afd-development-contexts/notes/uganda/2208161615_literature-poverty.md

6.3 KiB

[ ] Jagger2012

  • looks at income inequality in Uganda and how income from forests and other wild areas relates to it
    • wild areas: fallows, agricultural lands, wetlands, grasslands, shrub land; most important: forests, fallows, agricultural lands
    • income from forest and wild products plays important role in reducing income inequality between households
    • deforestation, environmental degradation and thus loss of income important implications for rural livelihoods

[x] Ssewanyana2012

  • looks at households in poverty and examines drivers of income inequality
  • poverty:
    • nearly 10% of households continue to live in persistent or chronic poverty
    • significant differences across geographical areas (significantly reduced in Northern/Easter, rural areas)
    • clear increase in poverty in Western households (but insignificant)
    • absolute terms: people in poverty fell significantly 28.5% (05/06) to 23.9% (09/10)
    • rural households make up 94.3% of chronically poor HHs
    • transient poverty more common than chronic poverty (25.6% HHs slipped into or out of poverty)

[ ] Lwanga-Ntale2014

  • looks at inequality numbers in Uganda long-term (1992-2013)
    • degree of inequality somewhat variable, mostly on increase
    • top 10 percentile earned 2.3 times more than bottom 40% (2009)
    • poverty line set very low, so existing figures of mask a lot of poverty dynamics and characteristics (and 'extent of deprivation')
    • consumption distribution very flat, many households presumed escaped poverty still high level of vulnerability
  • structural factors ('drivers') and economic 'maintainers' provide complex mix
    • structural and deeply rooted inequalities in basic set-up of Ugandan society, including way of asset distribution and social relation mediation
      • creates further exclusion, marginalization, pronounced inequality
    • enduring legacy of unequal power relations in gender, ethnicity, language, religion, age, cultural groups, disability status
    • 'maintainers' and 'aggravating' factors of inequality are contemporary and dynamic
  • persistent poverty not just reflectino of lack of 'sufficient' economic growth
    • unequal growth itself is cause for grouting inequality
    • responses to inequality need to include more inclusive growth path
  • Gini: [604]
    • Uganda: 0.36 (92/93), 0.40 (99/00), 0.43 (02/03), 0.41 (05/06), 0.43 (09/10), 0.39 (12/13)
      • significant increases in 02/03 and 09/10
    • rural: 0.33 (92/93), 0.33 (99/00), 0.36 (02/03), 0.36 (05/06), 0.37 (09/10), 0.35 (12/13)
    • urban: 0.40 (92/93), 0.43 (99/00), 0.48 (02/03), 0.43 (05/06), 0.45 (09/10), 0.41 (12/13)
    • also contains western and western rural/urban breakdown & quintiles
    • 1st quintile: 0.14 (92/93), 0.15 (99/00), 0.14 (02/03), 0.13 (05/06), 0.14 (09/10), 0.14 (12/13)
    • 2nd quintile: 0.06 (92/93), 0.07 (99/00), 0.06 (02/03), 0.06 (05/06), 0.06 (09/10), 0.06 (12/13)
  • other indicators
    • welfare of average rural household 83% of national average
    • avg urban household 1.9 times more welfare than rural (09/10), 1.6 (12/13)
    • poverty 24.5% (09/10), 20.3% (12/13) - income growth may have been pro-poor with lower income distributions having larger increases
    • Central and Western Uganda major drivers for reduced inequality 09->13
  • relative mean of expenditure (mean expenditure relative to Uganda average)

[x] vandeVen2021

  • looks at 3 case studies (Isingiro; Tanzania and Ethiopia) to establish living income (US$PPP/Adult Equivalent/day)
    • finds that around 3.82 US$ PPP should constitute living income, thus also poverty line to meet basic human rights for a decent living
    • current national poverty line set at between 0.94$PPP and 1.07$PPP depending on region, even below international 1.90$PPP [@WorldBank2016]

[x] Esaku2021

  • looks at effects of shadow economy on income inequality (short-/long-run) 1992-2015
    • Gini coeff: 43.9 (mean 91-2015); 43.9 (median); 43.0 (min); 44.4 (max)
  • results:
    • long-term large shadow economy significantly increases income inequality
    • people who fail to get into formal economy face fewer livelihood opportunities, using 'shadow economy' as means of survival

[x] Esaku2021a

  • looks at effects of income inequality on shadow economy (short-/long-run) 1991-2017
    • increase in income inequality significantly increases size of shadow economy, both short- and long-run
    • large subsistence sector creates revenue tax shortfall, undermining government's efforts to attain equitable income distribution in economy and prevent creation of social safety nets for poor
    • poor will be forced to operate in informal sector

[x] Atamanov2022

  • looks at Uganda inequality and poverty
  • poverty:
    • share of people below poverty line fluctuated but at level of 12/13 - ~30% (19/20)
      • fluctuations driven largely by rural households: surge in poverty 2012/13 and 16/17 (linked to drought 16/17)
      • improvement 19/20 (prior to pandemic, favorable weather cond)
      • pandemic pushed both urban and rural residents into poverty
    • drivers/patterns remain largely unchanged:
      • low-productivity agriculture (prod increase 17 due to weather not production practices)
      • slow structural change negatively affected by COVID, many ppl returned to agriculture following job losses/small business closure
    • working in agriculture and lack of education strongest predictors of high poverty
      • poverty rate in HHs with uneducated heads ~48% (19/20) (17% of all heads); with heads primary education 25.% (also 17% of all)
      • education level differences also one of biggest endowment factors accounting for urban-rural consumption gap
  • inequality:
    • largely unchanged between 12/13-19/20
    • shift out of agricultural sector mainly taking place amongst men, older individuals, those with at least some level of formal education, those from more well-off households
    • HHs income generation strategies impacted by resilience capabilities as reported frequency of extreme weather shocks increased
  • water access
    • general access to improved drinking water 87% urban, 74% rural (19/20); with only small amounts of inequality (75/74 rural poor/nonpoor; 76/90 poor/nonpoor)
    • but very little access to improved sanitation 39% urban, 25% urban; 19% rural poor, 29% nonpoor; 22% urban poor, 43% urban nonpoor