From 75cee07d83eebfe99d54e75420f2ff7f30f79de0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marty Oehme Date: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 12:47:29 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Expand gender inequality section Djibouti with business inequalities --- _drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd | 16 ++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd b/_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd index 2b53769..6c72ecc 100644 --- a/_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd +++ b/_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd @@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ leaving a budget of 5% for health and 3% for social expenditures, spendings which looks diminutive compared to its over 30% expenditures on public infrastructure [@WorldBank2022c]. Only 10% of rural poor inhabitants live close (under 1km) to a health facility [@Ibarra2020]. +### Gender inequalities in livelihood opportunities + While still facing reduced rates of labor market participation, the country has expended effort on increasing women's opportunity for education: Having overall lower literacy rates for women still, the overall literacy rates in younger cohorts (10-24 years old) is significantly higher compared to older ones, and the gaps have decreased from 24% difference between the genders (40-60 years old) to 10% (15-24 years old) and 2% (10-14 years old) [@Mendiratta2019]. -### Gender inequalities in livelihood opportunities - Women's lower secondary completion rate grew from 28.6% in 2009 (compared to 35.2% men) to 56.3% in 2021 (54.0% for men) [@WorldBank2022d]. However, for 2017, women's upward educational mobility was still significantly worse than men's, with non-poor men having an upward mobility of 53%, non-poor women 29%, poor men 19% and poor women only 10% against the national average of 36% [@Mendiratta2019]. @@ -99,6 +99,18 @@ where 22.3% of all firms have female participation in ownership and only 14.2% a and both salaried employment and agricultural employment are male-dominated (though agricultural work only with a slight and shrinking difference of 4%) [@WorldBank2022d]. +The official number of procedures to register a business are the same for men and women, +as are the time and cost required for business start-up procedures [@WorldBank2020], +however, there are factors which may further inhibit equal female business participation and ownership: +while women have the same legal rights in access to credit, contractual and financial instruments as men [@WorldBank2022f], +women have an overall lower account ownership rate at financial institutions with 8.8% compared to men's 16.6% (2011) +reflecting itself especially in a lower access to debit cards at institutions [@WorldBank2021a, @WorldBank2022g]. + +As mentioned above, women have a lower participation rate on the labor market with an especially stark gender difference in the industrial sector --- +a sector of the economy in which women in Djibouti do not have the same rights to participate in as men, especially in jobs deemed dangerous [@WorldBank2022f] --- +with service being the sector that makes up the greatest share of female labor participation (71.1% of all female labor compared to 56.0% of all male labor 2019), +a sector which is also driving the high share of women in vulnerable employment (41.4% of female labor in 2019) [@WorldBank2022g]. + Overall it seems, however, that past growth in the country's GDP is likely not favorable for an inclusive growth path, with its large-scale infrastructure investments mostly creating demand for skilled workers and neglect of social spending not allowing the buffers and social safety nets that prevent further drift into inequality.