5.0 KiB
5.0 KiB
[x] VanDePoel2009 - HH characteristics determining rural infant death
- looks at determinants of infant deaths in rural regions at HH and community level
- at multiple countries (6?) throughout SSA (including Benin)
- results:
- mainly derived from rural disadvantage in HH characteristics (2/3rds of gap)
- environmental factors (safe water source, electricity, quality of housing materials) biggest contributors
- community characteristics less than 1/3rd:
- 2/3rds of this from unobserved heterogeneity
- 1/3rd of existence of health facility in community
- lack of environmental factors can derive both from lack of community-level infrastructure and inability of some HHs to exploit it when available
- effective policy thus needs to operate at both levels to improve it
- mainly derived from rural disadvantage in HH characteristics (2/3rds of gap)
[ ] Golumbeanu2013 - electricity access and high connection charges
- looks at reasons for poor access to electricity for poor rural (and urban) HHs
- results:
- major obstacle is high charge for customer to connect to electricity grid (some of highest connection charges in world)
- solution requires concurrent political commitment toward identifying, examining, implementing low-cost electrification processes and financing solutions
- low-cost technologies need to be put in center of attention
- determinants:
- lack of incentives to increase affordability
- weak utilities commitment to provide broad electricity access, focused more on high-consumption urban markets
- overrated technical specifications for low loads
- greater distances between HH and distribution pole in rural areas
- lack of affordable financing options
[x] Djossou2017 - growth is pro-poor in Benin
- looks at relation between economic growth and poverty
- data from 2006, 2011 Benin Demographic and Health Surveys
- results:
- growth generally pro-poor in Benin
- disparities between rural/urban; women and elderly:
- women, elderly general livelihood improvement but generally favored non-poor relative to poor
- urban poor HHs benefited less than rural from growth
- potentially due to numerous efforts to open up rural communities to harness benefits of growth
- rural households access to electricity 17.64% (2006) 25.03% (2011)
- possession of durable goods (fridges, mobile phone, internet, ..) significantly improved in rural households
- emphasizes need of infrastructure expansion to HHs (to rural communities)
[x] Jaglin2019 - electricity autonomy in Africa
- looks at ways of electrification and different approaches
- results for rural areas:
- individual offerings of solar panels/generators or smaller electric appliances (LED dry cell powered torches)
- often offering collective solutions (kiosks, autonomous mini-grids)
- half-way between individual and grid connection: mini-grid construction for more densely populated rural area, often requiring some sort of permit or license
[x] Barry2020 - pay-as-you-go system does not bridge last mile problem
- looks at extension and preferred customers for PAYG contracts
- PAYG: flexible loans allowing fees payment through mobile banking, to purchase solar kits or panels for lighting and charging services
- 'last mile' problem: addressing an area neglected within the field of energy access (scaling challenge)
- results:
- most of PAYG customers live in well electrified areas
- esp Cotonou, Porto Novo, Abomey Calavi, coastal zone
- most customers in urban/peri-urban areas
- PAYG used to substitute unreliable grid electricity services
- consumers in periferic/less electrified areas (Savalou) have low probability to default on credit
- thus PAYG primarily targets credit-worthy customers
- most of PAYG customers live in well electrified areas
[x] WorldBank2021 - electrification levels
- electrification level:
- 2000: 22%
- 2005: 26%
- 2010: 34%
- 2015: 30%
- 2019: 40%
- location:
- urban: 65% (2019)
- rural: 17% (2019)
- electricity growth outpaced population growth (2017-2019)
[x] Rateau2022 - Electrifying urban Africa
- data from 2017-2018 for Cotonou (urban economic capital Benin)
- Benin depends on Nigeria for power supply
- difficult to connect grid due to connection costs and long distances
- solar energy in Cotonou is used as alternative power source not complementary, until they can connect to main grid
- diffusion of solar/generators not systematic or the same
- to be connected to conventional grid requires location close to it, while it covers only planned urban areas
- thus 2 main obstacles of rural and urban unplanned areas:
- either electricity physically not available in local area
- or high initial costs consumer pays for connection unaffordable
- generators and solar panels have become material markers of inequalities in access to electricity
- grid strengthening efforts also make Benin more independent from Nigeria as main supplier (with outages in Nigeria otherwise strongly felt in Benin)