wow-inequalities/02-data/intermediate/wos_sample/52fdd1faf8b6f13e162ea250c0165101-cislaghi-beniamino/info.yaml

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abstract: 'BackgroundAlmost nowhere in the world do women participate as much as
men in the labor force. Despite differences in countries'' economic,
social and cultural contexts, gender norms-unwritten rules of acceptable
actions for men and women-have been found to affect women''s labor
participation across contexts. Gender norms include those regulating who
takes care of children, who is expected to earn more, and in which
sectors men and women should work. Importantly, norms affect access to
labor markets at times of scarcity: when there''s only work for one,
gender norms can dictate whether a woman or man gets the job. Advocates
of equal labor force participation point to evidence that employment can
contribute to people''s health and well-being; yet the evidence is mixed
and contradictory, and mostly comes from high-income countries. In
restrictive normative contexts in which women are assigned the role of
family caretaker, full time employment (FTE) might be particularly
burdensome. At the same time, the literature lacks a cross-country
analysis of how gender norms affect women''s FTE and their health when
employed full time, despite qualitative research providing clear
evidence of the influence of gender norms on labor participation. AimsIn
this paper we examine: (1) how gender norms affect women''s access to FTE
across 97 countries; (2) associations between FTE and women''s
self-reported health self-rated (SRH) across different normative
contexts (i.e., countries where it is common vs. uncommon for women to
stay home); and (3) how women''s FTE and gender norms changed over time
in four countries. DataWe used time-series data from the World Values
Survey and European Values Survey conducted in over 100 countries
between 1981 and 2014. Both surveys attempt to capture norms, beliefs
and values in addition to sociodemographic information among a
nationally representative adult population in each country. The sample
for the cross-sectional analyses (aims 1 and 2) included 97 countries
and 131,132 respondents. The sample for aim 3 included data from
Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan. VariablesOur outcome of interest
was pro-equality norms in the context of access to the labor market for
women. Respondents were asked ``if jobs are scarce, men should have more
right to a job than women do?{''''}. Response options included no, neither
or yes. We created a binary variable to represent pro-equality norms. We
included employment status and SRH as exposures of interest. AnalysisWe
used individual-level data to generate on-average and sex-stratified
estimates of the outcome and exposures for each country, at each time
point. We estimated the percentage of all respondents, of women, and of
men who held pro-equality norms (believe that men should not have more
right to a job than women), the percentage who were employed full time,
and the average level of SRH. To measure gender inequality in FTE, we
also estimated the absolute difference in FTE between women and men for
each country at each time point. First, we conducted descriptive,
cross-sectional ecological analyses using one survey per country from
wave 5 or 6 (whichever was most recent) to examine associations between
pro-equality norms and employment status as a proxy for associations
between norms and the context of employment in each country. We also
examined associations between pro-equality norms and SRH.
We then specified adjusted logistic regression models with controls for
age, sex and education to examine associations between pro-equality
norms and employment status. To examine if the relationship between FTE
and SRH varied by normative context, we grouped countries in quartiles
of pro-equality norms. Finally, we conducted descriptive ecological
analyses of the relationship between pro-equality norms and employment
status over time in four countries. ResultsObjective 1: Gender norms
intersect with socio-cultural contexts in determining women''s FTE. While
in some countries gender norms aligned positively with women''s access to
employment (i.e., more equal norms matched more equality in FTE), in
Eastern Europe and South America we observed a mismatch. In Eastern
Europe we found strong norms against equal access but small sex
differences in FTE. In South America, we observed a stark difference in
FTE favoring men, despite positive gender norms promoting women''s paid
employment. Objective 2: We found the association between SRH and FTE to
vary across normative contexts. For instance, while in Scandinavian
countries it was protective to be a woman in FTE and harmful not to work
full-time, we found the opposite effect in Middle Eastern countries.
Objective 3: We found a general tendency to move toward greater equality
in norms and FTE over time everywhere in the world. However, political
and economic events can generate variations over time and setbacks in
progress toward equality.We specifically looked at 4 countries:
Argentina, Egypt, Finland and Japan and assessed the effects of
economic, political and national legislative changes on FTE over time.
ImplicationsThis paper contributes to the conversation on tensions
between universal justice and contextual factors affecting one''s health.
To achieve purposeful and global universal health and justice, policy
makers and global health practitioners must design effective,
context-relevant interventions that are deeply and transparently
informed by the values they embody. As we strive to achieve global
gender equality, its meanings and purposes will vary across contexts in
ways that demand people-led conversations and interventions.'
affiliation: 'Cislaghi, B (Corresponding Author), London Sch Hyg \& Trop Med, Dept
Global Hlth \& Dev, London, England.
Cislaghi, Beniamino; Bhatia, Amiya; Horanieh, Nour, London Sch Hyg \& Trop Med,
Dept Global Hlth \& Dev, London, England.
Hallgren, Emma Sofia Thonander, Stanford Univ, Ctr Populat Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Palo
Alto, CA USA.
Weber, Ann M., Univ Nevada, Sch Community Hlth Sci, Reno, NV USA.
Darmstadt, Gary L., Stanford Univ, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Stanford, CA USA.'
article-number: '689815'
author: Cislaghi, Beniamino and Bhatia, Amiya and Hallgren, Emma Sofia Thonander and
Horanieh, Nour and Weber, Ann M. and Darmstadt, Gary L.
author-email: ben.cislaghi@lshtm.ac.uk
author_list:
- family: Cislaghi
given: Beniamino
- family: Bhatia
given: Amiya
- family: Hallgren
given: Emma Sofia Thonander
- family: Horanieh
given: Nour
- family: Weber
given: Ann M.
- family: Darmstadt
given: Gary L.
da: '2023-09-28'
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.689815
files: []
issn: 1664-1078
journal: FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
keywords: 'gender equality; gender norms; women empowerment; full-time employment;
self-reported health (SRH)'
keywords-plus: 'WOMEN; UNEMPLOYMENT; FAMILY; PAY; DISCRIMINATION; INEQUALITY;
PERCEPTION; EDUCATION; MANAGERS; FEMINISM'
language: English
month: MAY 31
number-of-cited-references: '85'
orcid-numbers: Darmstadt, Gary/0000-0002-7522-5824
papis_id: 4e3ead09a850c09d7a6f1e44bb03c8b3
ref: Cislaghi2022gendernorms
researcherid-numbers: 'Darmstadt, Gary/AAU-7488-2020
'
times-cited: '3'
title: 'Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country
Analysis of the World Values Survey'
2023-10-01 08:15:07 +00:00
type: article
2023-09-28 14:46:10 +00:00
unique-id: WOS:000816371100001
usage-count-last-180-days: '7'
usage-count-since-2013: '18'
volume: '13'
web-of-science-categories: Psychology, Multidisciplinary
year: '2022'