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Expand gender inequality section Djibouti with business inequalities

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Marty Oehme 2022-09-29 12:47:29 +02:00
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_drivers-of-inequality-djibouti.qmd
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@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ leaving a budget of 5% for health and 3% for social expenditures,
spendings which looks diminutive compared to its over 30% expenditures on public infrastructure [@WorldBank2022c]. spendings which looks diminutive compared to its over 30% expenditures on public infrastructure [@WorldBank2022c].
Only 10% of rural poor inhabitants live close (under 1km) to a health facility [@Ibarra2020]. Only 10% of rural poor inhabitants live close (under 1km) to a health facility [@Ibarra2020].
### Gender inequalities in livelihood opportunities
While still facing reduced rates of labor market participation, the country has expended effort on increasing women's opportunity for education: While still facing reduced rates of labor market participation, the country has expended effort on increasing women's opportunity for education:
Having overall lower literacy rates for women still, Having overall lower literacy rates for women still,
the overall literacy rates in younger cohorts (10-24 years old) is significantly higher compared to older ones, the overall literacy rates in younger cohorts (10-24 years old) is significantly higher compared to older ones,
and the gaps have decreased from 24% difference between the genders (40-60 years old) to 10% (15-24 years old) and 2% (10-14 years old) [@Mendiratta2019]. and the gaps have decreased from 24% difference between the genders (40-60 years old) to 10% (15-24 years old) and 2% (10-14 years old) [@Mendiratta2019].
### Gender inequalities in livelihood opportunities
Women's lower secondary completion rate grew from 28.6% in 2009 (compared to 35.2% men) to 56.3% in 2021 (54.0% for men) [@WorldBank2022d]. Women's lower secondary completion rate grew from 28.6% in 2009 (compared to 35.2% men) to 56.3% in 2021 (54.0% for men) [@WorldBank2022d].
However, for 2017, women's upward educational mobility was still significantly worse than men's, However, for 2017, women's upward educational mobility was still significantly worse than men's,
with non-poor men having an upward mobility of 53%, non-poor women 29%, poor men 19% and poor women only 10% against the national average of 36% [@Mendiratta2019]. with non-poor men having an upward mobility of 53%, non-poor women 29%, poor men 19% and poor women only 10% against the national average of 36% [@Mendiratta2019].
@ -99,6 +99,18 @@ where 22.3% of all firms have female participation in ownership and only 14.2% a
and both salaried employment and agricultural employment are male-dominated and both salaried employment and agricultural employment are male-dominated
(though agricultural work only with a slight and shrinking difference of 4%) [@WorldBank2022d]. (though agricultural work only with a slight and shrinking difference of 4%) [@WorldBank2022d].
The official number of procedures to register a business are the same for men and women,
as are the time and cost required for business start-up procedures [@WorldBank2020],
however, there are factors which may further inhibit equal female business participation and ownership:
while women have the same legal rights in access to credit, contractual and financial instruments as men [@WorldBank2022f],
women have an overall lower account ownership rate at financial institutions with 8.8% compared to men's 16.6% (2011)
reflecting itself especially in a lower access to debit cards at institutions [@WorldBank2021a, @WorldBank2022g].
As mentioned above, women have a lower participation rate on the labor market with an especially stark gender difference in the industrial sector ---
a sector of the economy in which women in Djibouti do not have the same rights to participate in as men, especially in jobs deemed dangerous [@WorldBank2022f] ---
with service being the sector that makes up the greatest share of female labor participation (71.1% of all female labor compared to 56.0% of all male labor 2019),
a sector which is also driving the high share of women in vulnerable employment (41.4% of female labor in 2019) [@WorldBank2022g].
Overall it seems, however, that past growth in the country's GDP is likely not favorable for an inclusive growth path, Overall it seems, however, that past growth in the country's GDP is likely not favorable for an inclusive growth path,
with its large-scale infrastructure investments mostly creating demand for skilled workers with its large-scale infrastructure investments mostly creating demand for skilled workers
and neglect of social spending not allowing the buffers and social safety nets that prevent further drift into inequality. and neglect of social spending not allowing the buffers and social safety nets that prevent further drift into inequality.