3.6 KiB
3.6 KiB
[ ] Naiga2015
- looks at effects of major policy shift from supply-driven to demand-driven approach in rural water provision (in 1990)
- results:
- rural safe water coverage improved slightly
- operation and maintenance of water sources pose great challenge, impeding long-term access to safe water
- abrupt and top-down imposed policy created competing signals from old and new policies
- lead to uncertainty and ambiguity about responsibilities, rules, incentives
- challenge is not only water provision approach but provision of consistent multi-actor and -level governance structure tying to past institutions and providing long-term motivation for local water users to contribute to water provision
- Isingiro results:
- Uganda: access to improved water source 44% (1990), 60% (2004), 66% (2010)
- Uganda: urban household travels 0.2km, rural 0.8km to source (avg waiting time half an hour)
- Isingiro: average distance to source 1.5km
- Isingiro: only 53% of water sources surveyed were functional
- 24% partly functional (low/intermittent yield)
- 18% non-functional
- blocked drainage channels for some of them leading to possible contamination
- qualitative:
- water generally responsibility of women
- cost of user fees prohibite for some to participate
- technology and ability to repair were expensive and usually far away (spare parts, resulted in delayed repairs)
- results:
[ ] Cooper2016
- looks at vulnerability of rural farmers to climate events
- results:
- wealthier farmers perceive drought as highest risk, poorer farmers extreme heavy rainfall
- generally implemented many anticipatory and livelihood coping responses (54.7%), like food storage, livestock maintenance, planting drought-resistant varieties
- some responses (45.4%) specific to individual climatic events
- had no response to cope with rainfall variability
- environmental degradation additional driver of vulnerability: soil infertility, pests, diseases; economic instability
- farmers with more land, education, access to gov extension, non-farm livelihood, larger households, older age more capacity to buffer shock (through increased assets and entitlements)
- inequality arises due to different abilities to be resilient toward climatic shock events
[x] Mulogo2018
- looks at access to water, sanitation, hygiene at health care facilities
- 2010, Isingiro had 28% access to safe water
- main supply technologies are public stand posts, protected spring technology, deep boreholes
- rain harvesting tanks, gravity flow schemes, in some cases groundwater-based pubped piped water supply system present
- results:
- of 282 health care facilities, 94% had improved sources (but some no improved source, some no source on the premises)
[ ] Sempewo2021
- looks at changes in water suuply use (quantity) in Ugandan HHs (due to COVID-19)
- most HHs had increase in water quantity usage
- associated HH characteristics age, sex, education, main occupation of HH head, household size, region of residence
- results can be used for equitable water supply during emergencies
[ ] Atamanov2022 - see poverty for main part
- water access
- general access to improved drinking water 87% urban, 74% rural (19/20); with only small amounts of inequality (75/74 rural poor/nonpoor; 76/90 poor/nonpoor)
- but very little access to improved sanitation 39% urban, 25% urban; 19% rural poor, 29% nonpoor; 22% urban poor, 43% urban nonpoor (19/20)