wow-inequalities/data/references/db/02_previous_almp/lac.bib

@report{Acevedo2017,
  ids = {Acevedo2017a,acevedo2019living},
  title = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}: {{How Job Training Made Women Better Off}} and {{Men Worse Off}}},
  shorttitle = {Living {{Up}} to {{Expectations}}},
  author = {Acevedo, Paloma and Cruces, Guillermo and Gertler, Paul and Martinez, Sebastian},
  date = {2017-03},
  number = {23264},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  doi = {10.3386/w23264},
  abstract = {We study the interaction between job and soft skills training on expectations and labor market outcomes in the context of a youth training program in the Dominican Republic. Program applicants were randomly assigned to one of 3 modalities: a full treatment consisting of hard and soft skills training plus an internship, a partial treatment consisting of soft skills training plus an internship, or a control group. We find strong and lasting effects of the program on personal skills acquisition and expectations, but these results are markedly different for young men and young women. Shortly after completing the program, both male and female participants report increased expectations for improved employment and livelihoods. This result is reversed for male participants in the long run, a result that can be attributed to the program’s negative short-run effects on labor market outcomes for males. While these effects seem to dissipate in the long run, employed men are substantially more likely to be searching for another job. On the other hand, women experience improved labor market outcomes in the short run and exhibit substantially higher levels of personal skills in the long run. These results translate into women being more optimistic, having higher self-esteem and lower fertility in the long run. Our results suggest that job-training programs of this type can be transformative – for women, life skills mattered and made a difference, but they can also have a downside if, like in this case for men, training creates expectations that are not met.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {At-scale randomized field experiment conducted on impacts of embedding soft skills component into vocational youth training in Dominican Republic's 'Juventud y Empleo' program for at-risk youth.\\
Focuses on both labor market outcomes and expectations to explain why some programs might have detrimental effects and heterogeneity between genders.\\
Additionally, separates vocational training and soft-skills and internship components to analyze the marginal effect vocational training has,\\
and carries out the analysis through its longer-term effects.\\
Results show that, over short-term, women had improved labor market outcomes while males did not, and in fact had worsened outcomes after vocational training.\\
While labor market outcome differences due to the program vanished over long-term, its different expectations did not, leading to an overall worse labor market expectation and welfare for men, better for women.\\
Ultimately, it sees an improved long-term skill acquisition, self-esteem generation and lowered fertility rate for women, while men had sustained negative impacts on long-term expectations and welfare.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Acevedo2017_Living Up to Expectations.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/NDEUZNRB/Acevedo2017_Living Up to Expectations.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Acosta2021,
  ids = {WOS:000627634400001},
  title = {Public Works Programs and Crime: {{Evidence}} for {{El Salvador}}},
  author = {Acosta, Pablo and Montiel, Emma Monsalve},
  date = {2021-08},
  journaltitle = {Review of Development Economics},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1778--1793},
  issn = {1363-6669},
  doi = {10.1111/rode.12769},
  abstract = {Most evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007-2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km.},
  earlyaccessdate = {MAR 2021},
  eissn = {1467-9361},
  orcid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo/0000-0002-3638-2368},
  researcherid-numbers = {Acosta, Pablo Ariel/AAD-1178-2022},
  unique-id = {WOS:000627634400001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::El Salvador,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A national panel data analysis to analyze the effects of a public works program (PATI) on crime rates in El Salvador, \\
in order to provide an outcome analysis whose focus lies on potential spill over from direct earnings or employment probability effects of such policies. \\
A decrease in crime rates is observed in municipalities implementing a public works program, \\
with most of the decrease explained by income effects through cash benefits.\\
For non-economically motivated crimes, social capital factors --- driven through community participation and work requirements leaving less time to commit crimes --- and the main group of the program's beneficiaries being youth are potential channels.\\
Even though not instituted for crime prevention the program thus had significant and important on crime levels and violence in and around areas of operation.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Acosta2021_Public works programs and crime.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KUESV62B/Acosta2021_Public works programs and crime.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Aedo2004,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}: {{The Case}} of {{Programa Joven}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Training Policies}} in {{Latin America}} and the {{Caribbean}}},
  author = {Aedo, Cristian and Nuñez, Sergio},
  date = {2004},
  number = {188},
  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1814739},
  urldate = {2022-02-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the impacts of the youth training program 'Programa Joven', consisting of a vocational training and an on-the-job experience component (internship) on earnings and employment probability.\\
The training itself was supported by a subsidy on transport costs and medical checkups, books, materials, work clothing, as well as an additional subsidy for women with small children.\\
It finds significant positive impacts on the earnings of young men (16-21y) and adult women (21-35y), but no impacts for adult men or young women.\\
In looking for impacts on employment probability it finds a significant positive impact on that for adult women but none for the other groups.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:03:03Z},
  file = {Aedo2004_The Impact of Training Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/H66GPY6X/Aedo2004_The Impact of Training Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Almeida2010,
  title = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}? {{Evidence}} for {{Welfare Participants}} in {{Argentina}}},
  shorttitle = {Jump-Starting {{Self-employment}}?},
  author = {Almeida, Rita K. and Galasso, Emanuela},
  date = {2010-05},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  shortjournal = {World Development},
  volume = {38},
  number = {5},
  pages = {742--755},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.018},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the cash grant and training portion targeted at people wanting to be self-employed under the program 'Jefes' in Argentina, trying to analyze its effects on earnings and self-employment itself.\\
It finds no significant positive impact on earnings of the beneficiaries but a reduced probability of holding an outside job and increased total hours worked.\\
There is some heterogeneity, however, with younger and more educated beneficiaries having some positive effect on earnings.\\
The study suggest the findings mean that participants are hanging on to alternative income sources while waiting for the earnings from their self-employment to stabilize and reinvesting any possible income gains from the self-employment activity to increase its sustainability.\\
Lastly, the study found that there was a self-selection mechanisms with predominantly female household heads and more educated individuals attracted to the type of program on offer in the first place.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:10:12Z},
  file = {Almeida2010_Jump-starting Self-employment.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3K8LQPHX/Almeida2010_Jump-starting Self-employment.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Alzua2006,
  title = {The Impact of Training Policies in {{Argentina}}: An Evaluation of {{Proyecto Joven}}},
  author = {Alzúa, Maria Laura and Brassiolo, Pablo},
  date = {2006},
  series = {{{OVE Working Papers}}},
  number = {15/06},
  pages = {[36] p.},
  institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
  location = {{Washington}},
  url = {https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/3019?locale-attribute=en},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates Proyecto Joven, a training program targeted to poor young individuals in Argentina. The authors used a non-experimental evaluation methodology to answer the following set of questions: Did the program increase the probability of employment? Did it increase the probability of a formal employment? Did it increase the labor income of trainees? The methodology used is the matching estimators approach calculating first propensity scores for program participation and then the matching estimators to calculate the program impact. The impact of the program is negligible in terms of employment and income, but not in terms of formality, which was an important achievement in the case of Argentina, since labor informality was increasing economy wide and more specifically for the group targeted by Proyecto Joven.},
  issue = {no 15/06, October 2006},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,group::youth,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study using survey data for participants of an Argentinian vocational training program 'Proyecto Joven' to analyze employment probability, job quality and earnings.\\
Employment probability and earnings were not impacted significantly, while job quality improved significantly.\\
This was primarily due to a rise in formal employment through the program, specifically through the on-the-job internship and potential extended employment provided, which happened in a time of overall increasing informality on Argentina's labor market.\\
There was a marginally significant impact on the employment probability for women, though the results may be slightly biased due to the timing of Argentina's labor market expanding during its period of analysis.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:29Z},
  file = {Alzua2006_The impact of training policies in Argentina.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/89U6BLKJ/Alzua2006_The impact of training policies in Argentina.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Alzua2016,
  title = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs: {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Argentina}}},
  shorttitle = {Long-Run Effects of Youth Training Programs},
  author = {Alzúa, Maria Laura and Cruces, Guillermo and Lopez, Carolina},
  date = {2016-10},
  journaltitle = {Economic Inquiry},
  shortjournal = {Econ Inq},
  volume = {54},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1839--1859},
  issn = {00952583},
  doi = {10.1111/ecin.12348},
  abstract = {We study the effect of a job training program for low-income youth in Cordoba, Argentina. The program included life-skills and vocational training, as well as internships with private sector employers. Participants were allocated by means of a public lottery. We rely on administrative data on formal employment, employment spells, and earnings, to establish the effects of the program in the short term (18 months), but also—exceptionally for programs of this type in Latin America and in developing countries in general—in the medium term (33 months) and in the long term (48 months). The results indicate sizable gains of about 8 percentage points in formal employment in the short term (about 32\% higher than the control group), although these effects dissipate in the medium and in the long term. Contrary to previous results for similar programs in the region, the effects are substantially larger for men, although they also seem to fade in the long run. Program participants also exhibit earnings about 40\% higher than those in the control group, and an analysis of bounds indicates that these gains result from both higher employment levels and higher wages. The detailed administrative records also allow us to shed some light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. A dynamic analysis of employment transitions indicates that the program operated through an increase in the persistence of employment rather than from more frequent entries into employment. The earnings effect and the higher persistence of employment suggest that the program was successful in increasing the human capital of participants, although the transient nature of these results may also reflect better matches from a program-induced increase in informal contacts or formal intermediation. (JEL J08, J24, J68, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study on the 'entra21' vocational training of Argentina aimed at unemployed youth in Cordoba which analyzes its effects on earnings, employment probability and formal employment.\\
Generally, it finds a positive impact on formal employment and employment probability short-term which carries a larger effect for men.\\
The effect dissipates over the medium- (33 months) and long-term (48 months), however.\\
It also sees a positive effect on earnings which it puts down to a combination of higher wages and higher overall employment levels.\\
Due to using data from follow-up surveys after the treatment as well as long-term administrative data, the study probes deeper into possible channels of the program working.\\
For example, the program may not necessarily help many find a new job over time but rather have better chances of keeping their (provided internship) job, or increase their wages within it over time.\\
While the program is more expensive than similar programs in the region, there is still a positive cost-benefit analysis which sees losses recouped after 26 months.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-24T14:47:21Z},
  file = {Alzua2016_LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/74FYJ5CI/Alzua2016_LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF YOUTH TRAINING PROGRAMS.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Angelucci2015,
  title = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment}} by {{Compartamos Banco}}},
  shorttitle = {Microcredit {{Impacts}}},
  author = {Angelucci, Manuela and Karlan, Dean and Zinman, Jonathan},
  date = {2015-01-01},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  shortjournal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--182},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20130537},
  abstract = {We use a clustered randomized trial, and over 16,000 household surveys, to estimate impacts at the community level from a group lending expansion at 110 percent APR by the largest microlender in Mexico. We find no evidence of transformative impacts on 37 outcomes (although some estimates have large confidence intervals), measured at a mean of 27 months post-expansion, across 6 domains: microentrepreneurship, income, labor supply, expenditures, social status, and subjective well-being. We also examine distributional impacts using quantile regressions, given theory and evidence regarding negative impacts from borrowing at high interest rates, but do not find strong evidence for heterogeneity. (JEL C83, D14, G21, I31, J23, O12, O16)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Mexico,done,program::cash grant,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {An experimental study analyzing the impacts of microcredit loans in Mexico, on the earnings and a variety of other factors of Mexican micro-entrepreneurs.
\par
It finds that, while there is no significant impact on the earnings themselves, the loans do lead to a modest increase in business growth.
\par
The authors suggest that the business growth increases both revenues and expenditures, thus not significantly increasing overall earnings.
\par
Additionally, there is a modest increase in subjective well-being and the ability for independent female decision-making.
\par
The authors conclude that, while there are modest positive outcomes, none of them prove to be transformative.},
  timestamp = {2022-04-29T09:32:59Z},
  file = {Angelucci2015_Microcredit Impacts.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/8UC5SYVH/Angelucci2015_Microcredit Impacts.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Attanasio2011,
  ids = {10.2307/41288643,Attanasio2011a},
  title = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {Subsidizing {{Vocational Training}} for {{Disadvantaged Youth}} in {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Kugler, Adriana and Meghir, Costas},
  date = {2011-07-01},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  shortjournal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {188--220},
  publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.3.3.188},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized training program for disadvantaged youth introduced in Colombia in 2005. This randomized trial offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of training in a middle income country. We use originally collected data on individuals randomly offered and not offered training. The program raises earnings and employment for women. Women offered training earn 19.6 percent more and have a 0.068 higher probability of paid employment than those not offered training, mainly in formal-sector jobs. Cost-benefit analysis of these results suggests that the program generates much larger net gains than those found in developed countries. (JEL I28, J13, J24, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {Analyzing the impact of the Colombian youth training program Jóvenes en Acción through a randomized control trial with three survey parts: household characteristic collection, education characteristics and individual labor market information.\\
The program provided 6 months of skill training in specific sectors through class-room training and an on-the-job training provided through internships concurrently.\\
The program, through cost-benefit-analysis, should be seen as a success since it greatly raised the earnings of women (almost 20\%), though it did neither raise earnings nor had employment effects for men.\\
Restricted to formal sectors, however, the program showed a significant impact for both men and women.\\
While this may indicate "queue jumping" instead of job creation, the study design hints at such hiring replacement perhaps not being a large concern.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Attanasio2011_Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/3VMYA44D/Attanasio2011_Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Attanasio2017,
  ids = {Attanasio2017a,WOS:000398733400005},
  title = {Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: {{A}} Long-Term Follow-Up},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Guarin, Arlen and Medina, Carlos and Meghir, Costas},
  date = {2017-04},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {131--143},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20150554},
  abstract = {We evaluate the long-term impacts of a randomized Colombian training and job placement program. Following the large short-term effects, we now find that the program effects persist, increasing formal participation and earnings contributions to social security and working in larger firms. By using a large administrative source we are also able to establish that the program improved both male and female labor market outcomes by a similar amount-a result that was not apparent with the smaller evaluation sample. The results point to a cost- effective approach to reducing informality and improving labor market outcomes in the long run.},
  eissn = {1945-7790},
  orcid-numbers = {Medina, Carlos/0000-0002-9739-9876},
  unique-id = {WOS:000398733400005},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A follow-up study to 2011 randomized control trial by same authors, this analysis seeks to cement or refute the findings of the original study.\\
While the general trend of increased formal employment is sustained for men and women without fading over time, the average formal earnings also increase for both.\\
Also, job quality (measured also probability of working in large firm) increases, together with pension and other social program contributions.\\
However, no further data has been collected on the informal sector, so theoretically any positive impacts on formal sector could be precluded by negative informal sector impacts --- \\
though the long-term sustained positive effects seem to imply a cost-effective program at the very least to increase relative formal employment.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Attanasio2017_Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ZPBTLE3J/Attanasio2017_Vocational training for disadvantaged youth in colombia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Barrera-Osorio2020,
  ids = {Barrera-Osorio2020a},
  title = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {Hard and {{Soft Skills}} in {{Vocational Training}}},
  author = {Barrera-Osorio, Felipe and Kugler, Adriana and Silliman, Mikko I.},
  date = {2020-07},
  number = {27548},
  institution = {{National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  doi = {10.3386/w27548},
  abstract = {We randomly assign applicants to over-subscribed programs to study the effects of teaching hard and soft skills in vocational training and examine their impacts on skills and labor market outcomes using both survey and administrative data. We find that providing vocational training that either emphasizes social or technical skills increases formal employment. We also find that admission to a vocational program that emphasizes technical relative to social skills increases overall employment and also days and hours worked in the short term. Yet, emphasis on soft-skills training helps applicants sustain employment and monthly wages over the longer term and allows them to catch up with those learning hard skills. Further, through a second round of randomization, we find that offering financial support for transportation and food increases the effectiveness of the program, indicating that resource constraints may be an obstacle for individuals considering vocational training.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial in which participants in Colombia signed up for a vocational training and received either a training focusing on social skills, focusing on technical skills, or no training at all.\\
Those receiving a training were also randomly selected to receive a subsidy for the training, mostly consisting of transport or food subsidies.\\
The primary goal of the study was to disambiguate between the employment outcomes of different foci within vocational trainings.\\
Results show that any vocational training increased formal employment, but emphasis on technical skills increased overall employment (as well as hours worked), whereas emphasis on social skills increased long-term sustained employment and earnings.\\
Offering subsidies significantly increased the overall effectiveness of the offered programs.\\
Lastly, men were significantly more impacted by increased employment probability even though increased formality and hours worked affected both men and women, which could indicate other gender-based barriers to employment, such as lack of sufficient childcare opportunities.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard and Soft Skills in Vocational Training.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/6KNR2KZ2/Barrera-Osorio2020_Hard and Soft Skills in Vocational Training.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{blyde2019training,
  title = {Training and Labor Adjustment to Trade},
  author = {Blyde, Juan S. and Pires, Jose Claudio Linhares and Chatruc, Marisol Rodríguez and Russell, Nathaniel},
  date = {2019},
  series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
  number = {1069},
  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Training_and_Labor_Adjustment_to_Trade_en.pdf},
  abstract = {While there is a large body of literature evaluating how active labor-market policies such as training impact worker outcomes, relatively few studies examine how such policies impact workers who are displaced by trade. The few studies on training and trade-related labor adjustment focus on the impact of trade-specific assistance programs. Most countries in the world, however, do not have assistance programs that are triggered by trade events but instead implement labor-market policies for reasons other than trade. In this paper, we use detailed data on workers’ employment histories and training activities to evaluate the impact of an industrial training program in Brazil on workers who are displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re-entry into the formal labor market one year after displacement by about 13.2 percentage points (equivalent to 30\%) and is effective for workers who are displaced from sectors of high exposure to import competition. This effect is explained by workers switching sectors and occupations after training. We also find that training has positive effects on employment spells and cumulative earnings in the two years after displacement.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study conducted on the basis of administrative data for Brazil which intended to analyze the impact of vocational training on job re-entry for displaced workers.\\
Specifically focused on workers displaced from sectors highly-exposed to trade periods, whose workers are generally more unlikely to re-enter the same sector.\\
The results show that, while training does not significantly impact re-entry into the same sector, it does significantly increase re-entry probability into formal employment into another sector or occupation one year after displacement.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Blyde2019_Training and labor adjustment to trade.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MRCLQICL/Blyde2019_Training and labor adjustment to trade.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Calero2017,
  title = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}} in {{Rio De Janeiro}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth}}?},
  author = {Calero, Carla and Leite Corseuil, Carlos Henrique and Gonzales, Veronica and Kluve, Jochen and Soares, Yuri},
  date = {2017},
  journaltitle = {Labour Economics},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {131--142},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.11.008},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the 'Galpão Aplauso' youth training program, focusing on a combination of vocational training and life skills through expressive arts, to analyze the impacts on earnings and employment probability.\\
The study finds significant short-term increases on both earnings and employment probability for the beneficiaries, but finds no impacts on non labor market outcomes such as personality-related traits.\\
The training program started as a public policy but turned into a private-sector managed program, with selective criteria to initiative and beneficiaries, so that there the authors see small chance of it scaling well and the results holding potential for external validity.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T10:56:15Z},
  file = {Calero2014_Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/25YJ9WS9/Calero2014_Can Arts-Based Interventions Enhance Labor Market Outcomes Among Youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Card2011,
  title = {The Labor Market Impacts of Youth Training in the {{Dominican Republic}}},
  author = {Card, David and Ibarraran, Pablo and Regalia, Ferdinando and Rosas-Shady, David and Soares, Yuri},
  date = {2011-04},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Labor Economics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {267--300},
  issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307},
  doi = {10.1086/658090},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {The study analyzes a randomized control trial in the Dominican Republic's program 'Juventud y Empleo' regarding the effects of vocational training on earnings and employment outcomes such as hours worked or overall employment probability.\\
While there is no significant impact on hours worked or employment probability, a modest increase in earnings through wages per hour was determined.\\
The study suffered from an issue in the design through which people not showing up for treatment were not approached for the follow-up survey, and people reassigned from the control group to the treatment group showed some significant differences to the rest of the treatment group.\\
The study tries to account for this, but it should still be kept in mind as potentially decreasing its explanatory limits.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Card2011_The labor market impacts of youth training in the Dominican Republic.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/UUN5X9UK/Card2011_The labor market impacts of youth training in the Dominican Republic.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Chong2008,
  ids = {WOS:000261463900001},
  title = {Informality and Productivity in the Labor Market in {{Peru}}},
  author = {Chong, Alberto and Galdo, Jose and Saavedra, Jaime},
  date = {2008},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Policy Reform},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {229--245},
  issn = {1748-7870},
  doi = {10.1080/17487870802543480},
  abstract = {This article analyzes the evolution of informal employment in Peru from 1986 to 2001. Contrary to what one would expect, the informality rates increased steadily during the 1990s despite the introduction of flexible contracting mechanisms, a healthy macroeconomic recovery, and tighter tax codes and regulation. We explore different factors that may explain this upward trend including the role of labor legislation and labor allocation between/within sectors of economic activity. Finally, we illustrate the negative correlation between productivity and informality by evaluating the impacts of the Youth Training PROJOVEN Program that offers vocational training to disadvantaged young individuals. We find significant training impacts on the probability of formal employment for both males and females.},
  article-number = {PII 906419804},
  unique-id = {WOS:000261463900001},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study following multiple rounds of the 'PROJOVEN' youth vocational training program in Peru to find out if increases in productivity are associated with levels of informality on a labor market.\\
Uses panel data to look for program outcomes of percentage of formal employment, overall employment probability and several job quality proxies.\\
Understands definition of formal employment for its purposes ultimately as agglomeration of multiple job quality indices: firm size, health benefits, accident insurance, social security and, not least, a formal contract.\\
In this interpretation, while employment probability was not significantly impacted for men, it was significantly positive for women.\\
Additionally, the study found strong positive impacts on all job quality proxies and probability of formality, though all measured impacts subsides over the medium-term.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Chong2008_Informality and productivity in the labor market in Peru.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/5C7SAJMH/Chong2008_Informality and productivity in the labor market in Peru.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Dammert2015,
  ids = {Dammert2015a},
  title = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation: {{A}} Multi-Treatment Experimental Design},
  shorttitle = {Integrating Mobile Phone Technologies into Labor-Market Intermediation},
  author = {Dammert, Ana C. and Galdo, Jose and Galdo, Virgilio},
  date = {2015-12},
  journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development},
  shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Develop},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {2193-9020},
  doi = {10.1186/s40175-015-0033-7},
  abstract = {Abstract             This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,program::job market services,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {The study experimentally investigates the role of two axes of labor market intermediation and matching on employment probability: information channels (between digital and non-digital) and information sets (between public and private) in Lima, Peru.\\
It creates 3 treatment groups from people receiving traditional labor market intermediation information digitally and non-digitally, people receiving unrestricted (additional) labor market information digitally, and a control group.\\
The digital channel chosen was primarily an SMS system which would inform participants of job offerings. \\
The information set provided to participants was either the traditional job matching information of the Lima public intermediation service, for which employers specifically had to sign up, or an unrestricted set which consisted both of the previous set and additional job vacancies which employers did not have to specifically sign up.\\
The treatment group receiving an unrestricted information set digitally had a significant short-term increase in employment probability, which disappeared long-term (3 months) after the control group received access to labor market intermediation as well.\\
The other treatment groups had no significant impact on employment probability short-term or long-term, and there was no significant impact on job matching efficiency for any of the treatments.\\
The study argues this finding signifies that the most important factor for employment probability is thus the scope and novelty of information delivered through digital means,\\
as well as the feasibility of using digital channels for information distribution, while acknowledging a smaller role of the information channel alone than often assumed.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:14:27Z},
  file = {Dammert2015_Integrating mobile phone technologies into labor-market intermediation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/IZEGKKVX/Dammert2015_Integrating mobile phone technologies into labor-market intermediation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Delajara2006,
  title = {An Evaluation of Training for the Unemployed in {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Delajara, Marcelo and Freije, Samuel and Soloaga, Isidro},
  date = {2006},
  number = {OVE/WP-09/06},
  institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/An-Evaluation-of-Training-for-the-Unemployed-in-Mexico.pdf},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Mexico,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {Report analyzing a training program 'PROBECAT-SICAT' for unemployed in Mexico, to find the impact on earnings for those treated utilizing data from a variety of different administrative surveys from 2000-2004.\\
Generally, the study finds significant but small positive impacts on earnings for wage workers and a varying but positive impact on self-employed workers (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller).\\
The earnings effect is generally larger for formal employment specifically.\\
They find evidence of a hidden bias in the study, so take care not to just select on observables and ensure robustness.\\
The program itself also underwent large changes in 2002, with a larger focus on on-the-job training suddenly changing this to the most effective program by definition.\\
Lastly, the cost-benefit analysis resulted in negative net results except for selection on unobservables which resulted in positive results for 2000 and 2002.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:18:58Z},
  file = {Delajara2006_An evaluation of training for the unemployed in Mexico.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/9XLD5XIZ/Delajara2006_An evaluation of training for the unemployed in Mexico.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Diaz2006,
  title = {An Evaluation of the {{Peruvian}} "{{Youth Labor Training Program}}" - {{Projoven}}},
  author = {Díaz, Juan José and Jaramillo, Miguel},
  date = {2006},
  number = {OVE/WP-10/06},
  institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/An-Evaluation-of-the-Peruvian-Youth-Labor-Training-Program---PROJOVEN.pdf},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:24:53Z},
  file = {Diaz2006_An evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labor Training Program - Projoven.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/MCUXEI3A/Diaz2006_An evaluation of the Peruvian Youth Labor Training Program - Projoven.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Diaz2016,
  title = {Impact {{Evaluation}} of the {{Job Youth Training Program Projoven}}},
  author = {Diaz, Juan Jose and Rosas, David},
  date = {2016},
  series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
  number = {693},
  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Impact-Evaluation-of-the-Job-Youth-Training-Program-Projoven.pdf},
  abstract = {Abstract:    This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training  Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has  several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also  the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training.  Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with  administrative data from the country’s Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electrónica), allowing  for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socio- emotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation  finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds  certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal  employment vary depending on the beneficiaries’ gender and age, with different patterns  of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment  formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:26:12Z},
  file = {Diaz2016_Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HJLUBXXH/Diaz2016_Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Escudero2020,
  ids = {WOS:000554926900002},
  title = {Joint Provision of Income and Employment Support: {{Evidence}} from a Crisis Response in {{Uruguay}}},
  author = {Escudero, Veronica and Mourelo, Elva Lopez and Pignatti, Clemente},
  date = {2020-10},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  volume = {134},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105015},
  abstract = {Integrated approaches providing assistance to jobless individuals through the combination of income support and active labour market policies have been increasingly advocated in the policy debate, both by policy makers and international organizations. By helping people tackle immediate needs while promoting labour market reinsertion, these combined approaches are expected to improve labour market and social conditions in a sustainable manner. However, evidence on the effectiveness of this policy approach is extremely scant in emerging and developing economies. This paper studies a pivotal example of this policy trend through the evaluation of a public works programme provided alongside a cash transfer as part of a comprehensive social assistance programme that reached around 10 per cent of households in Uruguay between 2005 and 2007. We use rich administrative data of panel nature to study the effects of (i) participating in the public works programme (active component), (ii) receiving the cash transfer (income-support component), and (iii) benefiting jointly of the active and income-support programmes. Results on measures of labour market participation, employment quality, and civil society participation are non-significant across the board. Point estimates are nevertheless of the expected sign and of reasonable magnitude, suggesting that the programme came close to achieving its objective. Possible reasons of the limited effectiveness of the programme could include limited treatment intensity and lack of human capital accumulation. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  article-number = {105015},
  unique-id = {WOS:000554926900002},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Urugay,done,lmp::active,lmp::passive,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {An impact study comparing the outcomes of a Uruguayan public works component ('Trabajo por Uruguay'), income support component ('Plan de Asistencia Nacional a la Emergencie Social') and their combination on any of resulting employment probability, employment quality or civil society participation.\\
It uses administrative household-level survey panel data to find, even though all outcomes trended slightly positively, no statistically significant effect for most of the outcomes in any combination of the respective programs.\\
The only marginally significant outcome was on employment probability by the public work program on its own.\\
Reasons for the insignificance of these positive impact trends stipulated are the relatively limited intensity of treatment of the public works program (short time-span of work program), as well as limited accumulation of human capital (qualitatively insufficient accompanying training).\\
It concludes that the public work program was on the cusp of being beneficent and did help toward the objective of reducing extreme poverty, but lacked in sustained intensity, most importantly in its allotted time-frame, to be able to fulfill any long-term objectives.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Escudero2020_Joint provision of income and employment support.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/L5VLZHBI/Escudero2020_Joint provision of income and employment support.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Galasso2004,
  ids = {Galasso2004a},
  title = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}: {{A Randomized Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Assisting the {{Transition}} from {{Workfare}} to {{Work}}},
  author = {Galasso, Emanuela and Ravallion, Martin and Salvia, Agustin},
  date = {2004-10},
  journaltitle = {Industrial and Labor Relations Review},
  shortjournal = {ILR Review},
  volume = {58},
  number = {1},
  pages = {128--142},
  issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X},
  doi = {10.1177/001979390405800107},
  abstract = {Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998–2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,program::training,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control trial of an employment subsidy voucher and training program 'Proempleo' in Argentina which tries to analyze its impacts on employment probabilities and earnings.\\
Generally, the takeup of both the partial (voucher) and the full (voucher and training) treatment were low, but even so the voucher had significant positive impact on employment probabilities.\\
The training on top overall had no significant impact, and neither of the treatments significantly affected earnings of participants.\\
There was quite some heterogeneity in the outcomes, with training having some positive impact for people with already higher education, and the overall treatments having much larger effect for women.\\
Most employments found were in temporary/informal work, which means that while the program allowed some to make a transition into waged employment, the study finds the results to be evidence of the program ultimately not succeeding in its objectives.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T09:39:59Z},
  file = {Galasso2004_Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HRQ8X43B/Galasso2004_Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Galdo2012,
  ids = {Galdo2012a},
  title = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter? {{Evidence}} from Bidding Processes Data},
  shorttitle = {Does the Quality of Public-Sponsored Training Programs Matter?},
  author = {Galdo, Jose and Chong, Alberto},
  date = {2012-12},
  journaltitle = {Labour Economics},
  shortjournal = {Labour Economics},
  volume = {19},
  number = {6},
  pages = {970--986},
  issn = {09275371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.001},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes the link between training quality and labor-market outcomes. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions compete for limited public funding in Peru. Information about exact dates of program enrollment is analyzed to show whether the first-come-first-served assignment rule randomized eligible individuals across courses of varying quality. Generalized propensity score (GPS) is implemented to estimate dose–response functions in the context of multiple treatments. We find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses show higher earnings and better job-quality characteristics than either beneficiaries attending low-quality courses or nonparticipants. The returns are particularly robust for women, making the provision of high-quality training services cost-effective. Furthermore, the most important training attribute is expenditures per trainee. Class size and infrastructure are weakly related to the expected impacts, while teacher experience, curricular activities, and market knowledge seem to bear no relationship with the expected impacts. External validity was assessed by using five cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study of administrative survey data on the youth training program 'PROJOVEN' in Peru, to analyze the difference of effect between high-quality and low-quality training offerings on participants' earnings, employment probability and job quality outcomes.\\
It finds significant heterogeneity in its outcomes for men and women, with only high-quality training increasing men's earnings and formal employment in the short-term, but a significant positive impact on women's earnings, employment probability and formal employment both short- and long-term for all training.\\
For training quality, the study uses an array of proxies, from which it finds that expenditure per trainee is the most important attribute, with small marginal significance of class sizes, infrastructure and institutional market demand knowledge for some outcomes, but no relationship at all between curricular structure and teacher experience for the outcomes.\\
It concludes that high-quality training is cost effective for both men and very highly effective for women, whereas lower quality training is not cost effective for men.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:30:51Z},
  file = {Galdo2012_Does the quality of public-sponsored training programs matter.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/TC9GQLLM/Galdo2012_Does the quality of public-sponsored training programs matter.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Hernani-Limarino2011,
  title = {Unemployment in {{Bolivia}}: {{Risks}} and Labor Market Policies},
  shorttitle = {Unemployment in Bolivia},
  author = {Hernani-Limarino, Werner L. and Villegas, María and Yáñez, Ernesto},
  date = {2011},
  series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
  number = {271},
  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/idb/brikps/3947.html},
  urldate = {2022-03-09},
  abstract = {This paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of Bolivia’s labor market institutions, particularly the Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE). It is found that unemployment as conventionally defined may not be the most important problem in Bolivia’s labor market, as the non-salaried market is always an alternative. While unemployment durations and unemployment scarring consequences are relatively low, labor market regulations and labor market programs do not help to increase the size of the formal market, apparently as a result of Bolivia’s rigid labor markets and labor policies based mainly on temporary employment programs. Such programs, however, may have helped to smooth consumption. Given the country’s high level of informality, protection policies are second best to active policies specifically designed to increase the productivity/employability of vulnerable populations.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bolivia,done,program::public works,region::LAC,relevant,social protection},
  note = {A study on the effects of the 'Plan Nacional de Empleo de Emergencia (PLANE)' public works program in Bolivia on earnings, employment probability and consumption of participating households between 2002 and 2004.\\
It finds significant positive effects on household consumption after the program, indicating a success for the program's objective of being a consumption-smoothing scheme in times of recession.\\
It also finds no significant effects on employment probability and a lower bound of no significance and an upper bound of significant negative effects on monthly earnings of a household after having participated in the program.\\
Negative significant effects of the program may be attributed to a negative impact of the program, or negative self-selection which it was largely based on.\\
This negative self-selection results from the program targeting unemployed people in a highly informal economy with no way of directly monitoring (or enforcing) prior unemployment for participants.\\
Thus, the authors conclude that while such public works programs are useful social protection measures short-term during times of recession, they are not a good alternative for improving the employability of vulnerable populations which requires other targeted active programs.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:39:21Z},
  file = {Hernani2011_Unemployment in Bolivia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LDPUHY7X/Hernani2011_Unemployment in Bolivia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Ibarraran2007,
  title = {Impact Evaluation of a Labor Training Program in {{Panama}}},
  author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Rosas, David},
  date = {2007},
  institution = {{Office of Evaluation and Oversight, Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pablo-Ibarraran/publication/265286055_Impact_Evaluation_of_a_Labor_Training_Program_in_Panama/links/5491a65e0cf2f3c6657b7069/Impact-Evaluation-of-a-Labor-Training-Program-in-Panama.pdf},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Panama,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {Study analyzes effect of 'PROCAJOVEN' vocational training program on population of Panama regarding their earnings, employment probability and hours worked.\\
It generally finds only marginally significant positive changes, though a more significant effect for women, especially those people living in urban environments.\\
For monthly earnings it does not find any significant impact.\\
However, even with the marginal impacts found there is a generally positive cost-benefit analysis, with the program costs recovered in about one year (for men) and already after three months (for women).},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:45:44Z},
  file = {Ibarraran2007_Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HIF6YVXE/Ibarraran2007_Impact evaluation of a labor training program in Panama.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ibarraran2014,
  ids = {Ibarraran2014a},
  title = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Evaluation Design},
  shorttitle = {Life Skills, Employability and Training for Disadvantaged Youth},
  author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Ripani, Laura and Taboada, Bibiana and Villa, Juan Miguel and Garcia, Brigida},
  date = {2014-12},
  journaltitle = {IZA Journal of Labor \& Development},
  shortjournal = {IZA J Labor Develop},
  volume = {3},
  number = {10},
  issn = {2193-9020},
  doi = {10.1186/2193-9020-3-10},
  abstract = {This paper presents an impact evaluation of a revamped version of the Dominican Republic’s youth training program Juventud y Empleo. The paper analyzes the impact of the program on traditional labor market outcomes and on outcomes related to youth behavior and life style, expectations about the future and socio-emotional skills. In terms of labor market outcomes, the program has a positive impact on job formality for men of about 17 percent and there is also a seven percent increase in monthly earnings among those employed. However, there are no overall impacts on employment rates. Regarding non-labor market outcomes, the program reduces teenage pregnancy by five percentage points in the treatment group (about 45 percent), which is consistent with an overall increase in youth expectations about the future. The program also has a positive impact on non-cognitive skills as measured by three different scales. Scores improve between 0.08 and 0.16 standard deviations with the program. Although recent progress noted in the literature suggests that socio-emotional skills increase employability and quality of employment, the practical significance of the impacts is unclear, as there is only weak evidence that the life skills measures used are associated to better labor market performance. This is an area of growing interest and relevance that requires further research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A randomized control experiment of the youth training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic which analyzes the employment probability, earnings and formal employment outcomes of a treatment group receiving vocational training and on-the-job experience through an internship.\\
There is no overall significant impact on employment probability. \\
However, for men there is a significant positive impact on job formality (measured through provided health insurance) and for participants already employed a significant positive impact on earnings.\\
For people living in urban areas, the majority of the sample, the effects were larger.\\
Aside from labor market outcomes it measured the impact on life skill from the program on which it had a slight positive impact, and determined an overall reduction in teenage pregnancies, which it found consistent with the individual increasing youth expectations for the future.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:47:02Z},
  file = {Ibarraran2014_Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/GXHSDB4P/Ibarraran2014_Life skills, employability and training for disadvantaged youth.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Ibarraran2019,
  ids = {Ibarraran2015a},
  title = {Experimental {{Evidence}} on the {{Long-Term Impacts}} of a {{Youth Training Program}}},
  author = {Ibarraran, Pablo and Kluve, Jochen and Ripani, Laura and Rosas, David},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {ILR Review},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  pages = {185--222},
  doi = {10.1177/0019793918768260},
  abstract = {This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial on the long-term impacts of a youth training program. The empirical analysis estimates labor market impacts six years after the training – including long-term labor market trajectories of young people – and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first experimental long-term evaluation of a youth training program outside the US. We are able to track a representative sample of more than 3,200 youths at the six-year follow-up. Our empirical findings document significant impacts on the formality of employment, particularly for men, and impacts for both men and women in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The long-term analysis shows that these impacts are sustained and growing over time. There are no impacts on average employment, which is consistent with the low unemployment in countries with high informality and no unemployment insurance. Looking at the local labor market context, the analysis suggests that skills training programs work particularly well in more dynamic local contexts, where there is actual demand for the skills provided.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Dominican Republic,done,group::youth,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A long-term follow-up (6 years) to previous short-term experimental studies for the training program 'Juventud y Empleo' in the Dominican Republic, looking for the long-term outcomes on employment probability, earnings, and formal employment for a vocational training with on-the-job (internship) component.\\
The study finds that, over long-term, initial gains in formal employment, after overtaking the control near the end of the program, steadily increase and become significant over long-term for men and for participants living in urban environments, suggesting a lock-in effect for them.\\
For women living in urban environments there are medium-term positive increases in earnings but they vanish long-term.\\
For men there are no significant impacts either on overall employment probability or earnings.\\
Aside from labor market outcomes, there are significant positive impacts on participants' future expectations and welfare perceptions, with more larger impacts for women.\\
The study suggests the program is thus working especially well in dynamic local contexts and where the trained skills match labor demand.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T14:26:43Z},
  file = {Ibarraran2015_Experimental Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of a Youth Training Program.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2HD96IEM/Ibarraran2015_Experimental Evidence on the Long-Term Impacts of a Youth Training Program.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Jalan2003,
  title = {Estimating the {{Benefit Incidence}} of an {{Antipoverty Program}} by {{Propensity-Score Matching}}},
  author = {Jalan, Jyotsna and Ravallion, Martin},
  date = {2003-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--30},
  issn = {0735-0015, 1537-2707},
  doi = {10.1198/073500102288618720},
  abstract = {We apply recent advances in propensity-score matching (PSM) to the problem of estimating the distribution of net income gains from an Argentinean workfare program. PSM has a number of attractive features in this context, including the need to allow for heterogeneous impacts, while optimally weighting observed characteristics when forming a comparison group. The average direct gain to the participant is found to be about half the gross wage. Over half of the beneficiaries are in the poorest decile nationally, and 80\%\% are in the poorest quintile. Our PSM estimator is reasonably robust to a number of changes in methodology.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A propensity score matching study on the antipoverty public works program 'Trabajar' in Argentina, using administrative survey data for 1997 to analyze the program's targeting and impacts on earnings.\\
It finds significant positive impacts for participants, and a generally well pro-poor targeting through the program using simple self-selection through its temporary provision of low wages.\\
There are larger earnings impacts for a younger cohort (15-24y), but generally a more pro-poor earnings distribution in the older cohort (25-64y).\\
Restricting the sample to women, who had a very low participation rate, shows generally larger earnings impacts but also a less pro-poor distribution, suggestive of overall lower wages for women in other work making the program more attractive to the non-poor.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:50:32Z},
  file = {Jalan2003_Estimating the Benefit Incidence of an Antipoverty Program by Propensity-Score.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/KF7NLH6W/Jalan2003_Estimating the Benefit Incidence of an Antipoverty Program by Propensity-Score.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Klinger2011,
  title = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught? {{Quasi-experimental}} Evidence from {{Central America}}},
  shorttitle = {Can Entrepreneurial Activity Be Taught?},
  author = {Klinger, Bailey and Schündeln, Matthias},
  date = {2011-09},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  shortjournal = {World Development},
  volume = {39},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1592--1610},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.021},
  abstract = {Business training is a widely used development tool, yet little is known about its impact. We study the effects of such a business training program held in Central America. To deal with endogenous selection into the training program, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the fact that a fixed number of applicants are taken into the training program based on a pre-training score. Business training significantly increases the probability that an applicant to the workshop starts a business or expands an existing business. Results also suggest gender heterogeneity as well as the presence of financial constraints.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::El Salvador,country::Guatemala,country::Nicaragua,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on a business training program by TechnoServe for entrepeneurial participants from Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua to find out its effects on self-employment probability (business start) and number of employees (business expansion).\\
The program consisted of an initial round of classroom training, and a second round of more individual training with competitions possible granting participants prize money.\\
It finds that the classroom training part of the program had a significant positive effect on business expansion, but no significant effect on business starts.\\
The full training including more individually 1-on-1 training, however, had a significant effect both on business starts and business expansions, with won prize money having a large significant impact on both, especially for women.\\
This suggests an overall constraint on business start and expansion through financial barriers, with the constraint being larger for women.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:52:03Z},
  file = {Klinger2011_Can Entrepreneurial Activity be Taught.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/874RGZX9/Klinger2011_Can Entrepreneurial Activity be Taught.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Macours2013,
  ids = {Macours2013a},
  title = {Demand versus {{Returns}}? {{Pro-Poor Targeting}} of {{Business Grants}} and {{Vocational Skills Training}}},
  shorttitle = {Demand versus {{Returns}}?},
  author = {Macours, Karen and Premand, Patrick and Vakis, Renos},
  date = {2013-03},
  series = {Impact {{Evaluation Series}}},
  number = {88},
  institution = {{World Bank}},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6389},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Nicaragua,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T11:59:31Z},
  file = {Macours2013_Demand versus Returns.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/HYUTDM2U/Macours2013_Demand versus Returns.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Madrid2006,
  title = {Revisiting the {{Employability Effects}} of {{Training Programs}} for the {{Unemployed}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Madrid, Angel Calderon},
  date = {2006},
  journaltitle = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  shortjournal = {SSRN Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1815898},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {country::Mexico,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the effects of a training program for the unemployed in Mexico, analyzing its impacts on employment probability and employment length.\\
It finds that generally participants are more likely to keep a longer employment at the job they find after the training.\\
Generally, there is little change in the speed of job take-up after the program, but due to the longer employments, there is still a positive outcome visible after the program.\\
It thus argues that, for evaluations solely concentrating on participants' transition out of unemployment, there is a bias in estimating the program's effectiveness which is corrected upwards by including the length of employments.\\
Additionally, women find employment significantly faster after participating in the training.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T15:11:16Z},
  file = {Madrid2006_Revisiting the Employability Effects of Training Programs for the Unemployed in.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/LYIQYNVA/Madrid2006_Revisiting the Employability Effects of Training Programs for the Unemployed in.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Medina2005,
  title = {The Impact of Public Provided Job Training in Colombia},
  author = {Medina, Carlos and Nuñez, Jairo},
  date = {2005},
  series = {Research {{Network Working Papers}}},
  number = {484},
  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
  abstract = {The authors present matching estimators of the impact on earnings for individuals who attended public and private job training programs in Colombia. They estimate propensity scores by controlling for the variety of personal and socioeconomic background variables of those individuals. The effect of training, measured by the mean impact of the treatment on the treated, shows that: (i) for youths, no institution has a significant impact in the short or long run except private institutions for males; the scope of the data, however, limits the reliability of the result; (ii) for adult males, neither SENA nor the other public institutions have a significant impact in the short or long run; (iii) for SENA-trained adult females there are positive but not significant impacts in the short run and greater and close to significant effects in the long run. All other public institutions have a higher impact that is significant in the long-run; (iv) for adults trained at private institutions there are large and significant effects in both the short and long run, but for adult males in the short run the effects are smaller and only barely significant. In addition, neither short nor long courses provided by SENA seem to have a significant impact on earnings. In general, females benefit more from both short and long courses than males. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis shows that under the assumption of direct unitary costs equal to SENA, private institutions are more profitable than public institutions, which are in turn more profitable than SENA.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Colombia,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study using a nationally undertaken population survey of 1997 to analyze the impact differences on earnings between private and public training institutions for Colombian men, women, youths and adults respectively. \\
It splits off those trained privately, those trained publically and those trained under SENA, the largest public provider in the country, since they underlie different foci and training qualities.\\
It arrives at the conclusion that generally private training provides better cost-benefit potential, with public institutions aside from SENA providing better potential than SENA itself.\\
Public training had no significant impact on men, provided insignificant impact for women trained at SENA but significant long-term impact on all other women.\\
Private training had significant long-term impacts for all adults, though significant impact only for male youths and significant short-term impact only for women.\\
Training length made no significant difference, though gender-based differences were significant, with women profiting more off all offered training variations than men except for private youth training.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Medina2005_The impact of public provided job training in colombia.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/2K22LMNU/Medina2005_The impact of public provided job training in colombia.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Mourelo2017,
  ids = {LopezMourelo2017,WOS:000399269800030},
  title = {Effectiveness of Active Labor Market Tools in Conditional Cash Transfers Programs: {{Evidence}} for Argentina},
  author = {Mourelo, Elva López and Escudero, Verónica},
  date = {2017-06},
  journaltitle = {World Development},
  volume = {94},
  pages = {422--447},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.006},
  abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the program Seguro de Capacitation y Empleo (SCE) implemented to provide support in skills upgrading, job seeking, and job placement to eligible beneficiaries of the Argentinian conditional cash transfer program Plan Ales. The SCE is an example of a growing trend observed in Latin America, where labor activation components have been increasingly included into cash transfers programs to support beneficiaries in finding more stable income opportunities. Despite this growing trend, not enough is known regarding the effectiveness of these components, especially on job quality. In this context, this paper sheds light on whether the provision of a comprehensive package of active labor market measures contributes to a successful labor market integration of cash transfers beneficiaries. Taking advantage of the panel structure of the Permanent Household Survey and exploiting the time variation in the assignment of the program as identification strategy, we apply difference-in-difference estimators to measure the impact on a number of labor market indicators. We find that the program affects positively the job quality of participants by increasing the probability of having a formal job and raising hourly wages. Moreover, the intervention is associated with a lower probability of having a low-paid job and working an excessive number of hours. These effects are, however, not homogeneous across all groups of participants. While the program is more successful among the younger beneficiaries, it does not contribute to an improvement in the labor market conditions of female beneficiaries, who in fact are the majority of SCE participants. Our results suggest that reducing dependency on monetary transfers through programs, such as the SCE, that are rich in activation components is beneficial for participants' labor market trajectories and therefore, it constitutes a satisfactory exit strategy to more universal cash transfer programs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  unique-id = {WOS:000399269800030},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,lmp::active,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the integration of active labor market programs (vocational training, internships, labor market services and employment subsidies) with conditional cash transfers in Argentina's 'Seguro de Capacitación y Empleo' program to analyze the impacts on earnings, employment probability and job quality.\\
It relies on administrative survey panel data on mostly urban households receiving the conditional cash transfer.\\
Generally finds no significant impact in employment probability but significant positive short-term impacts on earnings and job quality, especially the tendency to be employed formally.\\
There is a large heterogeneity in the findings in that, first, younger beneficiaries generally have more significantly positive impacts, however, second, women see no significant improvements at all for their employment outcomes.\\
The article stipulates that, due to correcting for observable heterogeneity, this could be due to different ALMP components generally participated in by genders or underlying structural gender gap in Argentinian labor market.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Mourelo2017_Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/357LC9I6/Mourelo2017_Effectiveness of active labor market tools in conditional cash transfers.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Nopo2008,
  title = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation: {{The}} Impacts of {{Projoven}}},
  shorttitle = {Occupational Training to Reduce Gender Segregation},
  author = {Nopo, Hugo and Saavedra-Chanduví, Jaime and Robles, Luis Miguel},
  date = {2008},
  journaltitle = {Economia},
  volume = {31},
  number = {62},
  pages = {33--54},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  url = {https://faculty.up.edu.pe/es/publications/occupational-training-to-reduce-gender-segregation-the-impacts-of},
  urldate = {2022-02-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Peru,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the gendered effects of the youth training program 'ProJoven' in Peru, with a focus on the outcomes of earnings, employment probability but also (occupational) gender segregation.\\
There are significant positive impacts on women's employment probability and large impacts on their earnings, while for men, though having smaller positive impacts on earnings as well, there are negative impacts on employment probability.\\
Short-term, the employment probabilities decreased (6, 12 months survey) but then increased and surpassed the control group at the 18 month follow-up survey for women, while they stayed below the control group for men.\\
As part of the program, subsidies were given through special subsidies for young women with children, which generated incentives for those to participate in the labor market and allowed a less segregated labor market entry.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:12:09Z},
  file = {Nopo2008_Occupational training to reduce gender segregation.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/ID824AKQ/Nopo2008_Occupational training to reduce gender segregation.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Novella2019,
  title = {Active Labor Market Policies in a Context of High Informality: {{The}} Effect of {{PAE}} in Bolivia},
  author = {Novella, Rafael and Valencia, Horacio},
  date = {2019},
  series = {{{IDB Working Paper Series}}},
  number = {1062},
  institution = {{Inter-American Development Bank}},
  url = {https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:idb:brikps:9914},
  abstract = {Information asymmetries and limited skills are two main factors affecting jobseekers’ chances to access quality jobs in developing countries. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a job intermediation and wage subsidy program in Bolivia, a country with one of the highest levels of informality in Latin-America. Using administrative and survey, we find that the program substantially increases employment, formality, and earnings. These effects are heterogeneous across different subsamples of interest. Our results suggest that Active Labor Market Policies might be an effective solution for improving access to quality jobs in the context of high informality.},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Bolivia,done,program::wage subsidy,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the earnings, employment probability and formal employment outcomes for 'Programa de Apoyo al Empleo', an employment subsidy and job market service program in Bolivia, where, while unemployment was relatively low, labor market informality is very high.\\
The study sees significant positive impacts on employment probability and formal employment for the short-term, with earnings impacts increasing over long-term.\\
Generally, larger effects on the earnings and chances of formal employment of women were observed, as well as larger impacts on the earnings of older beneficiaries.\\
A cost-benefit analysis sees positive returns of the program over future individual labor outcomes.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Novella2019_Active labor market policies in a context of high informality.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/I7GIWBP4/Novella2019_Active labor market policies in a context of high informality.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{Reis2015,
  ids = {WOS:000346599800014},
  title = {Vocational Training and Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil},
  author = {Reis, Mauricio},
  date = {2015-01},
  journaltitle = {B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis \& Policy},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {377--405},
  issn = {1935-1682},
  doi = {10.1515/bejeap-2013-0023},
  abstract = {This paper examines the effect of vocational training on labor market outcomes in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Estimates based on difference-indifferences matching indicate that vocational training increases monthly and hourly labor earnings, as well as the probability of getting a job. However, evidence does not indicate that this kind of training improves access to jobs in the formal sector. Also according to the results, vocational training in Brazil seems to be more effective for workers with more labor market experience and for those with a higher level of formal education than for individuals in disadvantaged groups.},
  unique-id = {WOS:000346599800014},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Brazil,done,program::training,region::LAC,relevant},
  note = {A study on the earnings and employment outcomes of a variety of vocational training programs in Brazil (both public and private) using administrative panel data in mostly urban areas.\\
It finds a significant positive impact on earnings and employment probability after one year but no impact on entering into formal employment.\\
Furthermore there is heterogeneity in the results along experience and education, with more educated workers and workers with more labor market experience receiving larger positive impacts from the programs.\\
While it does not directly analyze a difference in on-the-job training and classroom training, it does point out potential advantages to the former as a way of providing additional labor market experience.},
  timestamp = {2022-03-05T11:01:52Z},
  file = {Reis2015_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in brazil.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/EAPRPJCW/Reis2015_Vocational training and labor market outcomes in brazil.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@report{Ronconi2006,
  ids = {Ronconi2006a},
  title = {Poverty and {{Employability Effects}} of {{Workfare Programs}} in {{Argentina}}},
  author = {Ronconi, Lucas and Sanguinetti, Juan and Fachelli Oliva, Sandra and Casazza, Virginia and Franceschelli, Ignacio},
  date = {2006},
  series = {{{PMMA Working Papers}}},
  number = {2006-14},
  institution = {{Poverty and Economic Policy Research Network}},
  url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173205},
  urldate = {2022-02-10},
  abstract = {In 1993 Argentina began implementing workfare programs, and workfare has become a central public policy starting 2002 when the government increased the number of beneficiaries from 100,000 to 2 million people in a country of 38 million. We explore targeting, poverty and employability effects of workfare before 2002 based on the permanent household survey (EPH). We find that the program was pro-poor although more than one third of participants did not satisfy the eligibility criteria. Our estimates suggest that the income of participants increased during treatment – particularly for women – indicating beneficial short run poverty effects. However, the long run effects of the program are not obvious due to selection on treatment completion. We present evidence suggesting that – for a large fraction of participants – the program generated dependency and did not increase their human capital.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {citation_checked,country::Argentina,done,region::LAC,relevant},
  timestamp = {2022-03-22T12:27:50Z},
  file = {Ronconi2006_Poverty and Employability Effects of Workfare Programs in Argentina.pdf:/home/marty/Zotero/storage/WIAGIY9M/Ronconi2006_Poverty and Employability Effects of Workfare Programs in Argentina.pdf:application/pdf}
}