8.8 KiB
8.8 KiB
[x] Naiga2015
- looks at effects of major policy shift from supply-driven to demand-driven approach in rural water provision (in 1990)
- results:
- rural safe water coverage improved slightly
- operation and maintenance of water sources pose great challenge, impeding long-term access to safe water
- abrupt and top-down imposed policy created competing signals from old and new policies
- lead to uncertainty and ambiguity about responsibilities, rules, incentives
- challenge is not only water provision approach but provision of consistent multi-actor and -level governance structure tying to past institutions and providing long-term motivation for local water users to contribute to water provision
- Isingiro results:
- Uganda: access to improved water source 44% (1990), 60% (2004), 66% (2010)
- Uganda: urban household travels 0.2km, rural 0.8km to source (avg waiting time half an hour)
- Isingiro: average distance to source 1.5km
- Isingiro: only 53% of water sources surveyed were functional
- 24% partly functional (low/intermittent yield)
- 18% non-functional
- blocked drainage channels for some of them leading to possible contamination
- qualitative:
- water generally responsibility of women
- cost of user fees prohibite for some to participate
- technology and ability to repair were expensive and usually far away (spare parts, resulted in delayed repairs)
- results:
[x] Cooper2016
- looks at vulnerability of rural farmers to climate events
- results:
- wealthier farmers perceive drought as highest risk, poorer farmers extreme heavy rainfall
- generally implemented many anticipatory and livelihood coping responses (54.7%), like food storage, livestock maintenance, planting drought-resistant varieties
- some responses (45.4%) specific to individual climatic events
- had no response to cope with rainfall variability
- environmental degradation additional driver of vulnerability: soil infertility, pests, diseases; economic instability
- farmers with more land, education, access to gov extension, non-farm livelihood, larger households, older age more capacity to buffer shock (through increased assets and entitlements)
- inequality arises due to different abilities to be resilient toward climatic shock events
[x] Yikii2017 - food insecurity in wetlands area
- looks at prevalence and determining factors of food insecurity in wetland adjacent areas, (Isingiro)
- results:
- ~93% of HHs in wetlands area food insecure
- primary reasons: poverty,
- low labor productivity (/unemployment)
- low levels of education
- HHs with fewer adult members more food secure than with more adults
- HHs with more educated head more food secure than less education
- requires govt promotion of:
- food/nutrition education
- income generating activities
- drought resistant crop varieties
- water conservation
- or wetland degradation, malnutrition and income inequality may further rise
- ~93% of HHs in wetlands area food insecure
[x] Mulogo2018
- looks at access to water, sanitation, hygiene at health care facilities
- 2010, Isingiro had 28% access to safe water
- main supply technologies are public stand posts, protected spring technology, deep boreholes
- rain harvesting tanks, gravity flow schemes, in some cases groundwater-based pubped piped water supply system present
- results:
- of 282 health care facilities, 94% had improved sources (but some no improved source, some no source on the premises)
[x] Naiga2018 - community-based water management
- looks at relevant design principles in creating successful collective self-managed water management institutions, at Isingiro vs Sheema district
- results:
- difference in water infrastructure management effectiveness primarily down to existence/absence of organizational characteristics prescribed in design principles
- Isingiro: absence of conditions prescribed by design principles due confronted with lack of sufficient self-governance arrangements:
- unclear social boundaries
- missing collective-choice arrangements
- lack of sanctions or conflict resolution mechanisms
- Isingiro: should be regarded as 'vicious circle of institutional failures'
[x] Twongyirwe2019 - Perceived Food insecurity
- looks at perception of drought and food insecurity in Isingiro district
- questionnaire for farmers in Isingiro district whose livelihood is predominantly dependent on crop production
- results:
- 68.6% of HHs perceive food insecurity as problem
- those not seeing it as problem had higher off-farm incomes and larger farm sizes
- 'implies productive assets (e.g. land) can be easily translated into productive activies for higher income [...] while off-farm income could provide more choices in terms of food access' [9]
- access to credit for crops increased food security status awareness
- more likely to use credit as buffer against food insecurity
- drought widely perceived as problem contributing to food insecurity (95.6%)
- HHs believe most at-risk of drought-induced food insecurity
- 13% reported to be 'doing nothing' to respond to drought effects
- 68.6% of HHs perceive food insecurity as problem
[x] Nagasha2019 - effect of droughts on gender roles
- looks at effect of climate change (more sever droughts) on gender roles around Lake Mburo National Park (Isingiro, Kiruhura districts)
- results:
- men and women's gender roles altered during extreme dryness
- men played roles sequentially focusing on one single reproductive role
- women played roles simultaneously
- often forced to engage children in work activities to balance own workload
- Isingiro: female children more engaged with chores than male children
- in Kiruhura district migration in search of water & pasture livestick, further distorting roles
- Isingiro: men became more actively engaged in firewood collection (62.8%) and fetching water (45.9%)
- women's exclusion from land ownership brings them further in state of dependence, thus more vulnerable to climate change effects
[x] Sempewo2021a
- looks at changes in water supply use (quantity) in Ugandan HHs (due to COVID-19)
- most HHs had increase in water quantity usage
- associated HH characteristics age, sex, education, main occupation of HH head, household size, region of residence
- results can be used for equitable water supply during emergencies
[x] Sempewo2021 - willingness to pay for water during emergency
- looks at willingness to pay for access to improved water during COVID-19 (lockdown)
- results:
- majority of households not willing to pay for water
- sg explanatory variables: sex of HH head, region of residence, water source, number of times hands are washed, whether household already buys/pays for water
- suggests increasing/even maintaining water revenue will be challenge in emergencies without addressing disparity in socio-economic attributes of HHs
- INT: may also show possibility of one dimension of health inequality increase due to income inequality/poverty during emergency situations (e.g. extreme climate events)
[x] Atamanov2022 - see poverty for main part
- water access
- general access to improved drinking water 87% urban, 74% rural (19/20); with only small amounts of inequality (75/74 rural poor/nonpoor; 76/90 poor/nonpoor)
- but very little access to improved sanitation 39% urban, 25% urban; 19% rural poor, 29% nonpoor; 22% urban poor, 43% urban nonpoor (19/20)
[x] Logie2021 - Resource scarcity and sexual/gender based violence
- experiment in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement regarding gender based violence against girls/young women
- experience higher levels of viol. as food, water, firewood scarcity increases
[ ] Calderon-Villarreal2022
- cross-sectional study analyzing water, sanitation, hygiene access (WASH) services in refugee populations in Uganda, Kenya, Bangladesh, South Sudan
- finds that most households overall had access to improved water (95%), they had low levels of access to waste disposal facility (64%), sanitation privacy (63%), very low access to basic sanitation (30%) and hand hygiene facility (24%)
- households with disabled or elderly members or fewer members had poorer access to WASH
- large inequalities between refugee sites and across countries:
- Kyangwali refugee camp only 67% of refugees have access to improved water, and 46% of improved sanitation service facilities; sanitation privacy at only 8%
- other Uganda camps fare better
- 83% (or 87? re-read!) access to improved water supply in Ugandan refugee camps - seems too high compared to average access?