealth of
evidence on interventions that can break this cycle, by addressing both
upstream social determinants and vulnerabilities, and downstream health
outcomes and consequences through a combination of population- and
individual-level actions. A key goal is for health care systems to be
responsive to the mental health needs of the population. Efforts to
increase coverage of cost-effective interventions must explicitly target
disadvantaged populations and health impact assessments of macroeconomic
policies must consider mental health outcomes. Evidence from low- and
middle-income countries remains relatively scarce and more contextual
research is required to inform mental health policy and practice. In
particular, research is needed regarding the impacts of social and
economic change on mental disorder, and the mechanisms through which
protective factors strengthen resilience and promote mental health.
Longitudinal monitoring of population mental health is crucial for this
purpose.'
author: Patel, Vikram and Lund, Crick and Hatherill, Sean and Plagerson, Sophie and
Corrigall, Joanne and Funk, Michelle and Flisher, Alan J.
author_list:
- family: Patel
given: Vikram
- family: Lund
given: Crick
- family: Hatherill
given: Sean
- family: Plagerson
given: Sophie
- family: Corrigall
given: Joanne
- family: Funk
given: Michelle
- family: Flisher
given: Alan J.
booktitle: EQUITY, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMMES
da: '2023-09-28'
editor: Blas, E and Kurup, AS
files: []
isbn: 978-92-4-156397-0
keywords-plus: 'DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER; CHILD SEXUAL-ABUSE; RISK-FACTORS; HEALTH-CARE; LOW-INCOME;
ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; FAMILY-ENVIRONMENT;
MAJOR DEPRESSION'
language: English
number-of-cited-references: '144'
pages: 115-134
papis_id: de0126792133b023b7b9b0d79c201a6a
ref: Patel2010mentaldisorders
researcherid-numbers: Lund, Crick/F-4405-2011
times-cited: '100'
title: 'Mental disorders: equity and social determinants'
2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
type: article
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unique-id: WOS:000278839000007
usage-count-last-180-days: '0'
usage-count-since-2013: '47'
web-of-science-categories: Public, Environmental \& Occupational Health; Sociology
year: '2010'