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Expand gender inequality section Djibouti with business inequalities

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Marty Oehme 2022-09-29 12:47:29 +02:00
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_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd
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@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ leaving a budget of 5% for health and 3% for social expenditures,
spendings which looks diminutive compared to its over 30% expenditures on public infrastructure [@WorldBank2022c].
Only 10% of rural poor inhabitants live close (under 1km) to a health facility [@Ibarra2020].
### Gender inequalities in livelihood opportunities
While still facing reduced rates of labor market participation, the country has expended effort on increasing women's opportunity for education:
Having overall lower literacy rates for women still,
the overall literacy rates in younger cohorts (10-24 years old) is significantly higher compared to older ones,
and the gaps have decreased from 24% difference between the genders (40-60 years old) to 10% (15-24 years old) and 2% (10-14 years old) [@Mendiratta2019].
### Gender inequalities in livelihood opportunities
Women's lower secondary completion rate grew from 28.6% in 2009 (compared to 35.2% men) to 56.3% in 2021 (54.0% for men) [@WorldBank2022d].
However, for 2017, women's upward educational mobility was still significantly worse than men's,
with non-poor men having an upward mobility of 53%, non-poor women 29%, poor men 19% and poor women only 10% against the national average of 36% [@Mendiratta2019].
@ -99,6 +99,18 @@ where 22.3% of all firms have female participation in ownership and only 14.2% a
and both salaried employment and agricultural employment are male-dominated
(though agricultural work only with a slight and shrinking difference of 4%) [@WorldBank2022d].
The official number of procedures to register a business are the same for men and women,
as are the time and cost required for business start-up procedures [@WorldBank2020],
however, there are factors which may further inhibit equal female business participation and ownership:
while women have the same legal rights in access to credit, contractual and financial instruments as men [@WorldBank2022f],
women have an overall lower account ownership rate at financial institutions with 8.8% compared to men's 16.6% (2011)
reflecting itself especially in a lower access to debit cards at institutions [@WorldBank2021a, @WorldBank2022g].
As mentioned above, women have a lower participation rate on the labor market with an especially stark gender difference in the industrial sector ---
a sector of the economy in which women in Djibouti do not have the same rights to participate in as men, especially in jobs deemed dangerous [@WorldBank2022f] ---
with service being the sector that makes up the greatest share of female labor participation (71.1% of all female labor compared to 56.0% of all male labor 2019),
a sector which is also driving the high share of women in vulnerable employment (41.4% of female labor in 2019) [@WorldBank2022g].
Overall it seems, however, that past growth in the country's GDP is likely not favorable for an inclusive growth path,
with its large-scale infrastructure investments mostly creating demand for skilled workers
and neglect of social spending not allowing the buffers and social safety nets that prevent further drift into inequality.