afd-development-contexts/notes/benin/2208181310_literature-electricity.md

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[x] VanDePoel2009 - HH characteristics determining rural infant death

  • looks at determinants of infant deaths in rural regions at HH and community level
    • at multiple countries (6?) throughout SSA (including Benin)
  • results:
    • mainly derived from rural disadvantage in HH characteristics (2/3rds of gap)
      • environmental factors (safe water source, electricity, quality of housing materials) biggest contributors
    • community characteristics less than 1/3rd:
      • 2/3rds of this from unobserved heterogeneity
      • 1/3rd of existence of health facility in community
    • lack of environmental factors can derive both from lack of community-level infrastructure and inability of some HHs to exploit it when available
    • effective policy thus needs to operate at both levels to improve it

[ ] Golumbeanu2013 - electricity access and high connection charges

  • looks at reasons for poor access to electricity for poor rural (and urban) HHs
  • results:
    • major obstacle is high charge for customer to connect to electricity grid (some of highest connection charges in world)
    • solution requires concurrent political commitment toward identifying, examining, implementing low-cost electrification processes and financing solutions
    • low-cost technologies need to be put in center of attention
    • determinants:
      • lack of incentives to increase affordability
      • weak utilities commitment to provide broad electricity access, focused more on high-consumption urban markets
      • overrated technical specifications for low loads
      • greater distances between HH and distribution pole in rural areas
      • lack of affordable financing options

[x] Djossou2017 - growth is pro-poor in Benin

  • looks at relation between economic growth and poverty
    • data from 2006, 2011 Benin Demographic and Health Surveys
  • results:
    • growth generally pro-poor in Benin
    • disparities between rural/urban; women and elderly:
      • women, elderly general livelihood improvement but generally favored non-poor relative to poor
      • urban poor HHs benefited less than rural from growth
        • potentially due to numerous efforts to open up rural communities to harness benefits of growth
        • rural households access to electricity 17.64% (2006) 25.03% (2011)
        • possession of durable goods (fridges, mobile phone, internet, ..) significantly improved in rural households
        • emphasizes need of infrastructure expansion to HHs (to rural communities)

[x] Jaglin2019 - electricity autonomy in Africa

  • looks at ways of electrification and different approaches
  • results for rural areas:
    • individual offerings of solar panels/generators or smaller electric appliances (LED dry cell powered torches)
    • often offering collective solutions (kiosks, autonomous mini-grids)
    • half-way between individual and grid connection: mini-grid construction for more densely populated rural area, often requiring some sort of permit or license

[x] Barry2020 - pay-as-you-go system does not bridge last mile problem

  • looks at extension and preferred customers for PAYG contracts
    • PAYG: flexible loans allowing fees payment through mobile banking, to purchase solar kits or panels for lighting and charging services
    • 'last mile' problem: addressing an area neglected within the field of energy access (scaling challenge)
  • results:
    • most of PAYG customers live in well electrified areas
      • esp Cotonou, Porto Novo, Abomey Calavi, coastal zone
    • most customers in urban/peri-urban areas
    • PAYG used to substitute unreliable grid electricity services
    • consumers in periferic/less electrified areas (Savalou) have low probability to default on credit
      • thus PAYG primarily targets credit-worthy customers

[x] WorldBank2021 - electrification levels

  • electrification level:
    • 2000: 22%
    • 2005: 26%
    • 2010: 34%
    • 2015: 30%
    • 2019: 40%
  • location:
    • urban: 65% (2019)
    • rural: 17% (2019)
  • electricity growth outpaced population growth (2017-2019)

[x] Rateau2022 - Electrifying urban Africa

  • data from 2017-2018 for Cotonou (urban economic capital Benin)
  • Benin depends on Nigeria for power supply
  • difficult to connect grid due to connection costs and long distances
    • solar energy in Cotonou is used as alternative power source not complementary, until they can connect to main grid
    • diffusion of solar/generators not systematic or the same
    • to be connected to conventional grid requires location close to it, while it covers only planned urban areas
  • thus 2 main obstacles of rural and urban unplanned areas:
    • either electricity physically not available in local area
    • or high initial costs consumer pays for connection unaffordable
  • generators and solar panels have become material markers of inequalities in access to electricity
  • grid strengthening efforts also make Benin more independent from Nigeria as main supplier (with outages in Nigeria otherwise strongly felt in Benin)